Transportation system PDF – Download Now

Transport & Communication

1. The first train in the India started in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane (34 km)
2. Railways have been divided into 17 zones. A new 17th zone is Kolkata.

3. Indian Railway network is the largest in Asia and second largest in the world.
4. Indian Railway Board was established in March 1905.
5. Indian Railway was nationalised in 1950.
6. There are three types of train lines in India.
  (a) Board Guage (1.67 m)                
  (b) Meter Guage (1.000 m)
  (c) Narrow Guage (0.762-0.610 m)
7. The Management and government of Indian Railways in the hands of the Railway 
Board.
8. The longest National highway in India is NH-7 (Varanasi to Kanyakumari)
9. West Bengal has the maximum road density.
10. Maharashtra has the maximum length of roads.
11.  Headquarter of Northern area is in the New Delhi. In this area, there is a maximum
length of Rail-Line.
12.  Rail-Coach Factory established in January 2009 in Rai Bareli (Uttar Pradesh)
13.  No Rail passes from ‘Meghalaya’.
14.  Fairy queen is the oldest steam engine of the country which uses coal as fuel.
15.  Samjhauta Express (Lahore – Attari) Thar Express (Mumbai – Khokhrapar).
16.  These train services are between Indian and Pakistan.
17.  Train service between Indian and Bangladesh in ‘Maitri Express’ (Kolkata to Dhaka).
18.  There is total 77 National Highway in India.
19.  Buses between India and Pakistan:-
      (a) Sada-e-Sarhad (Delhi to Lahore)     
     (b) Karvan-e-Aman (Srinagar to Muzaffarabad)
20.  World’s largest aeroplane A-380.
21.  Airport authority of India was established on 1st April 1955.
22.  Headquarters of Indian Airlines – New Delhi.
23.  ‘Saras’ is the 1st passenger aeroplane made in India.
24.  Almost 90% trade in India is through water-way.
25.  Natural port – Mumbai and Kochin.
26.  Kandla (Gujarat) – Tidal Port.
27. ‘Sagar Mala Pariyojana’ is related to the modernization and development of ports.
28.  ‘Vivek Express’ India’s largest long-distance train (Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari,
distance – 4286 km) this is also world’s Eighth longest train.
29. IRCTC Ltd. Was incorporated on 27 September 1999 as a Government Company.
30. Indian Railway has been converted the number of trains into 5 digits number since 20
December 2010.

Konkan Railway Plan

(i) In March 1990, Konkan Railway Plan was started. ( Konkan Railway Corporation
(ii) The rail route is between the states of Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka Kerala.
(iii) This includes the 760 km distance between Apta (Maharashtra) and Mangalore (KA).
(iv) Konkan Railways ensures maximum speed of 160 km. per hour.

Road Transport
1. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched in December 2000.
2. National Highway Development Authority – 1998.
3. Pradhan Mantri Bharat Jodo Pariyojana was started on 14 January, 2004.

India’s National Water-way Distance

NW1 Allahabad to Haldia 1620 km

NW2 Sadia to Dhubri Patti 891 km

NW3 Kollam to Kotapuram 168 km

NW4 Kakinada to Markanam 1100 km

Railway new production units:

(i) Rail coach factory (Rae Bareilly)
(ii) Coach Factory (Kanchrapara)
(iii) Electric Locomotive Factory ( Madhepura)
(iv) Rail Wheel Factory (Chhapra)
(v) Ancillary Units (Dankuni)

                Train       States

(i) Heritage on Wheel – Rajasthan

(ii) Place on Wheel – Rajasthan

 (iii) Maharaja Express – Delhi – Mumbai, Delhi – Kolkata

(iv) Bauddha Luxury Train – UP

   Major Ports in India

           West Coast Line       East Coast Line

1. Mumbai (Maharashtra) Kolkata/Haldia (Kolkata)

2. Jawaharlal Nehru at Nhava Shera (M Maharashtra) Paradeep (Odisha)

3. Kandla (Gujarat) Vishakhapatnam (A.P.)

4. Marmugao (Goa) Chennai (Tamil Nadu)

5. New Mangalore (Karnataka) Ennore (Tamil Nadu)

6. Cochin (Kerala) Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu)

7. Port Blair (Andaman and Nicobar)

1. The Two Airport authorities – National Airport Authority (NAA) and International Airport
Authority of India (IAAI) have been merged April 1 1995 as a new organisation named as
an Airport Authority of India (AAI).
2. Greenfield Airports in the North-Eastern Region are Cheitu (Nagaland) and Itanagar
(Arunachal Pradesh).

Transportation system PDF – Download Now

As we all know Genral Awareness is one of the most important sections asked in
competitive exams like IBPS, SBI, SSC, Railway, State PCS and other competitive Exams.
This is the most important topic which you should prepare to score good marks. For
this, your calculation speed and accuracy matters a lot. Improve your calculation by
learning several short tricks and practice so many questions to ace the topic.

Transport

An effective transport framework is a pre-essential for continued monetary

improvement. It isn't just the key infrastructural contribution for the development
procedure yet in addition assumes a noteworthy job in advancing national combination,
which is especially essential in a vast nation like India. The vehicle framework
additionally assumes an imperative job of advancing the improvement of the
retrogressive districts and coordinating them with the standard economy by opening
them to exchange and speculation.

India has an all around created transport arrange containing rail, street, waterfront
shipping, air transport, and so forth.

Street/road transport

India has a broad arrangement of streets that assumes an essential job, the extent that
the national financial development of the nation is concerned.

Information:

• World's second biggest street organize – 4.87 million km.

• 97,135 kms of national Highways.

• NHs are 2% however convey 40% of the traffic.

• 65% of cargo and 80% traveler traffic conveyed by streets.

• Implementation Authorities – NHAI, State PWDs and so forth., BRO, recently framed
NHIDCL for undertakings at outskirt and other key areas.

• Project execution modes for roadways in India.

a. Construct Operate-Transfer (BOT) – Toll

b. BOT – Annuity

c. Mixture Annuity Model

d. Designing, Procurement and Construction (EPC) – Public subsidized.

Advantages of streets transport

1. Streets assume a critical job in the transportation of merchandise and travelers for
short and medium separations.

2. It encourages ranchers to move their transitory farming items soon to business

sectors and mandis. In this manner urge ranchers to change to all the more
economically reasonable agrarian items.

3. Street transport framework builds up simple contact between ranches, fields,

processing plants and markets, along these lines prompting better linkage among
customer and maker.

4. Portability is a standout amongst the most principal and imperative qualities of

monetary action as it fulfills the fundamental need of going from one area to the next, a
need shared by travelers, cargo and data. Street transport gives a superior versatility
that prompts monetary advancement.

5. It is reasonable for transportation of both short-lived and durable products,

controlling the value level in the economy.

6. It is a moderately less expensive method of transport when contrasted with different

modes.

7. It is an adaptable method of transport as stacking and emptying is conceivable at any

goal. It gives way to-entryway administration.

8. It causes individuals to travel and convey products starting with one spot then onto
the next, in spots which are not associated by different methods for transport like
uneven zones.

Characterization of Roads

1. National Highways: These streets are of prime significance for the nation and
associate huge urban areas and enormous mechanical focuses. There advancement and
upkeep is the duty of the focal government.

2. State Highways: These streets interface all the vital focuses of industry, exchange and
trade of the states and the national thruways. There obligation of the advancement and
upkeep lies with the state government.
3. Region Roads: These streets associate diverse parts of the area, essential mechanical
focuses and market focuses and ordinarily lead to neighborhood railroad stations. The
duty of advancement and upkeep lies with the nearby government.

4. Provincial Roads: These are streets found in the towns and are generally of two kinds;
pukka (metal) and kacha (non metal). The obligation of upkeep and improvement lies
with the nearby government.

Real National Highways in India

The couple of vital national roadways alongside their courses are talked about
underneath:

• NH1 – Delhi – Ambala – Jalandhar – Ludhiana – Amritsar – Wagah Border.

• NH1A – Jalandhar – Jammu – Udhampur – Banihal – Srinagar – Baramula – Uri.

• NH1D – Srinagar – Kargil – Leh.

• NH2 – Delhi – Agra – Allahabad – Kolkata.

• NH3 – Agra – Gwalior – Indore – Dhule – Nasik-Mumbai.

• NH4 – Thane – Pune – Bangalore – Chennai. (Mumbai – Pune-first 6 path express

interstate)

• NH 5 – Baharagora – Cuttack – Bhuvaneshwar – Vishakhapatnam – Chennai.

• NH6 – Hazira – Surat – Dhule – Nagpur – Raipur – Baharagora – Kolkata.

• NH7 – Varanasi – Nagpur – Hyderabad – Bangalore-Kanyakumari (Longest Highway)

• NH8 – Delhi – Jaipur – Ajmer – Udaipur-Ahmedabad – Vadodara – Surat – Mumbai.

• NH 24 – Delhi – Moradabad – Bareilly – Lucknow

• NH 47A – Kundannur – Willington Island in Kochi (Shortest NH – 6 km)

Diverse activities

A. National Highways Development Project (NHDP)National Highways Development

Project (NHDP)
NHDP is being actualized by NHAI. NHDP Phases are:

Stage I: Golden Quadrilateral.

Stage II: North-South and East-West hallways.

Stage III: Upgrade 12,109 km of national parkways on a Build, Operate and Transfer
(BOT) premise.

Stage IV: Convert existing single path parkways into two paths.

Stage V: Upgrade four path roadways to six paths.

Stage VI: Expressways.

Stage VII: Improvements to city street systems.

Brilliant Quadrilateral Highway Network

Brilliant Quadrilateral is a system of parkways interfacing India's four best metropolitan

urban communities, to be specific Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, in this manner,
framing a quadrilateral.

The general length of the quadrilateral is 5,846 km comprising of four/six path express
roadways.

N-S and E-W passageway

The North-South– East-West Corridor (NS-EW) is the biggest progressing thruway

venture in India. It will interface Srinagar with Kanyakumari and Porbandar with Silchar.
The gathering purpose of the two passageways is at Jhansi.

B. New Initiatives

1. Bharat Mala – 5500 km to create streets along the global fringes and seaside regions.

2. Extraordinary Scheme – 6000 km streets encouraging availability to religious/visitor

puts and giving network to in reverse districts.

3. Area Connectivity – Development of National Highways giving availability to region

headquarters.z
4. Setu Bharatam – All the dimension intersections and tight/frail extensions to be
supplanted by Railway Over/Under Bridges and new developments.

Significant arrangement activities

The Government has continuously taken numerous arrangement choices in the part,
intended to encourage the execution of work and make it speedier, increasingly
proficient and straightforward. A portion of the real activities of 2015 are as per the
following:

a) The Exit Policy system licenses concessionaires/engineers to strip 100 percent value
and leave all operational BOT ventures two years after finish of development. This would
help open value from finished ventures making it conceivably accessible for speculation
into new foundation extends the nation over.

b) Fund Infusion to Salvage Languishing Projects: This activity approves the National
Highways Authority of India (NHAI) to mediate in undertakings that are in the propelled
phase of culmination however are adhered because of absence of assets. NHAI has been
approved to give assets to such ventures from inside its general spending plan/corpus
on an advance premise at a pre-decided rate of return.

c) Rationalized pay to concessionaires for mulling NH extends in BOT mode for deferrals
not owing to concessionaires:

d) another method of conveyance under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode, to be

specific Hybrid Annuity Model, is being advanced for granting street ventures for
execution under which 40% of undertaking cost is being given by the Government to
the concessionaire. Staying 60% is to be masterminded in type of obligation and value
to be repaid more than 15 years as half-yearly annuities. The private party does not
need to endure the traffic hazard.

e) National Highways Authority of India is raising assets through open issue of tax
exempt, verified, redeemable non-convertible bonds with Face Value of Rs 1,000 each
for a measure of Rs 1,000 crore with an alternative to hold over membership of upto
extra Rs 9,000 crore, accumulating upto a sum of Rs 10,000 crore.

Railways

The Indian railroad framework is the second biggest framework on the planet under the
single administration. Railroads essentially frames the life-line of the nation, taking into
account its requirements for expansive scale development of traffic, both cargo and
traveler, in this manner adding to monetary development just as advancing national mix.
It is a multi – check framework working on three measures – the wide, the meter and the
limited.

Impact on Indian economy

• The development and extension of the railroads have been turned out to be valuable
for the monetary and comprehensive development of the economy. It gives a superior
linkage between maker, retailer and purchaser.

• It has assumed a huge job in the advancement of cotton material industry, jute
industry as it furnishes free stream of crude materials with legitimate entrance to
showcase regions.
• Railways have been useful in the advancement of Indian farming. Presently ranchers
can send their rural merchandise to far off spots and can get great wages.

• Railways likewise help in keeping up uniform value level for agrarian items through
better development.

• New industrials centers have developed as higher versatility of crude materials

diminished the convergence of ventures mostly around crude material focuses. As
Kanpur is known for cotton articles of clothing while the crude materials are available in
Maharashtra and Gujarat.

• Railways are assuming noteworthy job in running nation's organization and defending
its opportunity and trustworthiness, as it gives simple development of police, troops,
safeguard types of gear and so forth.

Issues and Issues in Railway's Development

1. Issue of securing land.

2. Indian Railways has experienced endless and critical under-venture because of which
the system extension and modernization has not occurred at the essential pace
prompting a disintegration of the offer in national cargo and traveler traffic.

3. Neatness, promptness of administrations, wellbeing, nature of terminals, limit of

trains, nature of sustenance, security of travelers and simplicity of booking tickets are
issues that need pressing consideration.

4. The high thickness systems of the Indian Railways are confronting intense limit
requirements combined with a low traveler charges in this manner prompting
increments in cargo duties to cross sponsor traveler incomes.

5. Interests in wellbeing have likewise endured because of low interior age of assets.

Ecological symptoms

1. The laying of new tracks requires leeway of woods that influences the biodiversity and
timberland occupants both.

2. Because of essence of railroad track in elephant hallway mishaps and demise of

elephants happen.
3. For the foundation of railroad tracks in uneven zones dynamites are utilized to break
slopes which thus cause air contamination just as lead to visit avalanches.

Water Transport

Conduits give the least expensive intends to transportation of wares in mass in light of
the fact that there is no settled expense related with them. Expensive development of
courses isn't required.

Inland conduits

India has around 14,500 km of traversable conduits which contain streams, channels,
backwaters, brooks, and so on. In any case, there is various restriction connected to the
stream transport, viz:

(a) The streams must have enough water streaming in them althrough the year;

(b) The waterways must be free from cascade or rapids;

(c) The waterways more likely than not balanced out courses;

(d) The waterways must not have fluctuating routines;

(e) The waterways must stream the correct way; i.e., the course of prevailing exchange
streams.

Obstructions to the Growth of IWT

• Insufficient profundities all through the stretch of safe waters.

• Excessive siltation in significant streams from disintegration of uplands and

deforestation.

• Navigation being consigned to the fourth position because of needs to drinking water,
water system and power (hydel) divisions that outcomes in diminished draft.

• Non-accessibility of low draft high innovation vessels.

• Non-accessibility of sufficient navigational guides bringing about limited cruising over

extensive stretches of time.
• Non-accessibility of perpetual terminals with satisfactory framework for
stacking/emptying, stockpiling and so on.

• Non-accessibility of mass wares along the water front.

• Non-accessibility of profit load for the vast majority of the courses.

Favorable circumstances of IWT

• Low capital cost-Cost of advancement of inland conduit has been evaluated to be a

simple 5-10 percent of the expense of creating of a comparable 4-path expressway or
railroad.

• Low upkeep cost-Cost of support of inland conduit is set at 20 percent of that of

streets.

• Low fuel cost-Inland Water Transport is an exceptionally eco-friendly method of

transport. This reality is borne out by the gauge that one liter of fuel can move 24
tons/km of cargo by street, 85 by rail and 105 by IWT.

• Cost-viable transport mode-It has likewise been evaluated that preoccupation of one
billion ton-km of freight to the IWT mode will diminish transport fuel costs by 5 million
USD and the general transport costs by 9 million USD.

• Need for Infrastructure constructing An investigation of the requirement for building

basic framework like automated dealing with at terminals and night route offices
uncovers how these can convert into decrease of expense of transportation per ton-km
(TKM) over short pull just as whole deal carriage by IWT. It was seen that the TKM cost
of development would descend from the present Rs.3.55 to Rs.1.44 for a short pull of
100 km and from Rs. 0.95 to 0.39 for a whole deal of 2000 km.

Seaports in India

The coastline of India is specked with 12 Major Ports and around 200 Non-real Ports.

• Kandla – It is a tidal port situated at the eastern end of Gulf of Kuchchh.

• Mumbai – It is arranged on Salsette Island on the western coast. It is a characteristic

harbor and the biggest port of India taking care of around 1/fifth of India's outside
exchange.
• Jawaharlal Nehru port – It has been worked at Nhava Sheva Island over the Elephanta
caverns, around 10 km from Mumbai. Principle objective is to diminish the weight on
the Mumbai Port.

• Marmagao – It is a characteristic port situated at the passage of Zuvari estuary in Goa.

• New Mangalore – Located at the southern tip of Karnataka coast, north of Gurpur
River.

• Kochi – A characteristic harbor on the western shore of Kerala (in Vembanad Lake).

• Tuticorin – It is a counterfeit remote ocean harbor in Tamil Nadu, north of Adam

Bridge and east of Sri Lanka.

• Chennai – It is the most seasoned fake port on the eastern bank of India.

• Ennore: Recently created to diminish weight of traffic on Chennai port. It is found

somewhat north of Chennai on T.N. coast. It is nation's first corporate port.

• Vishakhapatnam – It is the most profound land-bolted and secured port at the shore
of Andhra Pradesh.

• Paradeep – It is a profound water and all climate port on Orissa coast in Mahanadi
delta area.

• Kolkata-Haldia – It is a waterway rine port situated on the west bank of the Hooghly
River.

New activities

A. Sagarmala venture

• Sagarmala will prompt vast scale work age of talented and semi-gifted labor.
Mechanical bunches and stops, substantial ports, sea administrations, coordinations
administrations, and different areas of the economy will be specifically and by
implication affected by port-drove advancement under Sagarmala.

• It will result in supportable improvement of the populace living in the Coastal

Economic Zones (CEZ) by synergising and organizing with State Governments and line
Ministries of Central Government through their current plans and projects, for example,
those identified with network and country advancement, inborn advancement and work
age, fisheries, expertise improvement, the travel industry advancement and so forth.
Today around 70 lakhs people are reliant on fisheries for their business.

B. Jal Marg Vikas Project

• The Project's goal is to give a situation neighborly, eco-friendly and savvy elective
method of transportation, particularly for mass merchandise, risky products, hostage
freight and over dimensional payload.

• The undertakings incorporate development of terminals, breakwaters, stream

preparing and conservancy works, present day robotized data framework, route helps,
and so forth.

Issues in ocean transport

• Most real ports were initially intended to deal with explicit classifications of load which
have declined in time while different sorts of cargoes picked up significance. The ports
have not possessed the capacity to conform to the classifications of load which became
the most. There are in this way a few billets for conventional payload, which are under-
used, and just a couple for new freight, which are overutilised.

• Equipment use is extremely poor both on the grounds that hardware is out of date
and ineffectively kept up.

• Over staffing at Indian ports stays widespread and profitability markers in appreciation
of freight and hardware dealing with keep on being poor.

• Documentary methodology identifying with freight taking care of, for example,
traditions leeway necessities are unduly convoluted and tedious. Electronic record
handling is as yet to be presented in every one of the ports.

• Port access offices and game plans for moving in-bound and out-bound payload are
deficient and unacceptable.

• Absence of between port and intra-port challenge which have been conductive to
considerable profitability increments in different nations is missing in Indian because of
poor inland network and an arrangement routine that secured local ports against
aggressive weights.

Air Transport
Avionics as a foundation portion has assumed crucial job in encouraging the
development of business and economy in India. A powerful polite aeronautics set-up is
critical to consistent stream of venture, exchange and the travel industry, with huge
multiplier impacts through the economy.

International Airports:

                           Public Private Partnership in Transport Sector

 
Which means

• Public Private Partnership implies a course of action between an

administration/statutory element/government claimed element on one side and a
private division element on the other, for the arrangement of open resources or
potentially open administrations, through speculations being made or potentially the
board being embraced by the private area substance, for a predetermined timeframe,
where there is all around characterized portion of hazard between the private segment
and general society element and the private element gets execution connected
installments that adjust (or are benchmarked) to indicated and pre-decided execution
norms, quantifiable by people in general element or its delegate.

Distinctive kinds of PPP

1. BOT-Toll (Build Operate Transfer – Toll) : The private element meets the forthright
expense of plan, development and repeating cost on task and upkeep. The Private
element recuperates the whole expense alongside the enthusiasm from gathering of
client usage amid the concurred concession time frame. Capital imbuement is accessible
from people in general element. A hazard sharing model is prevalent in this model.

2. BOOT (Build Operate Own Transfer) : This commitment display is like the "Assemble
Operate Transfer" demonstrate aside from that the private element needs to exchange
the office back to the general population segment

3. Joint Venture (JV) : In a PPP plan generally followed in our nation, (for example, for
airplane terminal advancement), the private division body is urged to frame a joint
endeavor organization (JVC) alongside the partaking open area office with the last
holding just minority shares. The private area body will be in charge of the structure;
development and the executives of the activities focused for the PPP and will likewise
acquire a large portion of the speculation prerequisites. People in general division
accomplice's commitment will be by method for settled resources at a pre-decided
esteem, regardless of whether it is land, structures or offices or it might add to the
shareholding capital. It might likewise give confirmations and ensures required by the
private accomplice to raise reserves and to guarantee smooth development and task.

4. The board Contract (MC) : An administration contract is a legally binding course of

action for the administration of a section or entire of an open undertaking by the private
part. The board contracts enable private part abilities to be brought into administration
plan and conveyance, operational control, work the executives and gear acquirement. Be
that as it may, the general population part holds the responsibility for and hardware.
The private part is given indicated duties concerning an administration and is commonly
not requested to accept business hazard. The private temporary worker is paid a charge
to oversee and work administrations. Regularly, installment of such charges is execution
based. As a rule, the agreement time frame is short, normally two to five years. Be that
as it may, longer period might be utilized for vast and complex operational offices, for
example, a port or air terminal.

5. BOT (Build Operate Transfer) : The private business assembles and works people in
general office for a concurred timeframe. When the office is operational as concurred, or
toward the finish of the timespan, the private element exchanges the office
proprietorship to the general population, here it might be translated as Government.
Under this classification, the private accomplice is dependable to configuration,
manufacture, work (amid the contracted period) and exchange back the office to
general society division. The private area accomplice is relied upon to bring the money
for the task and assume the liability to build and look after it. People in general part will
either pay a lease for utilizing the office or enable it to gather income from the clients.
The national roadway ventures contracted out by NHAI under PPP mode is a precedent.
This model is an exemplary case for IT industry

6. BOT – Annuity (Build Operate Transfer – Annuity): This model however is all around
acknowledged one doesn't have the support of the Planning Commission of India. In the
event of annuity demonstrate, the expense of building the element is paid to the private
substance or the designer every year after the beginning business tasks of the office.

7. DBFOT (Design Build Finance Operate Transfer): These are different varieties of PPP
and as the classifications feature, the private party accepts the whole accountability for
the structure, develop, money, and work or work and keep up the undertaking for the
time of concession.

8. BOO (Build Own Operate): In a BOO venture, responsibility for task for the most part
stays with the Private element. The administration allows the rights to configuration,
account, assemble, work and keep up the undertaking to a private substance, which
holds responsibility for venture. In BOO the private element is normally not required to
exchange the office back to the legislature

9. Lift (Build Operate Own Share Transfer): This model is fundamentally the same as the
BOOT show, then again, actually there exists a plan or sharing the income to the private
element for a more drawn out time even after the privileges of the private substance are
exchanged to people in general element.

10. Half and half Annuity Model: Under this model, the legislature will give 40 percent of
the undertaking cost to the designer to begin work while the rest of the speculation
must be made by the engineer. The principle goal of the endorsement is to resuscitate
interstate undertakings in the nation by making one more method of conveyance of
parkway ventures. Under this, every significant partner in the PPP course of action — the
Authority, Lender and the Developer, Concessionaire would have an expanded solace
level bringing about restoration of the segment through recharged enthusiasm of
private designers/speculators in roadway tasks and this will convey alleviation in this
way to nationals/explorers in the zone of an individual venture.

Favorable circumstances of PPP display

a. Better quality since the concessionaire (private part) is to keep up the street for the
time of concession.

b. Early finishing of the undertaking, since the concessionaire could spare premium and
win early toll (on account of BOT venture)/extra annuity portions (on account of Annuity
venture).

c. No costs overwhelm (value acceleration).

d. The Client (Government/NHAI) does not have the weight of keeping up the thruways.

e. Including the private segment prompts more prominent effectiveness.

f. The private segment has increasingly adaptable acquirement and basic leadership
systems and consequently, it can accelerate usage endeavors.