16/03/2020

OP AMP

Herman Budi Harja S.T.,M.T.

MEKATRONIKA 1
TEKNIK MESIN UNJANI

Referensi
 Rizzoni, G. Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, McGraw Hill,
2007.
 Jung, Walter G. Op Amp Applications Handbook. Analog Devices, Inc.,
2005.
 “Operational Amplifier.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier.
 “Operational Amplifier Applications.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications.

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Materi
 Definisi
 Konstruksi
 Prinsip Kerja dan Karakteristik
 Penerapan

Definisi

•Op-Amp-
An active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, differentiation and integration.
(Textbook)

High performance linear amplifier that requires a power

source to operate.

•Gain-
Amount of amplification produced by an Op-Amp. Gain is
independent from the supply voltage (power given for the
Op-Amp to operate).

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The Evolution of the Op-Amp

* The solid-state decade saw a proliferation of Op-Amps

Model 121, High Speed FET family, etc.

Robert J. Widlar develops the μA702 Monolithic IC

Op-Amp (1963) and shortly after the μA709

Fairchild Semiconductor vs. National Semiconductor

• National: The LM101 (1967) and then the LM101A
(1968) (both by Widlar)
• Fairchild: The “famous” μA741 (by Dave Fullager
1968) and then the μA748 (1969)

..

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Symbol and Identifikasi Pin

 2 Inverting Input
 3 Non-Inverting Input
 6 Output
 7 + Voltage Supply VCC
 4 – Voltage Supply VEE
 1 and 5 -- Offset Null

Formulasi Matematik pada Op-Amp

 The gain of the Op-Amp itself is calculated as:

G = Vout/(V+ – V-)

 The maximum output is the power supply voltage

 When used in a circuit, the gain of the circuit (as opposed to

the op-amp component) is:
Av = Vout/Vin

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Op-Amp Saturation

 As mentioned earlier, the maximum Vout

output value is the supply voltage,
positive and negative. Vs+
 The gain (G) is the slope between
saturation points.

Vin

Vs-

Ideal OP AMP (Open Loop)

A = “open-loop” gain

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Karakteristik Op-Amp

•closed-loop gain is much smaller

• Rin is very large (MΩ or larger)
• Rout is small (75Ω or smaller)
• Effective output impedance in closed loop is
very small

• Open-loop gain G is infinite

• Rin is infinite between V+ and Vin

• Zero input current

• Rout is zero between Vs+ and Vs-

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Analisis Op-Amp

To analyze an op-amp feedback circuit:

• Assume no current flows into either input terminal
• Assume no current flows out of the output terminal
• Constrain:V+ = V-

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Analisa pada Inverting Amplifier

virtual ground

Vo = -Rf/Rs * Vs

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Kajian
“Virtual”
ground

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Kajian..

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Simulasi on PROTEUS
 ISIS Prof PROTEUS OP AMP5

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Analisa pada Non-Inverting Amplifier

Rin Rf

Rf

Rin

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Non-Inverting Amplifier

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Kajian Non Inverting OP AMP

“Virtual
Short

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Op-Amp – The Inside

 The actual count varies, but an Op-Amp contains several
Transistors, Resistors, and a few Capacitors and Diodes.
 For simplicity, an Op-Amp is often depicted as this:

Positive
Power Supply
Inverting
Input -
Output
Non-Inverting +
Input
Negative
Power Supply

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741 Op-Amp Schematic

current mirror current mirror

voltage
level
shifter
output
stage

differential amplifier current mirror high-gain amplifier

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Practical Aspects

What an Op-Amp looks like

What an Op-Amp looks like to an engineer
to a lay-person

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IC 458 Dual Op Amp

Maximum Ratings
Supply Voltage ±18 V
Power Dissipation 500 mW
Diff. Input Voltage ±30 V
Input Voltage ±15 V
Operating Temperature 0°C to 70°C

Offset 1 8 Unused Characteristics

Null - +

- IN 2 7 Input Offset Voltage 1 to 6 mV

+V
Input Resistance .3 to 1 MΩ
+ -
+ IN 3 6 Out CMMR 70 to 90 dB
Bandwidth .5 to 1.5 MHz
Offset
-V 4 5
Null

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IC 386 Audio Amp

Maximum Ratings
Supply Voltage ±15 V
Power Dissipation 660 mW
Input Voltage ±.4 V
Operating Temperature 0°C to 70°C

Characteristics
+Gain 1 8 Gain
Input Resistance 50 kΩ
- IN 2 - 7 Bypass CMMR 70 to 90 dB
+ Bandwidth 300 kHz
+ IN 3 6 +V
Total Harmonic Distortion 0.2%
GND 4 5 Out

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IC 546 Audio Power Amp

- +

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Phase Vcc Out GND Filter NFB In Bypass

Maximum Ratings Characteristics

Supply Voltage +3 to +32 V Slew Rate .5 V/µs
Operating Temperature 0°C to 70°C Offset Voltage +3 to +7 mV
Voltage Noise 40 (nV/√Hz) Output Current 20 mA

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Penerapan

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Op-Amp sebagai Buffer

Vout = Vin
Isolates loading effects

A B

High output Low input

impedance impedance

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Op-Amp sebagai Differentiator

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Op-Amp sebagai Integrator

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Op-Amp Summing Amplifier

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Op-Amp Differential Amplifier

If R1 = R2 and Rf = Rg:

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Contoh

Assume Vin = 5 V

24 Figure 8.11: Circuit for Example 8.1.

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Penyelesaian

At node “a” we can write;

Eq 8.10

From which; V0 = -51 V (op amp will saturate)

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Contoh Noninverting Input.

Find V0 for the following op amp configuration.

The voltage at Vx is found to be 3 V.

Writing a node equation at “a” gives;

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Basic Electric Circuits

Operational Amplifiers
Example 8.6: Noninverting Input.

The voltage at Vx is found to be 3 V.

Writing a node equation at “a” gives;

or

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Rangkaian Bargraph
+V
R2

LED
+ R1

R1 -
LED
+ R1
R1
-
LED
+ R1
R1
-
LED
R1 + R1

-
+V + - + - -V
In

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Audio Mixer

R1 R1
Source 1

R1
Source 2 -
Out
R1
R1
Source 3
+

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Penguat sound

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Filters Low pass filter

Types:
•Low pass filter
•High pass filter C
•Band pass filter
•Cascading (2 or more filters connected
together) R2

+ Vcc
R1
Low pass filter transfer -
function +
- Vcc +
+
V0
-
Low pass filter Cutoff __

frequency 

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 Electrocardiogram (EKG) Amplification

 Need to measure difference in voltage from lead 1 and lead 2
 60 Hz interference from electrical equipment

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 Simple EKG circuit

 Uses differential amplifier
to cancel common mode
signal and amplify
differential mode signal

 Realistic EKG circuit

 Uses two non-inverting
amplifiers to first amplify
voltage from each lead,
followed by differential
amplifier
 Forms an
“instrumentation
amplifier”

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Strain Gauge

Use a Wheatstone bridge to

determine the strain of an
element by measuring the
change in resistance of a strain
gauge

(No strain) Balanced Bridge

R #1 = R #2

(Strain) Unbalanced Bridge

R #1 ≠ R #2

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Strain Gauge
Half-Bridge Arrangement
Op amp used to amplify
output from strain gauge

R + ΔR Rf

Vref R + Vcc
+ -
- +
- Vcc +
R
V0
R - ΔR
__
Rf

Using KCL at the inverting and non-inverting

terminals of the op amp we find that  ε ~ Vo = 2ΔR(Rf /R2)

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 Piezoelectric Transducer
 Used to measure force, pressure, acceleration
 Piezoelectric crystal generates an electric charge in
response to deformation

 Use Charge Amplifier

 Just an integrator op-amp circuit

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PID Controller – System Block

Diagram

VSET VERROR Output VOUT

I Process

D
VSENSOR
Sensor

•Goal is to have VSET = VOUT

•Remember that VERROR = VSET – VSENSOR
•Output Process uses VERROR from the PID controller to adjust
Vout such that it is ~VSET

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PID Controller – System Circuit Diagram

Signal conditioning allows you to
introduce a time delay which could
account for things like inertia

System to control

Calculates VERROR = -(VSET + VSENSOR)

-VSENSOR

Source:
http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/Circuits/op_pid/op_pid.htm

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PID Controller – PID Controller Circuit Diagram

Adjust Change
Kp RP1, RP2
Ki RI, CI
Kd RD, CD

VERR VERR PID

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 Example of PI Control: Temperature

Control

 Thermal System we wish to

automatically control the temperature
of:

 Block Diagram of Control System:

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• Example of PI Control: Temperature Control

 Voltage
Error
Circuit:

 Proportional
-Integral
Control
Circuit:

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Soal Quis OP AMP

Rf = 2, NIM akhir Rf = 3,NIM akhir
MHSW [KOhm] MHSW [KOhm]
Rin = 1.5KOhm Rin = 2 KOhm
Vin a =0 s/d 3 volt Vin b = 0,3+LSB
second
0 s/d 3 volt

INVERTING

NON INVERTING

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