Engineering

Materials

LECTURE (4)
3- FERROUS METALS
&
HEAT TREATMENT
 Types of Stainless Steel
Stainless steels can be divided into three main
categories:-

• Ferritic
• Austenitic
• Duplex (Austenitic-Ferritic)
• Martensitic
 Types of Stainless Steel
• Ferritic Stainless Steels
– 12 - 18% Cr, <4.5% Ni
Characteristics
– Moderate to good corrosion resistance
– Poor toughness, especially low temperature
– Low availability to cold working and welding properties
– Magnetic
• Martensitic Stainless Steels
– <20% Cr,
Cr C >0.15%
>0 15%
Characteristics
– Hardened by heat treatment
– Hardening can be reduced by tempering
– Moderate corrosion resistance
– Poor weldability
– Magnetic
 Types of Stainless Steel
• Duplex (Austenitic-Ferritic) Stainless Steels
– 18 - 28% Cr, 4 - 7% Ni
Characteristics
– Excellent corrosion resistance
– Yield strength twice as high as austenitics
– Good weldability
– Limited machinability
– Not hardenable
– Magnetic
• Austenitic Stainless Steels
– >18%
18% Cr and 8% Ni (18/8)
Characteristics
– Good corrosion resistance at high temperature .
– Good mechanical properties at all temperatures.
– Excellent weldability.
– Excellent formability and fabrication properties.
properties
– Hardened by cold working.
– Non-magnetic.
 Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties and
Applications of Annealed Stainless Steels
TABLE: Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties and Typical Applications of Annealed Stainless
Steels
Ultimate
tensile Yield Elongation
AISI strength strength in 50 mm
(UNS) (MPa) (MPa) (%) Characteristics and typical applications
303 550–620 240–260 53–50 Screw machine products, shafts, valves, bolts, and
(S30300) nuts; aircraft fittings; bolts; nuts; rivets; screws.

304 565 620

565–620 240 290
240–290 60 55
60–55 Chemical
Ch i l and
d food
f d processing
i equipment,
i
(S30400) brewing equipment, cryogenic vessels

316 550–590 210–290 60–55 High corrosion resistance and high creep strength.
(S31600) Chemical handling equipment, photographic
equipment, brandy vats, fertilizer parts, ketchup
cooking kettles

410 480–520
480 520 240–310
240 310 35–25
35 25 Machine parts, pump shafts, bolts, bushings, coal
(S41000) chutes, cutlery, tackle, hardware, jet engine parts,
mining machinery, screws, and valves.
416 480–520 275 30–20 Aircraft fittings, bolts, nuts, fire extinguisher
(S41600) inserts rivets,
inserts, rivets and screws.
screws
 Tool and Die Steels
• Tool and die steels are alloyed steels design
for high strength, impact toughness, and wear
resistance
it att normall andd elevated
l t d temperatures.
t t

– High-speed steels Maintain their hardness and

strength at elevated operating temperatures. There
are two basic types the M-series
M series and T
T-series.
series
 AISI Classification of Tools Steels
T, M High-speed tool steels - cutting tools in machining.

H Hot-working tool steels - hot-working dies for

forging extrusion,
forging, extrusion and die-casting.
die casting

D Cold-work tool steels - cold working dies for sheet-metal

press-working, cold extrusion, and forging.

W Water-hardening tool steels - high carbon but little else.

S Shock resistant tool steels - tools needing high.

Shock-resistant high
toughness, as in sheet-metal punching and bending .

P Mold steels - molds for molding plastics and rubber .

 Processing and Service Characteristics
of Common Tool and Die Steels
TABLE 5.6 Processing and Service Characteristics of Common Tool and Die Steels
Approximate
AISI Resistance to Resistance to hardness Resistance to Resistance to
designation decarburization cracking (HRC) Machinability Toughness softening wear
M2 Medium Medium 60–65 Medium Low Very high Very high
T1 High High 60–65 Medium Low Very high Very high
T5 Low Medium 60–65 Medium Low Highest Very high
H11, 12, 13 Medium Highest 38–55 Medium to high Very high High Medium
A2 Medium Highest 57–62 Medium Medium High High
A9 Medium Highest 35–56 Medium High High Medium to
high
D2 Medium Highest 54–61 Low Low High High to very
high
D3 Medium High
g 54–61 Low Low High
g Veryy high
g
H21 Medium High 36–54 Medium High High Medium to
high
H26 Medium High 43–58 Medium Medium Very high High
P20 High High 28–37 Medium to high High Low Low to
medium
P21 High Highest 30–40 Medium Medium Medium Medium
W1, W2 Highest Medium 50–64 Highest High Low Low to
medium
Source: Adapted from Tool Steels, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1978.
HEAT TRATEMENT OF STEEL
 Possible Transformations

Martensite
M t it
T Martensite
ngth

bainite Ductility
Stren

fine pearlite
coarse pearlite
spheroidite
General Trends
Coarse pearlite (high diffusion rate) and (b) fine pearlite

- Smaller T: - Larger T:

colonies are colonies
l i are
larger smaller
 Bainite: Non-Equil Transformation Products
 elongated Fe3C particles in -ferrite matrix
 diffusion controlled
  lathes (strips) with long rods of Fe3C
Martensite

800 Austenite (stable)

700(°C)
A
TE
P
600 Cementite
100% pearlite

400 A B100% bainite

Ferrite
200

10-1 10 103 105

ti
time ((s))
 Bainite Microstructure

• Bainite consists of acicular

(needle-like) ferrite with very
small cementite particles.
• The carbon content is typically
ggreater than 0.1%.
• Bainite transforms to iron and
cementite with sufficient time
and temperature (considered
semi-stable
semi stable below 150
150°C).
C).
 Martensite Formation
• Isothermal Transformation Diagram
800 Austenite (stable)
T(°C) A TE
P
600

400 A B

0%
200 M+A 50%
M+A 90%
M+A
10-11 10 103 105 ti
time ((s)) Martensite needles
Austenite
 single phase
 body centered tetragonal (BCT) crystal structure
 BCT if C0 > 0.15 wt% C
 Time Temperature Transformation(TTT) Diagram

Iron-carbon alloy
with eutectoid
p
composition.

 A A
A: Austenite
i
 P: Pearlite
 B: Bainite
 M: Martensite
Slow Cooling

Time in region
indicates amount of
microconstituent!
Medium Cooling

Cooling Rate, R, is
Change in Temp /
Time °C/s
F t Cooling
Fast C li

This steel is very

hardenable… 100%
Martensite in ~ 1
minute of cooling!
Example 1:
 Iron-carbon
I b alloyll with
ith
eutectoid composition.
 Specify the nature of the final
microstructure (% bainite
bainite,
martensite, pearlite etc) for the
alloy that is subjected to the
following time–temperature
time temperature
treatments: Bainite,
 Alloy begins at 760˚C and has 100%
been held long enough to
achieve a complete and
homogeneous austenitic
structure.

Treatment (a)
 Rapidly cool to 350 ˚C
 Hold for 104 seconds
 Quench to room temperature
Example 2:
 Iron-carbon
b alloyll with
ih
eutectoid composition.
 Specify the nature of the final
microstructure
i t t (% bainite,
b i it
martensite, pearlite etc) for the
alloy that is subjected to the
following time
time–temperature
temperature
treatments:
 Alloy begins at 760˚C and has
been held long enough to
achieve a complete and Austenite,
homogeneous austenitic 100%
structure.

Treatment (b)
 Rapidly
p y cool to 250 ˚C
 Hold for 100 seconds
 Quench to room temperature Martensite,
100%
Example 3:
 Iron-carbon
I b alloyll with
ith Austenite,
Austenite
eutectoid composition. 100%
 Specify the nature of the final
microstructure (% bainite
bainite,
martensite, pearlite etc) for the
alloy that is subjected to the
following time–temperature
time temperature
treatments:
 Alloy begins at 760˚C and has
been held long enough to
achieve a complete and
homogeneous austenitic
structure.

Treatment (c)
 Rapidly cool to 650˚C
 Hold for 20 seconds
 Rapidly cool to 400˚C
 Hold for 103 seconds
 Quench to room temperature
 Effect of Q
Quenchingg Medium

Medium Severity of Quench Hardness

air small small
oil moderate moderate
water large large

The severity of quench: water > oil > air