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AEROSPACE AMS2447 REV. D

MATERIAL
Issued 1998-05
SPECIFICATION Revised 2012-01

Superseding AMS2447C
Coating, Thermal Spray
High Velocity Oxygen/Fuel Process

RATIONALE

AMS2447D results from a Five Year Review and update of this specification.

1. SCOPE

1.1 Purpose

This specification covers the requirements for thermal spray coatings applied using the high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF)
combustion process. This specification is not intended to be used for duplex coatings, i.e., the application of the coating
over a previously applied coating.

1.2 Application

This process has been used typically to provide coatings of lower porosity and higher adhesive, and/or cohesive, strength
than generally attainable with typical plasma spray processes for applications requiring wear, heat, and corrosion
resistance and for dimensional restoration, but usage is not limited to such applications.

1.3 Safety - Hazardous Materials

While the materials, methods, applications, and processes described or referenced in this specification may involve the
use of hazardous materials, this specification does not address the hazards that may be involved in such use. It is the
sole responsibility of the user to ensure familiarity with the safe and proper use of any hazardous materials and to take
necessary precautionary measures to ensure the health and safety of all personnel involved.

1.4 Classification

Type 1 - Coatings with no residual stress requirements

Type 2 - Coatings where the residual stress state is specified

1.4.1 If no Type is specified Type 1 shall be provided.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is
entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”
SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and
suggestions.
Copyright © 2012 SAE International
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.
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Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) on this Technical Report, please visit
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SAE AMS2447D Page 2 of 11

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a part of this specification to the
extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue
is specified. When the referenced document has been cancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the
last published issue of that document shall apply.

2.1 SAE Publications

Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside
USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.

AMS4027 Aluminum Alloy, Sheet, and Plate, 1.0Mg - 0.060Si - 0.28Cu - 0.2Cr (6061; -T6 Sheet, -T651 Plate),
Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4117 Aluminum Alloy, Rolled or Cold Finished Bars, Rods, and Wire and Flash Welded Rings, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si -
0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061; -T6, -T651), Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4911 Titanium Alloy, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 6Al - 4V, Annealed

AMS4928 Titanium Alloy Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Drawn Shapes, 6Al - 4V, Annealed

AMS5510 Steel, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip and Plate, 18Cr - 10.5Ni - 0.40Ti (SAE 30321), Solution
Heat Treated

AMS5596 Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, Foil and Plate, 52.5Ni - 19Cr - 3.0Mo - 5.1Cb
(Nb) - 0.90Ti - 0.5Al - 18Fe, Consumable Electrode Remelted or Vacuum Induction Melted, 1775 °F
(968 °C) Solution Heat Treated

AMS5645 Steel, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Tubing, and Rings, 18Cr - 10Ni - 0.40Ti
(SAE 30321), Solution Heat Treated

AMS5662 Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, and Rings, 52.5Ni - 19Cr - 3.0Mo - 5.1Cb
(Nb) - 0.90Ti - 0.50Al - 18Fe, Consumable Electrode or Vacuum Induction Melted, 1775 °F (968 °C)
Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation-Hardenable

AMS7879 Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Powder, Cast and Crushed

SAE J442 Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot Peening

2.2 ASTM Publications

Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.

ASTM C 633 Adhesion or Cohesive Strength of Flame-Sprayed Coatings

ASTM E 384 Microhardness of Materials

2.3 ASME Publications

Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 22 Law Drive, P.O. Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900,
Tel: 973-882-1170, www.asme.org.

ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)

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3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Equipment

3.1.1 Torch

A specially constructed gun that uses combustion products to generate a high velocity gas stream for heating the coating
material to a molten or plasticized state and transfers the coating material to the work piece shall be used.

3.1.2 System

The system shall be fitted with controls for adjusting and monitoring the gas(es) and fuel(s) used to operate the torch.

3.1.2.1 Indicating devices used as a system controls, as applicable to the process gases and fuels, shall have a
minimum accuracy as follows: pressure gauges ±1.5% of full scale; flow meters ±2% of full scale.

3.1.3 Powder Feeder

The powder feed system shall supply a metered flow of material.

3.2 Materials

3.2.1 Gases and Fuels

Specifications chosen by the processor to procure these materials shall be acceptable to purchaser.

3.2.2 Coating material shall conform to the specification referenced by the drawing or otherwise specified by purchaser.
All powders shall be dry, free flowing and uniformly blended.

3.2.2.1 Coating Designation

Coating specification number and appropriate suffix number designate the material composition to be applied in
accordance with Table 1, e.g., AMS2447-7 means the part shall be coated with 78W - 16Co - 5.1C powder.

3.3 Preparation

3.3.1 Cleaning

Surfaces to be coated shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove moisture, oil, grease, dirt, scale, paint and other foreign
material. Final cleaning shall take place no more than 4 hours prior to coating. Cleaning procedures shall not cause
hydrogen embrittlement or cause other detrimental effects to materials to be coated.

3.3.2 Masking

Parts shall be masked to protect surfaces that are not to be coated.

3.3.3 Surface Conditioning

Surfaces to be coated may be grit blasted with clean, dry, oil free grit. After grit blasting loose particles shall be removed
from the surface by a dry filtered air blast, brushing with a clean nylon brush, or other applicable methods that do not
contaminate the prepared surface. A maximum average surface roughness of 150 microinches (3.81 microns) shall not
be exceeded for Type 2 coatings. Surface finish measurements shall be made in accordance with ASME B46.1.
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3.4 Application

3.4.1 Preheating

Surfaces to be coated shall be preheated as necessary to remove moisture. Preheating may be accomplished by use of
the torch or by other suitable means. Maximum substrate temperature during preheating shall not exceed limits shown
in 3.4.3.

TABLE 1 - POWDER SPECIFICATION

Recommended Recommended
Coating Method of Particle Size,
Designation Typical Composition Manufacture Microns
AMS2447-1 57Co - 25Cr - 10Ni - 7W Gas Atomized -45/+5
AMS2447-2 60Co - 29Mo - 8Cr - 3Si Gas Atomized -45/+10
AMS2447-3 69Cr - 20Ni - 11C Sintered -53/+10
(75Cr3C2 - 25 Ni Cr)
AMS2447-4 95Ni - 5Al Gas Atomized -45/+15
(Alloyed Ni-Al)
AMS2447-5 76Ni - 18Cr - 6Al Gas Atomized -45/+15
(Alloyed Ni-Cr-Al)
AMS2447-6 60Ni - 19Cr - 18Fe - 3Mo Gas Atomized -53/+15
AMS2447-7 78W - 16Co - 5.1C Agglomerated -53/+10
(83WC - 17Co) Sintered
AMS2447-8 82W - 11Co - 4.1C Cast -45/+5
(88WC - 12Co, AMS7879)
AMS2447-9 82W - 10Co - 4Cr - 3.5C Sintered -53/+10
(86WC - 10Co - 4Cr)
AMS2447-10 86W - 10Ni - 3.5C Cast -53/+10
(90WC - 10Ni)

3.4.2 Coating

Coating material shall be deposited on the designated surface to a sufficient thickness to permit finishing to specified
dimensions. Coating thickness requirements do not apply to areas designated as optional coating areas.

3.4.2.1 Areas on which coating is optional shall, if coated, be prepared and handled in the same manner as the area on
which coating is required.

3.4.2.2 Spray deposition shall be continuous, except for interruptions to measure coating thickness and/or for cooling
cycles to maintain part below maximum allowable temperature.

3.4.3 Substrate Temperature

Unless otherwise specified, maximum temperature of the substrate during preheating and coating application shall not
exceed the temperatures shown in Table 2.
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TABLE 2 - MAXIMUM SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE

Part Basis Material Temperature

Aluminum Alloys 250 °F (121 °C)
Magnesium Alloys 350 °F (176 °C)
Steel, Including Corrosion Resistant Alloys 350 °F (177 °C)
Nickel and Cobalt Alloys 400 °F (204 °C)
Titanium Alloys 350 °F (177 °C)

3.4.3.1 Temperature Measurement

Temperature measurement shall be made utilizing equipment with a response time of less than 1 second, a resolution of
1 °C minimum, and capable of monitoring part temperature during the coating process. Paragraph 8.2 provides one
suggested type of equipment. The measurement location shall be within the coated area of the part and may be following
the plume of the torch or may be at a fixed location. If the measurement technique or measurement locations are not
possible or practical on the subject part, then an appropriate method shall be agreed upon by the purchaser and
processor.

3.4.4 Test Specimens

Specimens shall be coated using the process procedures identified on the Coating Process Control Factors Sheet,
Figure 1, for the parts they represent. For Type 2 coatings temperature of all test specimens shall be maintained within
50 °F (28 °C) of the temperature maintained during the spraying of the parts represented unless otherwise specified by
the purchaser.

3.4.4.1 Specimen Material

Unless otherwise specified by purchaser, test specimens shall be made from the materials as listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 - TEST SPECIMEN MATERIAL

Bond Strength Metallographic and

Part Basis Material Specimen Bend Specimen
Aluminum and
AMS4117 AMS4027
Magnesium Alloys
Nickel and Cobalt Alloys AMS5662 AMS5596
All Steels AMS5645 AMS5510
Titanium and Titanium Alloys AMS4928 AMS4911

3.5 Surface Finishing

Procedures for finishing shall be as agreed upon by purchaser and processor.

3.6 Properties

3.6.1 Adhesion

3.6.1.1 Bend Test

Specimens prepared and tested in accordance with 3.7.1 shall not show separation of the coating from the substrate,
when examined visually without magnification. Cracking of the coating and minimal separation at the edges of the
specimen shall be considered acceptable.
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FIGURE 1 - COATING PROCESS CONTROL FACTORS SHEET

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3.6.1.2 Bond Strength

Specimens, prepared and tested in accordance with 3.7.2, shall comply with the requirements shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 - COATING PROPERTIES

Coating Minimum Oxides Voids Quantity of Bond Strength

Designation Hardness Max% Max% Unmelts Max Min, ksi (MPa)
AMS2447-1 400 (HV100) 5 1 5 8 (56)
AMS2447-2 500 (HV300) 2 1 2 9 (64)
AMS2447-3 800 (HV300) 2 1 - 10 (70)
AMS2447-4 275 (HV100) 2 1 3 8 (70)
AMS2447-5 350 (HV100) 2 1 3 8 (56)
AMS2447-6 375 (HV300) 5 1 3 9 (64)
AMS2447-7 1050 (HV300) 1 1 - 10 (70)
AMS2447-8 1000 (HV300) 1 1 - 10 (70)
AMS2447-9 1050 (HV300) 1 1 - 10 (70)
AMS2447-10 1000 (HV300) 1 1 - 10 (70)

3.6.2 Coating Hardness

Specimens, prepared and tested in accordance with 3.7.3 shall comply with the requirements shown in Table 4.

3.6.3 Microstructure

The coating on a suitably prepared cross-sectioned specimen shall be free from cracks and free from coating-to-substrate
separation. Microstructural properties shall be evaluated in accordance with the following:

3.6.3.1 Voids and oxides shall not be greater than as specified in Table 4 in any field of view (approximately 0.02 inch
(0.51 mm) in length) when examined at 400X minimum magnification on the cross-sectioned specimen.

3.6.3.2 Quantities of unmelted particles shall be not greater than as specified in Table 4 in any field of view
(approximately 0.04 inch (1.0 mm) in length) when viewed at 200X minimum magnification on the cross-
sectioned specimen. Unmelted particles shall have a minor diameter greater than or equal to 0.002 inch
(0.051 mm) and have an aspect ratio less than 1.5 to 1 unless a larger ratio is acceptable to the cognizant
engineering organization.

3.6.3.3 Interface

Contamination of the coating/substrate interface with surface preparation media shall not exceed 10% in any field of view
(approximately 0.04 inch (1.0 mm) in length) when viewed at 200X minimum magnification on the cross-sectioned
specimen.

3.6.4 Residual Stress

For Type 2 coatings, Almen strip arc height requirements shall be as defined on the engineering drawing.

3.7 Test Methods

3.7.1 Bend Test

Test panels (Table 3) approximately 0.05 x 1.0 x 3.0 inches (1.3 x 25 x 76 mm) shall be coated on one side to a thickness
of 0.001 to 0.003 inch (0.025 to 0.076 mm). Panels shall be tested by being bent around a 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) diameter
bar, with the coated surface on the outside of the bend, at a rate of approximately 10 degrees per second. Panels shall be
bent to obtain a minimum 90 degree permanent set. For tungsten carbide coating applied to titanium basis material
specimens, the coupon can be prone to fracture during bend test. Such a result will not be considered a failure.
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3.7.2 Bond Strength

Test specimens (Table 3) approximately 1.0 inch (25 mm) in diameter by 2.0 inches (51 mm) long, shall be coated to a
thickness of 0.008 to 0.012 inch (0.2 to 0.3 mm). Specimens shall be prepared and tested in accordance with
ASTM C 633.

3.7.3 Microhardness

Test specimens, approximately 0.05 x 1.0 x 3.0 inches (1.3 x 25 x 76 mm) shall be coated on one side to a minimum
thickness of 0.008 inch (0.20 mm). The hardness shall be the average of a minimum of ten evenly spaced Vickers
indentations determined in accordance with ASTM E 384.

3.7.4 Residual Stress

Residual Stress measurement applies only to Type 2 coatings. Almen strip specimen shall be made to the requirements
of the Almen N strip defined in SAE J442. If grit blasting is performed, both the surface to be coated and the uncoated
surface of the Almen strip shall be blasted. The curvature of the Almen strip after grit blasting shall not exceed
0.0015 inch (38 micrometers). If the strip is not flat the coating shall be applied to the convex side. The Almen strip shall
be secured in a standard screw type Almen strip holder as specified in SAE J442 or any flat steel fixture with the same
screw spacing. The coating shall be applied to the strip spraying across the 0.5 inch dimension and indexing along the
3 inch dimension. Coating shall be applied to a thickness of 0.005 inch ± 0.001 (127 µm ± 25). Readings shall be made
with a standard Almen gage in accordance with SAE J442. The reported arc height shall be the arc height after coating
(second reading) minus the arc height before coating (first reading). If grit blasting is performed the first reading shall be
made after grit blasting and prior to coating. The reported arc height shall be normalized for the actual applied coating
thickness by multiplying the measured arc height by the Arc Height Multiplication Factor (AHMF). See 8.5.

3.8 Quality

Coating, as received by purchaser, shall be adherent to the basis material and shall have a uniform, continuous surface
free from spalling, chipping, flaking, and other imperfections detrimental to usage of the coating.

3.9 Tolerances

Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, a tolerance of -0 to +0.125 inch (3.2 mm) is allowed on the boundaries of
the area designated to be coated.

3.10 Geometric Sample

When specified by the purchaser, a sample shall be coated that approximates the geometry of the part being
represented. This sample shall be sectioned and subjected to visual examinations, examinations of masking
performance, or any coating property tests required in 3.6. The appropriate sample geometry shall be agreed to by the
processor and purchaser, and shall be supplied by the purchaser.

4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS

4.1 Responsibility for Inspection

Processor shall supply all test specimens for processor’s tests and shall be responsible for the performance of all
required tests. Purchaser reserves the right to sample and to perform any conformity testing deemed necessary to ensure
that the coating conforms to specified requirements.
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4.2 Classification of Tests

4.2.1 Acceptance Tests

Bend test (3.6.1.1), hardness (3.6.2), microstructure (3.6.3), residual stress for Type 2 only (3.6.4), thickness (3.4.2),
quality (3.8), and tolerances (3.9) are acceptance tests, and shall be performed on specimens representing each lot.

4.2.2 Periodic Tests

Coating material verification (3.2.2) and bond strength (3.6.1.2) are periodic tests and shall be performed at a frequency
selected by the processor unless otherwise specified.

4.2.3 Preproduction Tests

All property verification tests (3.6), material verification (3.2.2), and geometric sample evaluations (3.10) applicable to the
Type of coating processed are preproduction tests and shall be performed prior to production and when purchaser deems
confirmatory testing to be required.

4.3 Sampling for testing shall be not less than the following; a lot shall be all parts of the same part number coated
sequentially on the same machine setup using the same batch of coating material and process parameters, within a
shift or 8 hours of torch time, and presented for processor’s inspection at one time.

4.3.1 Acceptance Tests

Not less than one set of test specimens to represent each lot of parts.

4.3.2 Periodic and Preproduction Tests

Specimen quantity shall be selected at the discretion of the processor unless specified by the cognizant engineering
organization.

4.4 Approval

4.4.1 The process and control factors or a preproduction part, or both, whichever is specified, shall be approved by the
cognizant engineering organization before production parts are supplied.

4.4.2 The processor shall create a written process control factors sheet (or computerized record) covering preparation
of, application to, and inspection of each part number as exemplified by Figure 1. This sheet (or record) shall
include control factors and parameters that provide coated parts meeting specified requirements. Suppliers’
procedures shall identify tolerances, ranges, and control limits, as applicable. The processor shall maintain a
complete record of all control factors, procedures, and codes that shall be sufficiently detailed so as to be capable
of reproducing the process.

4.4.3 If the processor makes a significant change to any material, process, or control factor from that which was used
for process approval, all preproduction tests shall be performed and the results submitted to the cognizant
engineering organization for process reapproval. A significant change is one that, in the judgment of the
cognizant engineering organization, could affect the properties or performance of the parts.

4.4.4 Control factors shall include, but not be limited to, all those shown on the process control factors sheet.

4.5 Reports

Processor shall furnish with each shipment a report stating that the parts have been processed and tested in accordance
with specified requirements and that they conform to the acceptance test requirements. The report shall include the
purchase order number, lot number, AMS2447D, part number, quantity and numerical test results.
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4.6 Resampling and Retesting

If any acceptance test fails to meet specified requirements, disposition of parts may be based upon the results of tests on
three additional specimens for each nonconforming specimen if coated within the same lot. Except as specified in 4.6.1,
4.6.2, and 4.6.3, failure of any retest to meet specified requirements shall be cause for rejection of parts represented.
Results of all tests shall be recorded.

4.6.1 If any acceptance test fails to meet specified requirements, or the original sampling as in 4.3 and upon resampling
as in 4.6, the parts in that lot may be stripped, recoated and retested. Alternatively, all parts in that lot may be
inspected for the nonconformance and nonconforming parts and test specimens stripped, recoated and retested.
After stripping and recoating, parts shall meet the dimensions on the drawing.

4.6.1.1 When stripping is performed, the method shall be acceptable to the purchaser and shall not roughen, pit, or
embrittle the basis metal or adversely affect part dimensions.

4.6.2 If any periodic test fails to meet the specified requirements, the process is nonconforming. No additional parts
shall be processed until the process is corrected and new specimens are coated and tested. Results of all tests
shall be recorded and when requested, reported. Purchaser shall be notified of all parts coated since last
successful periodic test.

4.6.3 If a bond strength specimen fails at the adhesive bond joint, at a value less than the adhesion control specimen,
or at a value less than the required minimum, the test result may be declared invalid and the test repeated. Such
retests shall not be considered as one of the retests specified in 4.6.

5. PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY

5.1 Coated parts shall be handled and packaged to ensure that the required physical characteristics and properties of
the coating are preserved.

5.2 Packages of parts shall be prepared for shipment in accordance with commercial practice and in compliance with
applicable rules and regulations pertaining to the handling, packaging, and transportation of the parts to ensure
carrier acceptance and safe delivery.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The processor shall include this specification number and its revision letter in all quotations and when acknowledging
purchase orders.

7. REJECTIONS

Parts on which the coating does not conform to this specification, or to modifications authorized by purchaser, will be
subject to rejection.

8. NOTES

8.1 A change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical
revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left
of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and
(R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only.

8.2 One suggested temperature measurement device is an infrared thermometer. Caution should be made that a
thermometer with an appropriate emissivity setting is used and that the emissivity setting is set to an appropriate
value for the coating or substrate being measured. Also the spot size, measurement location, and distance from the
subject part need to be considered as the spot size increases with distance from the part, and part temperatures
can be inaccurate if the infrared spot size exceeds the size of the measurement location.
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8.3 One suggested range for a high strain threshold (fatigue resistant) tungsten carbide coating would be 0.010 to
0.020 inch.

8.4 Whenever possible, a constant gun-to-work distance, and a spray angle of 90 degrees ± 15 should be maintained.
Surfaces to be coated may be grit blasted to produce a uniform matte finish.

8.5 The AHMF can be calculated

within the allowable range of coating thickness by the equation
2
AHMF = 25612t − 377.94t + 2.2477 , where t is the actual coating thickness in inches.

8.6 Terms used in AMS are clarified in ARP1917.

8.7 Dimensions and properties in inch/pound units and the Fahrenheit temperatures are primary; dimensions and
properties in SI units and the Celsius temperatures are shown as the approximate equivalents of the primary units
and are presented only for information.

8.8 Purchase documents should specify not less than the following:

AMS2447D
Basis Material
Coating Composition (Table 1)
Type (1.4)
Coating thickness required
Coating acceptance criteria if not as specified herein
Quantity of parts to be coated.

PREPARED BY COMMITTEE “B”