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Dedication
Again, this work is dedicated to my wonderful wife, Elizabeth (Betty) Meade, for her patient
love, support, and encouragement during the effort required to produce yet another edition.
Additionally, I once again acknowledge the blessing of being able to dedicate this work, as
well, to my four children, David, Stephen, Rebecca, and Timothy.
 L ifS
5th Edition

FOUNDATIONS OF
ELECTRONICS
CIRCUITS AND DEVICES
(ELECTRON FLOW VERSION)
Russell L Meade
Robert Diffenderfer
DeVry University
Kansas City, MO

T H O IV IS O IS J
 T H O IV IS O M
--------------HệH----------------
D E U \ / IA R L E A R N I N G

Foundations of Electronics: Circuits and Devices (Electron Flow Version), 5e

Russell L Meade and Robert Diffenderfer

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Contents

Preface
Introduction

PARTI
CHAPTER 1 Bask Concepts of Electricity
Foundational
1-1 Generd Information Re9arding the Field of Electronics 4
Concepts
1-2 Definition, Physicol, and Chemical States of Matter 7
1-3 Composition of Matter 7
1-4 Structure of the Atom 7
1-5 Concept of the Electron Theory 11
1-0 Ions 12
1-7 Energies That Change Electrical Boiance 12
1-8 Conductors, Semiconductors, ond Insulators 13
1-9 Somple of on Electrkol System 14
1-10 Bosk Principles of Stotic Electricity 15
l-Il Electrical Potential 18
1-12 Chnrges in Motion 19
1-13 Three Important Electrkal Quontities 21
1-14 Bosk Electrical Grcuit 21
Summary / Formulos and Sample Calculator Sequences / Review Questions /
Analysis Questions

CHAPTER 2 Electrical Quantities and Components 27

2-1 Bask Electricol Units end Abbreviations 28
2-2 Using the Metric System to Help 30
2-3 Conductors ond Their Chorocten'stics 31
2-4 Resistors 37
2-5 Resistor Color Code 40
2-6 Meosuring Voltoge, Current, ond Resistance with Meters 44
2-7 Diograms Used for Electronk Shorthortd 49
Summary / Formulos and Sample Calculator Sequences / Review Questions / Analysis
Questions / Performance Projects Correbtion Chart

CHAPTER 3 Ohm's Law 59 PART II

3-1 Ohm's Low and Relationships between Electrkol Quontities 61 Basic
3-2 Three Common Arrongements for the Ohm's Law Equotion 65 Greuit
3-3 Somple Applkotion of Metrk Prefixes and Powers of 10 68 Analysis
3-4 Direction of Current Flow 70
3-5 Polarity ond Voltoge 71
 3-7 Work, Energy, and Power 73
3-8 Measuring Electricol Energy Consumption 74
3-9 Commonly Used Versions ol Ohm's Law and Power Formulas 76
Summary / Formulos ond Somple Colculotor Sequentes / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems / Analysis Questions / Performance Protects CorreloticKi Chort

Series Grcuits 85
4-1 Definition and Chorocteristics of 0 Series Grcuit 86
4-2 Resistonce in Series Grcuits 87
4-3 Vohoge in Series Circuits 89
4-4 Kkchhoff's Voltage Low 92
4-5 Power m Series GrcuHs 94
4-6 Effects of Opens In Series Grcuits and Troubleshooting Hints 95
4-7 Effects of Shorts in Series Orcuits ond Troublesbooting Hints 96
4-8 Designing a Series QrcuH to Spedficotloas 99
4-9 Special ApplicoHons 100
4-10 Critical Thinking and the SIMPLER Troubleshooting Sequence 107
4-11 Introduction to Troubleshooting Skffls 107
4-12 The SIMPLER Sequence for Troublesbootlng 107
4-13 Troubleshooting Levels 108
4-14 A 'Systems* Approach to Troubleshooting 111
4-15 Using the SIMPLER Sequence: (A Closer look ot Component-Level Troubleshooting) 0
Single-Component Example 114
Summary / Formulos ond Somple Calculator Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems / Analysis Questions / MuhSIM Exercise / Performance Projects
Correlotion Chort
Troubleshooting Chollenge: Chollenge Grcuit 1 123
Troubleshooting Challenge: challenge Grcuit 2 127

Porallel Ciriuits 129

1

5-1 Definition and GioractensHcs of 0 Parallel Grc^ 130

5-2 Voltage In Parallel Grcuits 131
5-3 Current in Porollel Circuits 132
5-4 Kirchhoff's Current Low 132
5-5 Resistonce in Parallel GrcuHs 134
5-6 Methods to Cokulote Total Resistance (fff) 134
5-7 Power In Parallel Qrcuits 142
5-8 Effects of Opens in ParoHel Circuits and Troubleshooting Hints 143
5-9 Effects of Shorts in Pardlel Circuits and Troubleshooting Hints 144
5-10 Similorities and DIHerences between Series ond Porollel Grcuits 146
5-11 Designing 0 Parallel QrcuH to Spedfkotions 146
5-12 Sources fai PwoDel 148
5-13 Cunent Dividers 148
Surmnary / Formulos and Sample Coblotor Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems / Analysis Quesbons / MultiSiM Exercise / Performonce Protects
Correlation chort
Troubleshooting OmUenge: Challenge Qrcult 3 159
Troubleshooting CbiAenge: Challenge GrcuH 4 163

C H A P T ỈR 6 SerieS'Parallel Grcuits 165

6-1 What Is 0 Series-Parallel Cvcuit? 166
6-2 Approoches to Recognize and Analyze Series ond Parallel Grcuit Portions 167
 Contents viỉ

b-A Current ỉn Series'Porallel Circuits 173

6-5 Voltoge in Series-Parollel Grcuits 175
6 -6 Power in SerieS'Porollel GrcuHs 179
6-7 EKects of Opens in Series-Parallel Grcuits ond Troubleshooting Hints 180
6-8 Effects of Shorts in Series-Parollef Qrcuils and Troubleshooting Hints 182
6-9 Designing a Series-Porallel Grcuit to Specifications 184
6 -10 Loaded Voltoge Dividers 184
6-11 The Wheatstone Bridge Grcuit 192
Summary / Formulos ond Sample Colrulotor Sequences / Using Excel / Review
Questions / Problems / Anolysis Questions / Mult5IM Exercise / Performonce Projects
Correlation Chart
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Grcuit 5 203
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Grcuit 6 207

IHAPTER 7 Basic Network Theorems 209

7-1 Some Important Terms 210
7-2 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 211
7-3 Superposition Theorem 215
7-4 Thevenin's Theorem 219
7-5 Norton's Theorem 223
7-6 Converting Norton ond Thevenin Equivalent Parometers 226
Summary / Formulas and Sample Calculator Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questkrns /
Problems / Analysis Questions / Muhi'SiM Exercise / Performance Protects
Correlation chart

:h a p t e r 8 Network Analysis Techniques 233

8-1 Assumed loop or Mesh Current Analysis Approach 255
8-2 Nodol Analysis Approach 239
8-3 Conversions of Delto and Wye Networks 243
Summary / Fonnulos ond Sample Cablator Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems / Analysis Questions / MuitiSIM Exerdse / Performonce fVoiects
Correbtion Chart

IHAPTER 9 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 255 PART III

9-1 Background Informotion 256 Producing
9-2 Fundamental Lows, Rules, and Terms to Descnlie Magnetism 257 and
9-3 Elemmital Electromognetism 260 Measuring
9-4 Important Magnetic Units, Terms, Symbols, and Formulas 265 Electrical
9-5 Proctkal Considerations about Core Materiols 267 Quantities
9-6 The B-H Curve 267
9-7 The Hysteresis Loop 269
9-8 Induction and Reloted Effects 271
9-9 Forodoy's Law 273
9-10 Lenz's Low and Reciprocal Effects of Motors and Generators 275
9-11 Some Procticol Appfications of Mognetism 277
9-12 Other Topics Related to Mognetism 281
Summary / Formulas ond Sample Calculator Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems

CHAPTER 10 Meosuring Instruments 287

 10-3 Voltmeter Loading Effects 291
10-4 Spetíol Purpose Meosun'ng Devices 294
10-5 Troubleshooting Hints and Useful Measuring Techniques 295
10-6 dosing Comments obout Measuring Instruments 299
Summary / Review Questions / Anolysis Questions

CHAPTER 11 Basic AC Quantities 301

11-1 Bockground Information 302
11-2 Generating on AC Vohoge 305
11-3 Roteofdionge 310
11-4 Introductory Information Summary Regording AC Slne*Wove Signals 311
11-5 Some Bask Sine*Wove Vfaveform Descriptors 311
11-6 Period ond Frequency 312
11-7 Phose Relationships 314
11-8 Important AC SloeWove Current and Voltoge Values 316
11-9 The Purely Resistive AC Qrcuit 318
11-10 Other Periocfic Waveforms 320
Summary / Formulos ond Sample Cakulator Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems / Anolysis Questions

CHAPTER 12 TheOscillostope 331

12-1 Bockground information 332
12-2 Key Sections of the Scope 334
12-3 Combining Horizontol and Vertical Signals to view 0 Waveform 338
12-4 Measuring Voltoge and Determining Current with the Scope 340
12-5 Using the Scope for Phase Comporisons 342
12-6 Determining Frequency with the Scope 343
12-7 A Test Device Often Used with Orcuits and Scopes 346
Summery / Review Questions / Problems / Analyýs Questions / Perfwnrance Protects
Correlation chart
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Greuit 7 349

•ART IV
CHAPTER 13 Inductance 35S
leoctive
iomponents 13-1 Background Information 356
13-2 Review of Farmioy's ond Lenz's Lows 358
13-3 SeH'tnductance 359
13-4 Factors Thot Determine Inductonce Vdue of Inductors 360
13-5 Inductors in Series ond Parallel 361
13-6 Energy Stored in the Inductor's Mognetk Reid 363
13-7 The L / R Time Constont 36S
13-8 Using Epsilon (e) to Help Calculate Circuit Parameters 368
13-9 Summary Comments obout Inductors 372
13-10 Troubleshooting Hilts 373
Summory / Formulas ond Sample Cakulotor Sequences / Using Exed / Review Questions /
Probletm / Atxilysis Questions / Performonce Projects Correlation Olort

CHAPTER 14 Inductive Reoctance in AC 381

14-1 V and f Relationships in 0 Purely Resistive AC Greuit 382
14-2 V and / Relationships in a Purely Inductive AC Orcuit 383
14-3 Concept of Inductive Reoctonce 384
 14-4 Relotionshỉp of X, to IndoctoiKe Value 385
14-5 Relotionship of X, to FrequefKy of AC 386
14-6 Methods to Cokulote X, 387
14-7 IndiKtive ReoctoiKes in Series ond Parallel 389
14-8 Summorizing Comments obout Inductors Related to Inductive Reoctonce 390
14-9 Inductor 0 Foctor 391
Summary / Formulos ond Somple Colculolor Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems / Analysis Questions / Performonce Projects Correlation Chari
Troubleshooting Challenge: challenge Circuit 8 399

CHAPTER 15 ffi Circuits in AC 403

15-1 Review of Simple ff and L Circuits 404
15-2 Using Vectors to Describe and Determine Mognitude ond Direction 406
15-3 Introduction to Bask AC Grcuit Anoiysis Techniques 407
15-4 Fundomentol Analysis of Series RL Circuits 410
15-5 Fundamental Analysis of Porallel RỈ Grcuits 418
15- 6 Examples of Practical AppRcotions for Inductors ond R l Grcuits 424
Summory / Formubs and Sample Calculator Sequences / Using Excel / Review
Questions / (Voblems / Analysis Questions / MuhiSIM Exercise / Performonce Projects
Correlation Chart
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge GrcuH 9 435

CHAPTER 16 Basic Transformer Characteristics 439

16 - 1 Background Information 440
16-2 Coefficient of Coupling 440
16-3 Mutual Inductance and Tronsformer Action 442
16-4 Mutuol Indurtance between Coils Other Than Tronsformers 443
16-5 Importont Transformer Ratios 444
16-6 Transformer Losses 450
16-7 Giorocteristics of Selected Tronsformers 451
16-8 Troubleshooting Hints 455
Summery / Formulos and Semple Calculotor Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problerrts / Analysis Questions / Performonce Projects Corrdotion Chart

CHAPTER 17 Capacitonce 465

17-1 Definition and Description of a Capacitor 466
17-2 The Electrostatic Field 466
17-3 Charging and Discharging Action 467
17-4 The Unit of Copodtonce 469
17-5 Energy Stored m Copodtor's Electrostatic Field 470
17-6 Foctors Affecting Copacitonce Value 471
17-7 Copocitonce Formulas 473
17-8 Totol Copocitance in Series and Parallel 475
17-9 Finding Voltage When Three or More Copodtors Are In Series 477
17-10 The xc Tune Constont 478
17-11 Types of Copadtors 482
17-12 Typkal Color Codes 488
17-13 Typkd Problems and Troubleshooting Techniques 488
Summary / Formulos ond Sample Cablotor SequHKes / Using Excel / Review Questions /
ProUems / Analysis Questions / Performance Projects Correlotion chert
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Grcult 10 499
CHAPTER 18 Copacitìve Reactance in AC 503
18-1 ond / Relationships in a Purely Resistive AC Grcuit 504
18-2 V ond / RelationsMps in a Purely Copodtive AC Qrcuit 504
18-3 Concept of Cupodtive Reoctonre 506
18-4 Relotionship of Xf to Capodtonce Valve 506
18-5 Relotionship of X f to Frequency of AC 507
18-6 Methods to Calculate 507
18-7 Copocitfve Reoctonces in Series and PoroHel 509
18-8 VoHoges, Cwrents, ond Copodtive Reoctances 511
18-9 Final Comments about Capodtors and Copodtive Reoctonce 514
Summary / Formulas arxi Sample (oblotorSequerKes / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems / Anolysis Questions / Performance Protects Correlotion Chart
Troubleshooting Challenge: Chollenge Grcuit 11 521

CHAPTER 19 ffCG rcuitsInAC 52S

19-1 Review of Simple R and c Qrcuits 526
19-2 Series RC Qrcuit Analysis 526
19-3 Phase-Shift Applications of Series RC Networks 531
19-4 Parallel RC QrcuH Andysis 534
19-5 Similarities ond Differences between RC ond RL Grcuits 540
19-6 Linear Woveshoping ond Nonslnusoldal Waveforms 542
19-7 Other Applicotlons of RC drcuHs 546
19-8 Troubleshooting Hints ond Considerotioas for RC Grcults 547
Summary / Formulos and Sample Calculotor Sequences / Using Excel / Review
Questions / Problems / Analysis Questions / MultiSIM Exercise / Performance Proịects
CorrelotkHi Chart

CHAPTER 20 17ỈC Grcuit Analysis 555

20-1 Basic RLC QrcvH Analysis 557
20-2 The Series RỈC GrcuH 560
20-3 TheParollelRỈCGrnỉt 565
20-4 Power in AC QrcuHs 567
20-5 Rectongulor ond Polar Vector Analysis 572
20-6 Algebraic Operotions 579
20-7 Application of Rectongulor ond Polar Analysis 581
Surnmcry / Formulos and Sample Cablotor Sequences / Using Excel / Review Questions /
Problems / Analysis Questions
Troubteshooting Chdlenge: Challenge Crcuit 12 591

CHAPTER 21 Series and Porallel Resonance 595

21-1 Xi, Xf, end Frequency 596
21-2 Series Resononce Chorocteristks 597
21-3 The Resonant Frequency Formula 598
21-4 Some Resononce Curves 601
21-5 0 and Resonont Rise of Voltoge 602
21-6 Parallel Resononce Gwrocterlstics 604
21-7 Parallel Resonance Formulas 605
21-8 Effect of 0 Coupled Lood on the Tuned GrcuH 606
21-9 0 and the Resonant Rise of Impedonce 606
21-10 Selectivity, Bondwidth, ond Bondposs 607
21-11 Measurements Related to Resonont Circuits 609