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True or False?
True or False?
What if the version of the life of Jesus that’s found in the Bible isn’t the
right one? What if there were other accounts of his life and ministry? And
Tru
■
Th
what if none of these versions actually represents eyewitness testimony tes
about Jesus? That’s precisely what some scholars are teaching, not just on by
college campuses but in popular literature and on television. in t
Popular scholars such as Bart Ehrman and Elaine Pagels, whose books boast titles such pow
as The Gnostic Gospels, Lost Scriptures, and Lost Christianities, make claims such as this one: in A
“Many years passed before Christians agreed concerning which books should comprise chu
their sacred scriptures. . . . In part this was because other books were available, also boo
written by Christians, many of their authors claiming to be the original apostles of Jesus, exc
yet advocating points of view quite different from those later embodied in the canon.”1 boo
con
Indeed, the viewpoints found in these writings, many of which are called “Gospels,” do
differ from the New Testament Gospels. In fact, many include descriptions of Jesus Ea
that directly contradict the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. key
Most significantly, the “lost Gospels” consistently depict the nature of Jesus in ways that the
disagree with the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. For example, wr
the New Testament writings describe Jesus as fully divine and yet sta
fully human (see, for example, Philippians 2:5-11). But, according So
to other writings, Jesus Christ was a spirit who merely seemed the
human. In others, such as Gospel of Philip, Jesus of Nazareth— Hi
a human being—was possessed by a Christ-spirit; then on the Th
cross, this Christ-spirit abandoned the human Jesus. eye
So what’s at stake when it comes to the lost Gospels? It w
Nothing less than the nature of Jesus Christ, the essence tha
of Christian faith! Simply put, if the authors of the lost Gospels beg
were telling the truth, the perspective on Jesus that’s found in rise
the New Testament Gospels is false. Let’s look together at the con
W
historical evidence, though, and see what we actually find.
(Courtesy of the Schøyen Collection, Oslo and London)
cou
Earliest known fragment of Acts of
Paul. When it was discovered that ■
■ What are the “lost Gospels”? Acts of Paul was a fictional text,
Christians rejected its authority.
The term “lost Gospels” usually refers to ancient writings
Ev
that were excluded from the New Testament, even though they included supposed
wh
recollections of events and teachings from the life of Jesus. A few of these “lost
apo
Gospels” have lasted throughout the centuries. Others survive only in tiny fragments
1C
of papyrus or in brief quotations found in the writings of early Christian scholars.
apo
Several “lost Gospels” were discovered anew in the past 100 years. Copies of some
and
texts—such as Gospel of Philip, Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Truth, and Coptic Gospel of the
any
Egyptians—were unearthed in 1945 in Egypt, near a village known as Nag Hammadi.
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605X Gospels.indd 1 More than 70 Bible reference charts and PowerPoints® available. Download catalog and sign up for Rose Bible e-Charts at www. rose-publishing.com
Title: Gospels: “Lost” & Found Product Code: 605X ISBN-13: 9781596361416
Truth about the New Testament Gospels Andr
True or False?
Matt
True or False? ■ Why were the “lost Gospels” Truthexcluded
about thefrom New Testament the New Gospels Testament? Andrew or Peter said, or whattruth
Matthew or any other of the assoc
was said
Lord’s foll
The lost Gospels were excluded because they did not include reliable, eyewitness abou
What if the version of thetestimony life of Jesus that’sabout
found inJesus.
the Bible isn’tSome the scholars■today Why weredepictthe “lost Gospels”
this decisionexcluded fromasthehaving New Testament? truth about Jesus were the ones
been made associates of these witnesses.mach
who h
right one? What if thereby werepowerful
other accounts ofchurch his life and ministry? Andin the fourth So, althou
leaders The lostcentury, three
Gospels were excluded centuries
because after
they did not include reliable,the books
eyewitness about which writings were authoritative
could
what if none of these versions actually represents eyewitness testimony testimonysuch
about Jesus. Some scholars today depictthat
this decision as havingfrom
been madea
in the New Testament were written. One scholar claims a letter machinations that drove their decisions
about Jesus? That’s precisely what some scholars are teaching, not just on by powerful church leaders in the fourth century, three centuries after the books
powerful bishop,
college campuses but in popular literature and on television. Athanasius of Alexandria, established the list of authoritative books ■W
could be clearly connected to eyewitnes
in AD 367. He claims, “Athanasius wrote in the New
hisTestament
annual were written.
pastoralOne suchletter
scholar claimstothatthea letterEgyptian
from a
Popular scholars such as Bartchurches
Ehrman and ElaineunderPagels, whosehis booksjurisdiction,
boast titles such powerful bishop, Athanasius of Alexandria, established the list of authoritative books ■ Why did only four Gospels
if
and in it he included advice concerning which
as The Gnostic Gospels, Lost Scriptures, and Lost Christianities, make claims such as this one: in AD 367. He claims, “Athanasius wrote his annual pastoral letter to the Egyptian if so many Gospels Only were av
books should be read as Scripture in the churcheschurches. Heandlists
under his jurisdiction, our twenty-seven
in it he included advice concerning which books,
“Many years passed before Christians agreed concerning which books should comprise Mark
their sacred scriptures.... Inexcluding
part this was becauseallotherothers. Thisalsois the first surviving
books were available, books should be readinstance
as Scripture inof anyone
the churches. He listsaffi rming our
our twenty-seven books, set of Only four Gospels—the ones known to
Mark, Luke, and John—couldLord be clear
written by Christians, many ofbookstheir authorsasclaiming
theto beNew Testament.
the original apostles of Jesus, And even Athanasius
excluding all others. This is thedid not settle
first surviving instance oftheanyonematter.
affirming our setDebates
of
Lord. Unlike the “lost Gospels,” each o
yet advocating points of viewcontinued forlaterdecades, even1 centuries.” 2
quite different from those embodied in the canon.” books as the New Testament. And even Athanasius did not settle the matter. Debates
continued for decades, even centuries.”2 in the first century AD, at a tim
Indeed, the viewpoints foundEach factmany
in these writings, in ofthiswhich summary
are called “Gospels,”isdo technically correct, but it leaves out several were still alive. (The ear
differ from the New Testament key truths,
Gospels. In fact, manyleaving readers
include descriptions of Jesus with false Each fact in this summary is technically correct,
impressions—such as, (1) but it leaves
untilout several and lasted until AD 3
that directly contradict the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
the late fourth century, there was no consensus about which Christian key truths, leaving readers with false impressions—such as, (1) until widespread awaren
Most significantly, the “lost Gospels” consistently depict the nature of Jesus in ways that the late fourth century, there was no consensus about which Christian represented eyewit
writings were authoritative and true, and (2) even then the church’s
disagree with the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. For example, writings were authoritative and true, and (2) even then the church’s within a few yea
standard was simply the authoritativestandard statement of a powerful bishop.
was simply the authoritative statement of a powerful bishop.
the New Testament writings describe Jesus as fully divine and yet Testament Gos
fully human (see, for example,SoPhilippians
when didBut,Christians
2:5-11). according agree on whichSo when writings were authoritative
did Christians agree on which writings were authoritative in in
■ Papias of Hi
to other writings, Jesus Christtheir
was a spirit who merely seemed
congregations? And what was the their standard
congregations? Andfor whatthese decisions?
was the standard for these decisions? leader in the ge
human. In others, such as Gospel
Hints Jesusthis
of Philip,of of Nazareth—
standard can be found inHints first-century
of this standard can beChristian
found in first-centurywritings.
Christian writings. today as Turke
a human being—was possessed The by a Christ-spirit;
basic idea then on thewas something like this: The Testimony
basic idea was something thatlikecould be connected
this: Testimony to to
that could be connected (Courtesy of the Schøyen (Courtesy
Collection, Oslo and London)
the Gospels wer
of the Schøyen Collection, Oslo and
cross, this Christ-spirit abandoned the human Jesus. eyewitnesses of the risen Lord was uniquely authoritative among early Christians.3
3 Tax collectors were known to carry pi n akes, books with
eyewitnesses of the risen Lord was uniquely authoritative among early Christians. Tax collectors were known toa friend of Philipp
carry
It was not one specifi c person or a powerful group in the early church wooden
wooden pages coveredpages with wax. coveredNotes were scratchedwith wax.
mentioned Notin Ac
So what’s at stake when itItcomes to the lost Gospels?
was not one specific person or a powerful group in the early church into the wax using styluses.
Nothing less than the nature of Jesus Christ, the essence that decided to include certain books in the New Testament. From the into the wax using
informationstyluabo
that decided to include certain books in the New Testament. From the
of Christian faith! Simply beginning,
put, if the authors ofauthoritative
the lost Gospels beginning, authoritative testimony about Jesus Christ had to have its source in eyewitnesses of the Testament Gospels from the fi rst ge
testimony about Jesus Christ had to have its source in eyewitnesses of the According to Papias, the primary
Tso
were telling the truth, the perspective on Jesus that’s found in risen Lord. The lost Gospels were excluded by the fact that they could not be clearly
risen Lord. The lost Gospels were excluded
the New Testament Gospels is false. Let’s look together at the connected by to personsthewhofact walkedthat
and talkedthey could
with Jesus; not
therefore, theirbe clearly
testimony Gospel was the testimony of the A Ma
connected to persons (Courtesy of thewho
Schøyen Collection,walked andcouldtalked with Jesus; therefore, their testimony Jesus and former tax collector G
(Ma
When?
historical evidence, though, and see what we actually find.
Oslo and London)
not be considered authoritative or reliable.
J
When?
ndon)
could not be considered Earliest known fragment authoritative of Acts of or reliable. ■ Papias also wrote that the author
cts of Paul . When it was discovered that ■ When did Christians begin to treat the words of eyewitnesses
■ What are the “lost Gospels”? Acts of Paul was a fictional text, had served as Peter’s translator whe ■
d that ■ When did Christians Christians rejected its authority. begin asto treat
the most reliablethe words
testimony about Jesus? of eyewitnesses the early churches. As such, whathaM
ext,
The term “lost Gospels” usually refers
ority. asto ancient
thewritings most reliable testimony Even while theabout New TestamentJesus? books were being written, the words of people Gospel was the witness of Peter th him
that were excluded from the New Testament, even though they included supposed
Evenfromwhile who saw and followed the risen Lord—specifi cally, the words and writings of the ■ About the same time as PapiasG
recollections of events and teachings the life ofthe
Jesus.New
A few of these Testament
“lost books were being written, the words of people re
apostles—carried special weight in the churches (see Acts 1:21-26; 15:6—16:5; Polycarp of Smyrna referred to the
who
Gospels” have lasted throughout saw and
the centuries. followed
Others survive only in tinythe fragments risen Lord—specifically, the words and writings of the ■
1 Corinthians 4—5; 9:1-12; Galatians 1:1-12; 1 Thessalonians 5:26-27). After the
apostles—carried special weight in theapostles’
of papyrus or in brief quotations found in the writings of early Christian scholars. churches (see Acts 1:21-26; 15:6—16:5;
deaths, Christians continued to cherish the testimony of eyewitnesses ■ In a mid-second-century docume P
Several “lost Gospels” were1discovered anew in the past 4—5;
Corinthians 100 years. Copies
9:1-12; of some Galatians 1:1-12; 1 Thessalonians 5:26-27). After the unknown church leader reports tha
and their associates. Around AD 110, Papias of Hierapolis put it this way: “So, if
texts—such as Gospel of Philip,apostles’
Gospel of Thomas,deaths, and Coptic Gospel of thecontinued to cherish the testimony of eyewitnesses
Gospel of Truth,Christians Paul’s physician, and that this Gosp ■
anyone who had served the elders came, I asked about their sayings in detail—what
Egyptians—were unearthed and in 1945 intheir
Egypt, near a village known as Nag Hammadi.
associates. Around AD 110, Papias of Hierapolis put it this way: “So, if that Luke interviewed. 6 un
anyone who had served the elders came, I asked about their sayings in detail—what P
th
Gospels.indd 1

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Andrew or Peter said, or what was said by Philip or Thomas or James or John or ■T
Matthew or any other of the Lord’s followers.”4 The people most likely to know the sour
truth about Jesus were the ones who had encountered Jesus personally or the close ■A
associates of these witnesses. So, although Christians wrangled for several centuries repo
about which writings were authoritative, it was something much greater than political Chr
machinations that drove their decisions. Their goal was to determine which books
could be clearly connected to eyewitnesses of the risen Lord. So, from
Gospels
■ Why did only four Gospels make it into the New Testament eyewitn
if so many Gospels were available to early Christians?
Ho
the “los
Only four Gospels—the ones known to us as the Gospels according to Matthew, ■ Ho
Mark, Luke, and John—could be clearly connected to firsthand accounts of the risen rea
Lord. Unlike the “lost Gospels,” each of the New Testament Gospels was written
in the first century AD, at a time when the eyewitnesses of Jesus’ ministry Consist
were still alive. (The earthly ministry of Jesus began around AD 28 Luke, a
and lasted until AD 30 or so.) What’s more, it’s possible to trace claim th
widespread awareness among Christians that these Gospels some of
represented eyewitness testimony back to the late first century, seem au
within a few years of the time when the last of the New people r
Testament Gospels was written. way: “S
apostolic
■ Papias of Hierapolis—a church
close co
leader in the geographic area known
compan
today as Turkey, born about the time
y of the Schøyen Collection, Oslo and London)
the Gospels were being written and The firs
re known to carry pinakes, books with a friend of Philip’s four daughters Matthe
vered with wax. Notes were scratched mentioned in Acts 21:95—received his
o the wax using styluses.
soon as
information about the first two New the auth
Testament Gospels from the first generation of Christians. difficult
According to Papias, the primary source for Matthew’s
Gospel was the testimony of the Matthew, a follower of But the
Jesus and former tax collector (Matthew 9:9). This painting from the ruins of
the four
Pompeii depicts two methods for Roman
■ Papias also wrote that the author of Mark’s Gospel writing in the first century: The man century
had served as Peter’s translator when Peter preached in holds a papyrus scroll while his wife Egypt,
the early churches. As such, what Mark recorded in his holds a stylus and wax tablet.
rapid co
Gospel was the witness of Peter himself. happen
■ About the same time as Papias recorded these recollections, a pastor named Gospels
Polycarp of Smyrna referred to the words of the apostle Paul as “Scripture.” each ch
Asia M
■ In a mid-second-century document known as the Muratorian Fragment, an
churche
unknown church leader reports that Luke’s Gospel came from Luke, the apostle
Paul’s physician, and that this Gospel included eyewitness accounts from people Jude. B
that Luke interviewed.6 part of th

■ The Muratorian Fragment also makes it clear that the apostle John was the
■
source for the Gospel that bears John’s name.
■ Also in the mid-second-century, another church leader—Irenaeus of Lyons—
T
reported that he had received these same traditions about the four Gospels from
l Christians of the first and second centuries.7 in
So, from the first century onward, it seems to have been widely recognized that the
Gospels now known by the names of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John represented
eyewitness testimony about the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. In contrast, none of
How?
the “lost Gospels” can be connected to firsthand testimony.
■ How do we know that Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were

n really the sources of the Gospels that bear their names?
Consistent and reliable traditions have connected the names of Matthew, Mark,
Luke, and John with these Gospels from the first century onward. Some scholars
claim that the New Testament Gospels received their names in the same way that
some of the “lost Gospels” received their titles—people wanted these writings to
seem authoritative; so, they simply added names of eyewitnesses, even though these
people really didn’t write the Gospels at all. For example, one scholar puts it this
way: “Sometime in the second century, when [Christians] recognized the need for Gosp
apostolic authorities, they attributed these books to apostles (Matthew and John) and
close companions of apostles (Mark, the secretary of Peter; and Luke the traveling
companion of Paul).”8
The first problem with this skeptical line of thinking is that the Gospels According to
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John seem to have been connected with their authors as
soon as the Gospels began to circulate widely. At this time, some people who knew
the authors would still have been alive; under these circumstances, it would have been
difficult to ascribe false names to the Gospels without someone protesting.
But there’s another problem with the skeptics’ claims: By the end of the first century,
e ruins of
the four New Testament Gospels had circulated thousands of miles throughout the
ethods for Roman Empire. In fact, a fragment of John’s Gospel from early years of the second
ry: The man century—a portion known as the John Rylands Papyrus or P52–has been found in
hile his wife Egypt, hundreds of miles from the Gospel’s point of origin in Asia Minor! Without
x tablet.
rapid communication and without centralized church leadership, what would have
happened if second-century Christians began ascribing false, apostolic names to the
Gospels that had already spread this far from their places of origin? Most likely,
each church would have connected a different author with each Gospel. Churches in
Asia Minor might have ascribed a Gospel to the apostle Andrew, for example, while
churches in Judea might have connected the same Gospel with Thaddeus or James or
Jude. But, in every titled manuscript copy of the four New Testament Gospels, no matter what
part of the world in which it was used, each Gospel is connected to the same author.

■ How did early Christians determine which writings really
came from eyewitnesses?
These decisions were informed by a combination of oral history, external and
internal evidence.
■ Oral history: Most of the
knowledge about the origins
of the New Testament books
probably passed orally from
one generation to another.
From the first century onward,
the names of Matthew, Mark,
Luke, and John were connected
with the four New Testament
Gospels, and the writings of
early Christians such as Ignatius
of Antioch suggest that it ■W
would have been widely known
that Paul wrote the epistles
(Courtesy of CSNTM.org)
attributed to him. “We, br
Gospel According to John, around the tenth century AD.
receive Pe
■ External evidence: When no
clear tradition was available to connect a book to an eyewitness, church members of the ap
might explore external evidence about a book’s origins. For example, a generation receive C
after the deaths of the apostles, a church leader near Rome considered which those wri
Christian writings should be viewed as authoritative. His conclusions can be found
ascribed w
in a document known today as “the Muratorian Fragment.” After listing the books
that he viewed as authoritative, here’s what this leader said that he had discovered we carefu
regarding a popular book known as The Shepherd: “Hermas composed The Shepherd that no su
quite recently—in our times, in the city of Rome, while his brother Pius served ever been
as overseer. . . . While it should indeed be read, it cannot be read publicly for the
to us.”
people of the church—it is counted neither among the prophets (for their number
has been completed) nor among the apostles (for it is after their time).”9 Notice —Serapion of A
the reasons: This writing could not be added to the Old Testament prophets
because the time of the Hebrew prophets had passed, and—with the deaths of the at le
apostles—the time of the apostolic eyewitnesses had also ended. This teacher didn’t una
forbid believers to read The Shepherd; he simply pointed out that the book should not Joh
serve as an authoritative text. that
wou
■ Internal evidence: Other times, Christians might conclude on the basis of internal
evidence that a certain book did not represent eyewitness testimony. For example,
in AD 199, a leading pastor named Serapion was told that a certain Gospel was
“inscribed with Peter’s name.”10 Since it bore the name of an apostolic eyewitness,

Serapion allowed the Gospel to be used in the churches. When Serapion read Gospel
of Peter for himself, however, he recognized he’d made a mistake. Although Gospel of
Peter didn’t directly contradict the New Testament Gospels, certain phrases in the
book could be taken to imply that Jesus wasn’t fully human. What’s more, Serapion
probably knew from oral tradition that John Mark had once served as Peter’s
translator and that the Gospel According to Mark represented the words of Peter;
yet, the Gospel of Peter added many fanciful details that never appeared in Mark’s
Gospel—like a towering, talking cross that accompanied the risen Jesus out of the
tomb. After comparing Gospel of Peter to “the writings handed down to us”—that
was Serapion’s term for the New Testament texts that were connected indisputably
d, to eyewitnesses—Serapion concluded that Gospel of Peter did not represent the
, eyewitness testimony of Simon Peter, and he reversed his previous decision. As it
ted turns out, Serapion was correct: The language and thought-patterns in Gospel of Peter
t have convinced most scholars today that the book was written a generation after
Simon Peter’s death.11
tius
■ Why do we call the chosen books of the New Testament a “canon”?
wn
The word “canon” comes from the Greek word kanon,
“We, brothers and sisters, which means “measuring stick,” and these are the
writings that “measure” Christians’ faithfulness to Jesus
receive Peter and the rest
no Christ. It was not until the fourth century AD that the
s of the apostles as we would authoritative writings about Jesus Christ began to be
receive Christ himself. But known as a “canon.” The idea of recognizing certain
those writings that are falsely writings as authoritative, however, emerged much
nd earlier, apparently in the first century. Each authoritative
ascribed with their names,
ks writing was expected to be connected to an eyewitness of
ed we carefully reject, knowing the risen Lord, to be recognized in churches throughout
rd that no such writings have the known world, and not to contradict other writings
ever been handed down about Jesus. Although debates continued into the fourth
e century about a few writings—including the letters of
to us.”
er Peter, John’s second and third letters, and the letters
—Serapion of Antioch, late second century AD12 of James and Jude—Christians universally agreed at
least as early as the second century on the authority of
he at least nineteen of the books in the New Testament. From the beginning, Christians
dn’t unanimously embraced at least the four Gospels, Acts, Paul’s letters, and first epistle of
not John. (See chart on page 13.) Even if this handful of books had been the only documents
that represented eyewitness testimony about Jesus, every vital truth of Christian faith
would remain completely intact.
nal
(continued on page 8)
,

TruthTruth ■ Who
Truth“Lost
Truth about the about theGospels”
“Lost Gospels”
No one knows for sure. Even

■ Who
wrote the “lost
No though
wrote the “lost Gospels”?
Gospels”?
one knows forthe sure.names
Even though the names apostles
of Jesus’ of Jesus’ apostles
andandotherother
especially the rolee
Christ only seemedC
from the limitationf
interested in the ai
How
H
most of their attenm
companions are attached to companions
several are lostattached to severalno
Gospels, lostevidence
Gospels, no evidence
existsexiststo tosuggest
suggest thatthat
the the
biblical villains asb
authors of these texts even could have been eyewitnesses
authors of these texts even could have been eyewitnesses of the ministry of Jesus. In of the ministry of Jesus. In
many cases, or
many cases, names such as “Mary” names“Philip”
such as “Mary”
have or “Philip”
beenhave been attached
attached to these Gospels
to these Gospels ■ How many
simply because these individuals are such prominent characters in the book.InIn
simply because these individuals are such prominent characters in the book. a fewa few
cases—such
cases—such as Gospel of Thomas, for asexample—the
Gospel of Thomas, for example—the
Gospel does Gospelactually
does actuallyclaim
claim to to
comecome If a Gospel is defiI
from a prominent apostle orfrom a prominent
church apostle though
leader, or church leader,
it isthough
clearit from
is clear from
thethelanguage
language usedused and teachings of Ja
in the book that the document was written long
in the book that the document was written long after the death of its namesake. after the death of its namesake. known Gospels. Mk
fragments. Here’sf
■ How
■ How are these writings are these writings
different fromdifferent
the Newfrom theTestament
New Testament writings?
writings? most of which coum
The “lost Gospels”
The “lost Gospels” were primarily fanciful were accounts
primarily fancifulofaccounts
Jesus’of Jesus’
life, life,
or orthey
they were
were ■ Gospel of Ba
written to promote a theology written to promote
that a theology that
contradicts thecontradicts
eyewitness the eyewitness
testimonytestimonyfound
found Gnostic wr
in the New Testament. A few in thelost
NewGospels—for
Testament. A few lostexample,
Gospels—for Infancy
example, Infancy
Gospel Gospelofof Christians
Thomas, Infancy Gospel of James, and
Thomas, Infancy Gospel of James, and perhaps Gospel of Peter—seem to have perhaps Gospel of Peter—seem to have ■ Gospel
been penned by well-meaning beenChristians
penned by well-meaning
who felt Christians who felt compelled
compelled to expandto expand century AD
stories in the New Testament. Many
stories in the New Testament. Many parts of these writings don’t directly parts of these writings don’t directly in the wr
contradict anything in the Newcontradict anything in thebut
Testament, New Testament,
they tend but they tend to expand
to expand thethe Ebionites a
New Testament accounts inNew Testamentand
fanciful accounts in fanciful and theologically
theologically problematic problematic
ways.ways. the Hebrew
For example, according to these writings,
For example, according to these writings, Jesus used his divine powers for Jesus used his divine powers for as “Ebioni
his own benefit throughout his hisownchildhood.
benefit throughout his childhood.
A couple of Alost
coupleGospels—such
of lost Gospels—such human bei
as Gospel
as Gospel of the Lord and Gospel of the Lord and Gospel of the Ebionites—were
of theEbionites—were variations variations
of theof the
New New
Testament Gospels, edited to fi t the theology of certain sects. ■ Gospel, Eger
Testament Gospels, edited to fit the theology of certain sects.
(Courtesy(Courtesy
of the SchøyenofCollection, Oslo and London)
the Schøyen
a Gospel b
Collection, Oslo and L
The distinct theology of mostTheofdistinct
thetheology of most of the “lost
“lost Gospels” was, Gospels” was, however,
however, Gnostic.
Gnostic. includes fo
InkwellInkwell
discovered discovered
near the near th
From the perspective of most Gnostics, the deity
From the perspective of most Gnostics, the deity who created the universe site where who created the universe ScrollsDeadinSea the New
site the whereDead Seathe Scr
was not the true or supremewasGod; not thethe
true creator
or supreme God; the creator
of the of the physical
physical worldworld waswasan an evil
evil were copied.were copied.
■ Gospel of
deity,and
deity, a rebel against a higher a rebelgreater
against a higher
deity.andSince
greater deity.
theySince they understoodthe
understood the
Presented as a
cosmos to be the product ofcosmos
an evil to bedeity,
the product
mostof an Gnostics
evil deity, mostviewed
Gnostics viewed everything physical—
everything physical— of the Egyptians
THE NEW TESTAMENT
THE NEW TESTAMENT/ORTHODOX /ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY
CHRISTIANITY GNOSTIC
GNOSTIC (“SECRET”)”)
(“SECRET DOCUMENTS
DOCUMENTS
AD50 AD50 AD100100

AD
28–30 28–30 130
Jesus’ death Jesus’ death 110 The Rylands 110 Thefragment.
Rylands fragment. Theoldest
oldest NewNew 130
The The four Gospels
The andf
and resurrection. and resurrection.Testament fragment
Testament fragment
(from(fromJohnJohn18)
18) that we we
that thirteen of Paul’s lette
thirte
have today. Ithave
istoday.
dated It isfrom
dated from 90–120.
90–120. are accepted asare
authori
ac
by many churches.
by ma
107 107
Ignatius
Ignatius of Antioch of Antioch
refers refers to “Jesus
to “Jesus as God.”
as God.”
140 Marcion trie
49–96 The books of the New49–96 The books of the New 110 Papias
110mentions
Papias mentions
thetheauthors
authors of of Matthew, Mark,
Testament are written. Testament are written. two Gospels: Matthewand
and Mark. and three of Paul
two Gospels: Matthew Mark. from his church’s

605X
605X Gospels.indd 2More than 70 Bible reference Gospels.indd
charts 2
and PowerPoints® available. Download catalog and sign up for Rose Bible e-Charts at www. rose-publishing.com
especially the roletheofrole
especially women in reproduction—as
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they also claimedthat
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Christ only
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came to deliverhumanity
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from thefrom
limitations of theofphysical
the limitations world.
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world. such,
such,Gnostics
Gnostics were nottypically
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in the actual, events
historical of the
events lifelifeofofJesus;
of the Jesus; the Gnostics
Gnosticsfocused
focused
er ■G
How?
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most of their
most ofattention
their attention
on other-worldly
on other-worldly
sayings
sayingsand andmyths,
myths, many
many ofofwhich
whichdepicted
depicted
gest that the quo
biblical villains
biblical villains
as heroes
as heroes
and vice-versa.
and vice-versa.
Jesus. In afte
Gospels ■ How■ many
How many
lost lost
Gospels
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areare
there?
there? ■G
k. In a few “Matthewcomposed
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aim to come If a Gospel
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asned
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retelling
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thetheevents
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among theHebrews
Hebrews in their
in their in t
uage used and teachings
and teachings
of Jesus’
of Jesus’
life, there
life, there
are are
fewer
fewerthan
thanthirty
thirty
language,while
language, while Peter
Peter andand
Paul Paul
werewere the
sake. known Gospels.
known Gospels.
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Most texts
survivesurvive
onlyonly
in incomplete
in incomplete
preachingthethe
preaching Gospel
Gospel in Rome
in Rome and and the
fragments.
fragments.
Here’sHere’s
a summary
a summary
of many
of many
of the
of the
lostlostGospels,
Gospels,
buildingupupthethe
building church
church there.
there. AfterAfter doc
writings? most of which
most of could
which not
couldhave
not have
beenbeen
written
written
bybyeyewitnesses:
eyewitnesses:
theirdeaths,
their deaths, Mark—Peter’s
Mark—Peter’s follower kno
follower
were ■ Gospel■ofGospel
Basilides
of Basilides
(Gnostic
(Gnostic
writing,
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mid-secondcentury
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■I
und GnosticGnostic
writing,
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now lost,
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mentioned
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several
severalearly
early Peter’sproclamation
Peter’s proclamation in written
in written form.form.
acc
Christians.
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Luke, thecompanion
companion of Paul,
of Paul, wrotewrote
doc
■ Gospel■ of
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the Ebionites
of the Ebionites
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writing,
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proclaimed by by
AD) Surviving
century century AD) Surviving
onlyonlyin fragmented
in fragmentedquotations
quotations Paul.Finally,
Paul. Finally, John—the
John—the Lord’s
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in the writings
in the writings
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of early
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appears
EbionitesEbionites appears
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the Hebrews, editededited
the Hebrews, to fittothefit theology
the theologyof of
a sect
a sectknown known whileliving
while livingin in Ephesus,
Ephesus, in Asia.
in Asia.” ” com
r as “Ebionites.”
as “Ebionites.”
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The Ebionites believed
believedJesus
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—Irenaeus Lyons,
Lyons, mid-mid- to second
to late late second
centurycentury
AD13 AD13
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at his
baptism.
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(Fragments an ancient document,
an ancient document,second
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the Schøyen
(Courtesy
Collection,
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a Gospela Gospel
andCollection,
but a few
but afragments
London) Oslo and London)
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few fragments an an
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unknownsource,
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the “Egerton Gospel” ■G
ell discovered
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here thesite
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where
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in theTestament
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Gospels 1:40–45;
(Mk. 1:40–45; 12:13–17;
12:13–17; Jn.
Jn. 5:39–47;
5:39–47; 10:33–39).
10:33–39).
evilwere copied.were copied. ■G
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the Egyptians (Ancient
of the Egyptians writing,
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writing, perhapsGnostic,
Gnostic, second centuryADAD
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as a dialogue Jesus
between andand
Jesus a female
a femaledisciple namedSalome,
disciple named Salome, Gospel
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g physical—
of the Egyptians encourages
of the Egyptians all believers
encourages to practice
all believers to practicecelibacy.
celibacy.
RET”) DOCUMENTS
MENTS
00
AD100 AD150
AD150 178
178 2
ADA
130 130 150150 A pagan
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philosopherandand
dest New The fourThe
Gospels and and
four Gospels Clement
Clementrefers
referstoto writernamed
writer named Celsus
Celsus sayssays
8) that we thirteen of Paul’sofletters
thirteen Paul’s letters Jesus
Jesus
asas
God.
God. thatJesus
that Jesushad
had falsely
falsely
0. describedhimself
described himself divine.
divine. 1
are accepted as authoritative
are accepted as authoritative
125–150
125–150 Ir
by many bychurches.
many churches. Gnosticism
Gnosticism
begins
begins G
to spread.
to spread. tw
180?
180?
The
The Gnostic
GnosticGospel
Gospel
of
of Judas
Judas isiswritten.
written.
140 Marcion
140 Marcion
tries totries
eliminate
to eliminate
uthors of Matthew,Matthew,
Mark, Mark,
John,John,
Acts,Acts, 150
150
Mark. and three
andofthree
Paul’s
of Paul’s
lettersletters The
The Gnostic
Gnostic Gospel
Gospelofof
from hisfrom
church’s
his church’s
Bible.Bible. Thomas
Thomas is
is written.
written.

■ Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians (Gnostic writing, late third century AD) Coptic ■ Gospel of M
Gospel of the Egyptians recounts a Gnostic myth in which Jesus is presented Lost docume
as a reincarnation of Seth, the third son of Adam and Eve. have passed
was available
■ Gospel of Eve (Gnostic writing, probably third century AD) Lost Gnostic writing,
and (2) the b
quoted by Epiphanius of Salamis. Gospel of Eve was written at least a century
after the time of Jesus. Seemingly also known as Gospel of Perfection. ■ Gospel of N
claimed to in
■ Gospel of the Hebrews (Christian writing, first century AD) Gospel of the Beginning after the fire in Rome in Jesus. Also
s Gospel Hebrews is truly a “lost Gospel”; it survives only in quotations found AD 64, the Emperor Nero harshly
r in the writings of early Christians. Many scholars believe Gospel of persecuted Christians, killing ■ Gospel, Oxy
significant leaders such as Peter and Not actually
aul were the Hebrews represents an early, Aramaic summary of Jesus’ life from Paul. One of the motivations for
me and the apostle Matthew—a summary that eventually became part of the writing the Gospels may have been
source, the “
e. After the deaths—because of Nero’s Pharisees. T
document that now known as the Gospel According to Matthew. Also
persecution—of key eyewitnesses Gospels and
follower known as Gospel of the Nazoreans. of the life of Jesus.
own to us ■ Gospel of P
■ Infancy Gospel of James (Christian writing, late second century AD) An Christians, t
tten form.
account, supposedly written by James, of the life of Mary. According to this because (1)
ul, wrote
document, Mary the mother of Jesus remained a virgin throughout her life. passages in
aimed by
d’s own ■ Acts of John (Docetic writing, late second century AD) Supposed retelling of events ■ Apocalypse
ed against from the life of the apostle John. Some copies of this text include comments that circulated w
Gospel are Docetic—that is, they imply that Jesus Christ was not fully human—but these New Testam
sia.” comments are not present in every version. It is possible that they were added later. seventy yea
d century AD13
■ Gospel of Judas (Gnostic writing, late second century AD) Supposed account of the ■ Coptic Apo
life of Jesus in which Judas Iscariot is portrayed as a heroic figure, commanded by of Peter clear
Jesus to act as the betrayer. hands and f
■ Gospel of the Lord (Marcionite writing, mid-second century AD) Alteration of the Gospel ■ Gospel of P
According to Luke, edited to fit Marcion’s theology. collection of
the views of
■ Gospel of Mary (Gnostic writing, late second or early third century AD) Although
frequently called Gospel of Mary Magdalene, the text of this document never indicates ■ Gospel of th
which biblical Mary is the story’s central character. fragments fro
seems to hav
AD200 AD250
3
180–188 E
Irenaeus writes “Against Heresies” in which he condemns 325
Gnosticism and mentions all four Gospels in order and lists The Council of Nicaea c
twenty New Testament books as authoritative. early version of the Nic
250–450
180–200 The rest of the Gnostic Nag Hammadi
The Gnostic Gospel of Mary documents are written and circulated.
Magdalene is written.

■ Gospel of Matthias
■ Gospel of Matthias(Ancient writing,writing,
(Ancient perhapsperhaps
Gnostic,Gnostic,
second secondcenturycentury
AD) AD)
Gospel of Matthias Lost(Ancient
document, writing,
Lost document, knownperhaps Gnostic,
to many
known second
early
to many century
Christians.
early ) writing
ADThis
Christians. seemsseems
This writing to to ■
st document, known to many
have passed
have outearly
passed ofout Christians.
usage amongamong
of usage This writing
Christians seemsbecause
because
Christians to(1) no(1) clear
no evidence
clear evidence N
ve passed out ofwas usage among Christians because (1) no clear evidence Je
available to suggest
was available that the
to suggest thatapostle Matthias
the apostle actually
Matthias wrotewrote
actually the bookthe book
s available to suggest and (2) that the
andthe(2)book apostle
the was
bookused Matthias
wasby used actually
heretical wrote the
sects including
by heretical book
sects including the Gnostics.
the Gnostics. fo
d (2) the book was used by heretical sects including the Gnostics. rep
■ Gospel of Nicodemus
■ Gospel of Nicodemus (Forgery, fourthfourth
(Forgery, AD) Forgery
centurycentury AD) Forgery that that
Gospel of Nicodemus (Forgery, AD) Forgery that bo
claimedclaimed tofourth
to include include century
Pontius Pilate’s
Pontius reportreport
Pilate’s to thetoemperor the emperor aboutabout in
imed
he fire to
in Rome include
in in
Rome Pontius
inJesus. AlsoPilate’s
Jesus. known
Also knownreport
as Actsas toofActs
the emperor
Pilate.of Pilate. about
sus.
ero Alsoharshly
rorharshly
Nero known as Acts of Pilate. ■
ns, killing killing ■ Gospel,
hristians, Oxyrhynchus
■ Gospel, Oxyrhynchus (Christian writing,writing,
(Christian third century AD or earlier)
third century AD or earlier) An
Gospel,
PeterasOxyrhynchus
sassuch and
Peter and (Christian
Not actually
Not actually writing,
a Gospel a Gospel thirda tiny
but century
but AD or earlier)
apapyrus
tiny fragment
papyrus from an
fragment fromunknown
an unknown
et motivations
actually
for a Gospel but a tiny The first
Thechapter of Mark’s ap
Gos
thepapyrus fragment from andescribes
unknown
vations forsource, first chapter of Mark
y have been
the
source, “Oxyrhynchus
“Oxyrhynchus Gospel” describes
Gospel” a confrontation
a confrontation between JesusThe
between andfirstthe
Jesus and the of Mark’s Gospel
chapter po
els may have been
urce, the “Oxyrhynchus Gospel” describes a confrontation of knowled
of kn
of Nero’s
ecause of Nero’s Pharisees. The events
Pharisees. The described
events described thisbetween
in thisinfragment do not
fragment Jesus andcontradict
docontradict
not theany New any Testament
New Testament of knowledge about Jewish
arisees.
ewitnesses The events
key eyewitnesses described
Gospels and seem
Gospels in this
and to
seem fragment
represent doexpansion
an
to represent notancontradict of theany
expansion New
ofevents
the Testament
described
events in Mark
described 7:1–23.7:1–23. century AD, long century
in Mark after
centu
the
AD
de
espels
sus. and seem to represent an expansion of the events described in Mark 7:1–23.
of Jesus. ■ Gospel■ Gosof
■ Gospel of Peter (Christian writing, second century AD ) Although
■ Gospel of Peter (Christian writing, second century AD) Although familiar to many early familiar to many early ■ Gospel of Truththe (Gnostic
Gospel of Peter Christians,
(Christian writing,
this text
Christians, second
this textcentury
was rejected AD)as Although
was rejected an asauthoritativefamiliaraccount
an authoritative to many ofearly
account theoflifetheoflife
Jesus
of Jesus the 1940s, Gospel of Truth the 1w
1940s,
Wh
W
According is
ristians, this text was rejected asit annotauthoritative account oftothethelife of Jesus (2) some According to IrenaeusAcco
Why?
because (1) it (1)
because could could benotclearly
be clearlyconnectedconnected toapostle
the PeterPeter
apostle and (2) andsome of L
cause (1) it could not beinclearly connected betomisconstrued
the GospelGospe
of Tr
passages
passages theinbookthe couldcould
book beapostle
misconstruedPeter and
to suggest (2)that
to suggest someJesus wasn’twasn’t
that Jesus fully human.
fully human.Gospel of Truth, also known
ssages in the book could be misconstrued to suggest that Jesus wasn’t fully human.
■ Apocalypse
■ Apocalypseof Peterof (Christian
Peter (Christian writing, secondsecond
writing, centurycentury AD) An AD)apocalyptic
An apocalyptic text thattext that ■ Why ■ Why are
Apocalypse of Peter (Christian
circulated withwriting,
circulated Gospel second
with Gospelof Peter, century AD) An
Apocalypse
of Peter, apocalyptic
of Peter
Apocalypse of doesn’t
Peter doesn’t text that
directly contradict
directly any any■ Why are so many pe
contradict
culated with Gospel doesn’t Perhaps peop
Perhaps
New New of Peter,
Testament Apocalypse
Testamentwritings, of Peter
but the
writings, thedirectly
butbook seemsseems
book tocontradict
have haveany
to been written around
been written AD 135,
around 135, people long to believe
ADPerhaps
w Testament seventy writings, but years
the book that isn’t
that avail
isn’t
years
seventy or so after
or soseems
the tothehave
afterdeath deathbeen
of the written
ofapostle
the around
Peter.
apostle Peter. AD 135,
that isn’t available in the New
venty years or so after the death of the apostle Peter. There is
There exper
is
■ Coptic Apocalypse
■ Coptic of Peterof Peter
Apocalypse (Gnostic writing,
(Gnostic late third
writing, latecentury AD) The
third century AD) Coptic Apocalypse
The Coptic There is experience
Apocalypse New Newand know
Testame Tes
Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (Gnostic writing,
that late AD) The
of clearly
of Peter Peter denied
clearly denied thatthird
Jesus had
Jesuscentury
ahadphysical
a physicalbody, Coptic Apocalypse
declaring
body, that “the
declaring thatone oneNew
“thewhose whoseTestamentunreliable
Gospels. But
my
unreliabl
Peter clearly denied that
andJesus
handshands feet hadnailed
andthey
feet a physical
they to thebody,
nailed thedeclaring
tocross [was][was]
cross onlythataonly fl“the aone
eshly whose
substitute.”
fleshly substitute.” unreliable mythssouls found in the
crave
souls is
cra
nds and feet they nailed to the cross [was] only a fleshly substitute.” souls crave is available when
■ Gospel of Philip
■ Gospel (Gnostic
of Philip writing,
(Gnostic third century
writing, AD) Not
third century AD) actually a gospel
Not actually but a but a
a gospel our lives Jestw
ourtolives
Gospel of Philipcollection(Gnostic writing,
of brief
collection third
of excerpts century
brief excerpts AD
from from) Not actually
otherother
Gnostic Gnostica gospel
writings, but a
GospelGospel
writings, of Philip summarizes
of Philip our
summarizes lives to Jesus Christ,
can enter the O
into
can ente
lection of brieftheexcerptsviews offrom
the views theofother
followers Gnostic
the followers of thewritings,
ofGnostic Gospel
the Gnostic ofValentinus.
leaderleader summarizes
PhilipValentinus. can enter into fellowship
any ofany us with
coul
of us
views of the followers of the Gnostic leader Valentinus. any of us could ask or think” (
■ Gospel of the Savior
■ Gospel (Gnostic
of the Savior writing,writing,
(Gnostic early third
earlycentury AD) Not
third century AD) actually a Gospel
Not actually but a few
a Gospel but a few NotesNotes
Gospel of the Savior (Gnostic
fragments
fragments writing,
from an
from early
an third
ancient century
document
ancient AD
document ) Not
known asactually
known Papyrus a Gospel
as Papyrus but a 22220,
BerlinBerlin
22220, few
GospelGospel of the Notes
of the Savior Savior 1 See 1 BartSee
gments from anseems ancient
seemsdocument
to have have aknown
tobeen Gnostic
been as adaptation
Papyrus
a Gnostic Berlin
adaptation 22220,
of Gospel Gospel
of Peter.
of Gospel of theknown
of Also
Peter. Savior
Also as Vision
known of the Savior.
as Vision of the Savior.
1 See Bart Ehrman, York: Oxford
York:
Lost ChrisO
ms to have been a Gnostic adaptation of Gospel of Peter. Also known as Vision of the Savior. Hereafter,
York: Oxford University HereaftLo
Press,
followe
Hereafter, Lost Christianities will followed by th
AD300
300
ADAD300 350 approx.
350 approx.
followed by the page
2 MJ 36.
2 numbers.
AD350
MJ
3 Ehrman
2 36.MJ
3 Eh
350
ADAD350
350 approx. Codex Vaticanus
Codex and Codex
Vaticanus Sinaiticus,
and Codex the 3oldest
Sinaiticus, theEhrman
oldest placeslater
the and
latersum
emergen an
Codex Vaticanuscomplete Bibles
andcomplete
Codex still instill
Sinaiticus,
Bibles existence,
theinoldestwere were
existence, circulated.
circulated.
later and summarizestexts had
texts
it in toha
this b
w
332 332 complete Bibles still in existence, were circulated. and “apostolic
texts had to be “ancient” and
(from“apt
332 Emperor Constantine
Emperor ordersorders
Constantine production of 50 of
production vellum Bibles.
50 vellum Bibles. and “apostolic” (fromor their
theorfiassoc
their
rst fo
325Emperor
325 Constantine orders production of 50 vellum Bibles. or their associates)notes,
(LC two
notes,
242-243 otht
The Council of Nicaea condemns Arius Arius
and hisand
teachings and produces an an those of
notes, two other standards catho
those
came o
The Council of Nicaea condemns his teachings and produces
earlycondemns
of Nicaea version ofArius
the of
early version Nicene
and Creed
the his whichand
teachings
Nicene Creed clearly describes
produces
which clearly an Jesus Jesus
describes as God.
as God. those of catholicityChristians)
Christia
(widespread an
Scriptures).
Christians) and orthodoxy Scriptu
(agreI
of the Nicene Creed which clearly describes Jesus as God. Scriptures). I would thecontend,
earliest
the earlCh
th
apostolicity,
the earliest Christians—the an
apostolic
cate
320 320 All three
apostolicity, and antiquity All cate
were thre
no
All three categoriesthat
wereeyewitne
that eye
rooted
madi 320 Arius claims Jesus is a
Arius claims Jesus is a that eyewitness testimony
4 Quoted4 wasQu ai
ated. Arius claims Jesus createda beingbeing
is created and not andGod.
not God.
created being and not God. 337 Constantine
337 dies.
4
Constantine Quoted
dies. in Eusebius,
5 It 5 3:39
was, Itacw
337 Constantine dies. 5 It was, according to Eusebiu

■ Gospel of Thomas (Gnostic writing, mid-second century AD)
EA
Not actually a Gospel, but a collection of sayings attributed to The
Jesus. Most sayings in Gospel of Thomas are similar to statements
found in the New Testament Gospels. A few, however, seem to (mid
represent an early form of Gnosticism. Although some sayings in the
book can be traced to the first century AD, the book did not emerge
Acce
in its final form until the middle of the second century. Matth
■ Infancy Gospel of Thomas (Christian writing, mid-second century AD) Mark
Luke
An account of the childhood of Jesus, supposedly written by the John
apostle Thomas. In this text, the boy Jesus uses his miraculous Acts
The first chapter of Mark’s Gospel powers for his own benefit. The author’s style of writing and his lack Roma
of knowledge about Jewish traditions suggest that the book was written in the mid-second 1&2
Galat
century AD, long after the death of the apostle Thomas. Ephes
■ Gospel of Truth (Gnostic writing, late second century AD) Unearthed at Nag Hammadi in Philip
y Colos
the 1940s, Gospel of Truth is a Gnostic retelling of the creation story and of the life of Jesus. 1&2
Why?
According to Irenaeus of Lyons, a disciple of a Gnostic teacher named Valentinus wrote 1&2
n. Gospel of Truth, also known as Gospel of Valentinus. Titus
Philem
■ Why are so many people so enthralled by the “lost Gospels”? 1 John
2 or 3
Perhaps people long to believe that there’s some knowledge or experience of Jesus Christ lett
that isn’t available in the New Testament Gospels—and, in some sense, they’re correct. Jude
Revel
There is experience and knowledge of Jesus Christ that isn’t available simply by reading the Wisd
e New Testament Gospels. But this knowledge and experience certainly is not available in the [Epistl
e unreliable myths found in the “lost Gospels.” The full knowledge and experience that our and
not
souls crave is available when we not only read about Jesus Christ but also personally commit
our lives to Jesus Christ, the One in whom we can be “made complete” and through whom we Reco
can enter into fellowship with the God who gives us his love in “far greater abundance than Ques
Apoc
any of us could ask or think” (Colossians 2:9; Ephesians 3:20).
w Notes
1 See Bart Ehrman, Lost Christianities (New prophetesses that Papias received some stories
or. York: Oxford University Press, 2003) 3-5. about the apostles (Eusebius 3:39). Reje
Hereafter, Lost Christianities will be cited as LC, 6 Muratorian Fragment. Laodi
followed by the page numbers.
Alexa
AD350
7 Eusebius, 5:8.
2 MJ 36.
3 Ehrman places the emergence of this principle
8 LC 235. The S
e oldest later and summarizes it in this way: Authoritative 9 Translated from “Muratorian Canon in Latin”: Her
Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://www.
culated. texts had to be “ancient” (from the time of Jesus)
earlychristianwritings.com/text/muratorian-latin.html.
and “apostolic” (from the first followers of Jesus
or their associates) (LC 242-243). As Ehrman 10 Eusebius, 6:12.
notes, two other standards came into play later,
This
11 See LC 16. The beginnings of blaming the
those of catholicity (widespread usage among crucifixion on the Jewish people can be seen in acce
Christians) and orthodoxy (agreement with other the trial before Pontius Pilate in Gospel of Peter, Matt
Scriptures). I would contend, though, that—for suggesting a date after the expulsion of Christians
the earliest Christians—the categories of orthodoxy, from the synagogues in the late first century AD the
apostolicity, and antiquity were not distinguishable. 12 Eusebius, 6:12; cf. Tertullian of Carthage, calle
All three categories were rooted in the assumption De Praescriptione Haereticorum, 3:20-21: Retrieved
that eyewitness testimony was authoritative. October 28, 2006, from http://www.tertullian.org
4 Quoted in Eusebius, 3:39 latin/de_praescriptione_haereticorum.html.
e dies. 5 It was, according to Eusebius, from these 13 Eusebius, 5:8.

ews in their in theGospels,
writings ofedited
early to
Christians. Many scholars believe Gospel of persecuted Christians, killing ■ Gospel, Oxyrhynchus
■ Gospel, Egerton (Christian writing,
(Fragments fromthird
an century or earlier)second century AD) Not actually
ancientADdocument,
Testament fit the theology of certain sects. significant leaders such as Peter and
eter and Paul were the Hebrews represents an early, Aramaic summary of Jesus’ life from Not actually
a a
Gospel Gospel
but but
a a
few tiny papyrus
fragments fragment
from an from
unknownan unknown
source, the “Egerton Gospel”The first chapter of Mark’s G
The distinct theology of most of the “lost Gospels” was, however, Gnostic. Paul. One of the motivations for
(Courtesy of the Schøyen Collection, Oslo and London)
spel in Rome and the apostle Matthew—a summary that eventually became part of the writing the Gospels source, the “Oxyrhynchus
includes four Gospel”
stories about describes
Jesus. a confrontation
Three of these between Jesus and
stories appear, in the
varying forms,
Inkwell may have been
discovered near the of know
hurch there. After From the perspective of most Gnostics, the deity who created the universe the deaths—because of Nero’s Pharisees. in The
the events
New described
Testament in this
Gospelsfragment
(Mk. do not
1:40–45;contradict
12:13–17; any New
Jn. Testament
5:39–47; 10:33–39).
document that now known as the Gospel According to Matthew. Also site where the Dead Sea Scrolls century
was not the true or supreme God; the creator of the physical world was anpersecution—of evil keywere
eyewitnesses
copied. Gospels and seem to represent an expansion of the events described in Mark 7:1–23.
k—Peter’s follower known as Gospel of the Nazoreans. of the life of Jesus. ■ Gospel of the Egyptians (Ancient writing, perhaps Gnostic, second century AD)
deity, a rebel against a higher and greater deity. Since they understood the ■ Gospe
—handed down to us ■ Gospel of Peteras(Christian
Presented a dialogue writing, secondJesus
between centuryand Although
AD)a female familiar
disciple to many
named early Gospel
Salome,
cosmos Infancy
■ to Gospel
be the of James
product of an(Christian writing,
evil deity, mostlate second century
Gnostics viewed An
AD)everything physical— Christians, this textencourages
was rejectedallasbelievers
an authoritative account of the life of Jesus the 1940
Wh
ion in written form. of the Egyptians to practice celibacy.
account, supposedly written by James,
THE NEW TESTAMENT/ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY of the life of Mary. According to this
GNOSTIC (“SECRET”) DOCUMENTS because (1) it could not be clearly connected to the apostle Peter and (2) some Accordi
nion of Paul, wrote
document, Mary the mother of Jesus remained a virgin throughout her life. Gospel of
AD50 AD100 AD150
spel proclaimed by passages in the book could be misconstrued to suggest that Jesus wasn’t fully human.
178 A
—the Lord’s own ■ Acts of John (Docetic writing, late second century AD) Supposed retelling of events
28–30 century AD) An apocalyptic
■ Apocalypse of Peter (Christian writing, second150 text that
A pagan philosopher and ■ Why a
130
who leaned against from
Jesus’ the life of the apostle John. Some
death 110copies of this textfragment.
The Rylands include comments thatNew
The oldest circulated
The four GospelswithandGospel of Peter, Apocalypse of Peter doesn’t
Clement directly
refers to contradict
writeranynamed Celsus says
and resurrection. Testament
are Docetic—that is, they imply that Jesus Christ fragment
was not (from
fully John 18)these
human—but that we thirteen Jesus as God. that Jesus had falsely Perhaps pe
osed the Gospel have today. It is dated from 90–120. NewofTestament
Paul’s letters
writings, but the book seems to have been written around
described135,
AD himself divine.
comments are not present in every version. It is possible that they were added later. are accepted as authoritative 125–150 that isn’t av
hesus, in Asia.” seventy years
by many churches. or so after the death of the apostle Peter.
Gnosticism begins There is ex
- to late second century AD13
■ Gospel of Judas (Gnostic writing, late second century AD) Supposed account of the ■ Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (Gnostic writing, late third century AD) The
to spread.
180?
Coptic Apocalypse New Testa
107
life of Jesus in which Judas Iscariot
Ignatius ofisAntioch
portrayed as a to
refers heroic figure,
“Jesus commanded by
as God.” of Peter clearly denied that Jesus had a physical body, declaring The that Gnostic
“the one whose
Gospel unreliable m
Jesus to act as the betrayer. hands and feet they nailed to the cross [was] only a fl eshly of Judas is written.
substitute.”
ually 140 Marcion tries to eliminate souls crave
49–96 The books of the New Matthew, Mark,(Gnostic
John, Acts, our lives to J
el” ■ Gospel
Testament
110century
of the Lord (Marcionite writing, mid-second
are written.
PapiasADmentions theofauthors
) Alteration of
the Gospel ■ Gospel of Philip
and three of Paul’s letters
writing, third century AD) Not actually 150 a gospel but a
two Gospels: Matthew and Mark. The Gnostic Gospel of
orms, According to Luke, edited to fit Marcion’s theology. collection of brief excerpts
from his church’s Bible. from other Gnostic writings, Gospel of Philip
Thomas summarizes
is written. can enter in
–39). the views of the followers of the Gnostic leader Valentinus. any of us c
■ Gospel of Mary (Gnostic writing, late second or early third century AD) Although
frequently called Gospel of Mary Magdalene, the text of this document never indicates ■ Gospel of the Savior (Gnostic writing, early third century AD) Not actually a Gospel but a few Notes
ospel 2 biblical Mary is the story’s central character.
which
605X Gospels.indd
fragments from an ancient document known as Papyrus Berlin 22220, Gospel of the Savior 1 See B
seems to have been a Gnostic adaptation of Gospel of Peter. Also known as Vision of the Savior. York: Oxf
Hereafter,
followed b
AD200 AD250 AD300 350 approx. AD350 2 MJ 36

3 Ehrm
pher and Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, the oldest later and s
lsus says complete Bibles still in existence, were circulated. texts had t
lsely 332 and “apost
f divine. 180–188 Emperor Constantine orders production of 50 vellum Bibles. or their as
Irenaeus writes “Against Heresies” in which he condemns 325 notes, two
Gnosticism and mentions all four Gospels in order and lists The Council of Nicaea condemns Arius and his teachings and produces an those of ca
twenty New Testament books as authoritative. Christians
early version of the Nicene Creed which clearly describes Jesus as God. Scriptures
the earlies
apostolicity
250–450 320 All three c
that eyewi
180–200 The rest of the Gnostic Nag Hammadi Arius claims Jesus is a
documents are written and circulated. created being and not God. 4 Quot
The Gnostic Gospel of Mary
Magdalene is written. 337 Constantine dies. 5 It was

EARLY LISTS OF AUTHORITATIVE CHRISTIAN WRITINGS
o The Fragment of Codex Eusebius of
nts Caesarea’s Church Letter of
Muratori Claromontanus History Athanasius
to (mid-second century AD, (late third century AD, Egypt
(early fourth century AD, (AD 367)
s in the Rome) or North Africa)
Palestine and Asia Minor)
merge
Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted
Matthew Matthew Matthew Matthew
AD) Mark Mark Mark Mark
Luke Luke Luke Luke
the John
s John John John
Acts
Acts Acts Acts
his lack Romans
1 & 2 Corinthians Romans Romans Romans
ond 1 & 2 Corinthians 1 & 2 Corinthians 1 & 2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians Galatians Galatians Galatians
i in Philippians Ephesians Ephesians Ephesians
Jesus. Colossians Philippians Philippians Philippians
1 & 2 Thessalonians Colossians Colossians Colossians
rote 1 & 2 Timothy 1 & 2 Thessalonians 1 & 2 Thessalonians 1 & 2 Thessalonians
Titus 1 & 2 Timothy 1 & 2 Timothy 1 & 2 Timothy
Philemon Titus Titus Titus
1 John Philemon Philemon Philemon
2 or 3 John (or both
letters, counted as one) Hebrews* Hebrews Hebrews
hrist
Jude James 1 Peter James
t. 1 and 2 Peter 1 John 1 and 2 Peter
Revelation
ng the Wisdom of Solomon 1, 2, and 3 John Revelation* 1, 2, and 3 John
in the [Epistle to the Hebrews Jude Jude
our and the letters of Peter Revelation Revelation
not mentioned at all]
mmit
hom we Recognized but Recognized but Recognized but Recognized but
e than Questioned Questioned Questioned Questioned
Apocalypse of Peter Apocalypse of Peter James
Epistle of Barnabas Jude
The Shepherd of Hermas 2 Peter
Acts of Paul 2 and 3 John
ries
Rejected Rejected Rejected Rejected
Laodiceans (All other writings) Apocalypse of Peter (All other writings)
Alexandrians Acts of Paul
The Shepherd of The Shepherd of Hermas
Latin”: Hermas Epistle of Barnabas
. Teaching of Twelve
tin.html.
Apostles
This chart shows that early Christians Gospel of Peter
the
en in accepted the four Gospels according to Gospel of Thomas
eter, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John long before Gospel of Matthias
ristians
y AD the critics claim, and that none of the so- Gospel of the
age, called lost Gospels was ever accepted. Hebrews
ieved Acts of Andrew
an.org Acts of John
.
* indicates that this listing may have placed this writing in the list of questionable books

The Gospels: “Lost” & Found
The New Testament begins with four accounts of the life of Jesus
Christ commonly known as “Gospels,” a word that means “good
news” or “victorious tidings.” The Gospels According to Matthew,
Mark, Luke, and John have been familiar to Christians for so
many centuries that many believers have assumed these Gospels
are the only retellings of the life of Jesus that ever existed. But there
are more than a dozen other “Gospels,” plus several supposed accounts of
episodes from Jesus’ life that aren’t known by the name of “Gospel.”
Some of these alternative “Gospels” have been familiar among scholars for centuries.
Dan Brown’s novel The Da Vinci Code popularized several “lost Gospels,” including
Gospel of Philip, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, and Gospel of Thomas. A couple of years later
the Gospel of Judas was reconstructed and translated anew. The media implied that
Gospel of Judas and other lost Gospels provide information about the historical Jesus
that isn’t included in the New Testament Gospels. Several writers and entertainment
corporations were quick to turn a profit by sensationalizing the news of this
reconstructed “Gospel.” Indeed, the viewpoints found in the “lost Gospels” do differ
from the New Testament Gospels.
ACCORDING TO NEW TESTAMENT GOSPELS ACCORDING TO “LOST GOSPELS”

Jesus was fully human and fully divine Jesus was a spirit who seemed human
or a mere human uniquely inhabited by
a divine spirit (Gnostic gospels)
Judas Iscariot willingly chose to betray Jesus Jesus told Judas to betray him
(Gospel of Judas)
The first miraculous sign that Jesus Jesus performed self-serving miracles
performed was turning water to wine at Cana throughout his childhood (“infancy Gospels”)
How likely is it that the lost Gospels really tell us the truth about Jesus Christ? An open-
minded look at the historical record quickly reveals that there is little reason to doubt the
New Testament Gospels and great reason to reject the so-called “lost Gospels.”
© 2007 Bristol Works, Inc. Special thanks to Craig L. Blomberg, Ph.D, Distinguished Professor of
Rose Publishing, Inc. New Testament, Denver Seminary; Lew Whallon.
4733 Torrance Blvd., #259 All rights reserved. It is illegal to copy, transmit electronically, or
Torrance, CA 90503 U.S.A. reproduce this pamphlet in whole or in part in any form. 020308SCG
email: info@rose-publishing.com Printed in the USA. May not be posted or transmitted on the internet.
www.rose-publishing.com
ISBN-13: 978-159636-141-6
Author: Timothy Paul Jones, Ed.D
ISBN-10: 159636-141-7
Excerpted material © 2007 Dr. Timothy Paul Jones.
Excerpted from the book Misquoting Truth: A Guide
90000
to the Fallacies of Bart Ehrman’s Misquoting Jesus.
Published by InterVarsity Press (www.ivpress.com).
All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission. 9 781596 361416
Visit the author on the Internet at: Stock #605X The Gospels: “Lost” & Found pamphlet
www.TimothyPaulJones.com Retailers: Package of 10 pamphlets = Stock #606X (ISBN-13: 978-159636-142-3)

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www.rose-publishing.com © 2008 Rose Publishing, Inc. Bible Reference Made Easy

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■ How do we know that Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were

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No one knows for sure. Even

AD50 AD50 AD100100

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www.rose-publishing.com © 2008 Rose Publishing, Inc. Bible Reference Made Easy

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AD200 AD250 AD300 350 approx. AD350 2 MJ 36

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ACCORDING TO NEW TESTAMENT GOSPELS ACCORDING TO “LOST GOSPELS”

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What is the Hope for the Heart

Adultery................................................. ISBN 9781596366848

Speaking God’s Anger When Is It When God

J oni E areckson T ada

Freedom From the Hurts of the Past

From Michelle Borquez Abortion to Mercy Divorce to Wholeness

Abandonment to Forgiveness Fear to Courage Uncover how

Deceived to Delivered Abuse to Favor

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