Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 213-230, 1990 0895-9811/90 $3.

00+ 0,00
Printed in Great Britain Pergamon Press pk
& Earth Sciencesand ResourcesInstitute

Late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic magmatism in the

Cordillera de Carabaya, Puno, southeastern Peru:
Geochronology and petrochemistry
D. J . KONTAK .1, A. H. CLARK 1, E. FARRAR:, D. A. ARCHIBALDt, a n d H. BKADSGAARD2
IDepartment of Geological Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada;
~Department of Geology, University of Alborta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada

(received January 1990; accepted August 1990)

Abstract--The Inner Arc domain, the easternmost magmatic manifestation of the post-Paleozoic Central
Andean orogeny in southeastern Peru and western Bolivia, comprises a remarkably diverse assemblage of
plutonic and volcanic rocks, many of which would be more characteri~c of ensialic rifm or collisional
mountain belts than of Andean-type convergent plate boundaries. Marked petrologic contrasts with the
more homogeneous Main Arc domain, which underlies the westerly provinces of the orogen, have been
maintained sines the initiation of Andean orogeny in the Late Triassic. Comdzainte on the chronology and
petrogene~ of the early stages in the protracted evolution of the Inner Arc and its Permian antecedents are
provided heroin by, respectively, K-Ar and Rb-Sr geochronologic data and major and minor element ana-
lymm of representative pre--Cretaceous igneous rocks ofthe Cordillera de Carabaya, southeastern Peru. Our
gudies confirm the following sequence of magmatic events, which temporally overlapped with the initial
stages of Andean orogeny:
i) lntrumon of the gebbroic-tc-granitic San Gab~m (Corani) complez, a celt-alkaline, but crustally con-
taminated, suite that cores an ezteusive area of high--grade, low-proaure metamorphism in lower
Paleosoic strata. The complex has been auigned to the mid-Paleozoic, but its age romaine poorly de-
fined. The foliated, markedly peraluminous, two--mica granites of the smaller Limacpampa pluton
may also have been emplaced during the Palsozoic, but a TriAdic age is favored on the basis of our Rb-
Sr data.
ii) Eruption of alkali basaltic lavas of the Lower Permian Mitu Group along the northeastern margin of a
longitudinal ensialic ri/~ that developed in response to extensional toctenism in the interval between
the pre-Andean ('late Hercynian") and Andean orogenies.
iii) Emplacement of large granitoid plutons (Coasa, Limbani, and Aricoma centers), with I-Caledonian
affinities, along the northeastern boundary ofthe Mitu rLAduring the Late Triassic (ca. 225 Ma). The
metaluminous to weakly peraluminons monozogranites and granodiorites comprising the greater part
of the Carabaya Batholith (new term) were closely associated with mafic dikes of alkaline composition,
similar in many respects to the preceding alkali basglts.
iv) Development of the Allineclipac Group or peralkaline complex (new term), an assemblage of Middle
(and Lower(?) Jurassic lavas, pyroclastics, and plutous exhibiting alkaline to peralkaline affinities.
Whereas each of the above suites may be assigned to either a predominant mantle or crustal source, it is
evident from the chemical and isotopic data that varied mantle and crustal environments have been
involved. Thus, the distinctive chemistries of the coeval granitoid intrusions - - as ezpreased, for example,
in the trace element contents of whole--rocksand biotites, the oxidation states of both rocks and biotitos, and
the initial t~rontium isotope ratios - - demonstrate the contributions ofsoveral distinct protoliths. The close
spatial and temporal association of mantle and crustal suites during the Permian-to-Jurasaic interval
strongly implies a cause-and-effeCt relationship. In particular, the role of basaltic injection in generating
large volumes of peraluminous granitoid magmas is amply supported.
Resumen---See page 230.

INTRODUCTION of this area are assigned (Clark et aI., 1983; 1984) to

THE CENTRALANDEAN Cordillera Oriental of south-
eastern Peru and northwestern Bolivia separates
the ca. 3800 meter Altiplano molasse basin to the
west from the Sub-Andean Range thrust and fold
belt to the east (Fig. 1). Granitoid plutons and
volcanic successions underlie extensive areas of this
mountain belt which, in southeastern Peru, is tradi-
tionally subdivided into the Cordilleras de Caraba-
ya and Apolobamba and, in northwestern Bolivia,
the Cordilleras Mui~ocas, Real and Quimsa Cruz.
The Upper Triassic to upper Miocene igneous rocks
*Prmsnt sddro~: Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Ener-
gy, Mineral Ruources Division, P.O. Box 1087, Halifax, Nova
~k~otht, B3J 8XI, Canada.
213
the Inner Arc domain of the post--Paleozoic Central
Andean orogen; this entity experienced an evolution
distinct from that of the entirely subduction-related
"Main Arc" of the Cordillera Occidental and Alti-
piano. In the Cordillera Oriental, magmas invaded
variably deformed and metamorphosed Paleozoic
strata (Ahlfeld and Branisa, 1960; M6gard et el.,
1971) in several widely separated episodes (Carlier
et el., 1982; Kontak et al., 1984a) during Mesozoic
and Cenozoic times, whereas magmatism has been
quasi--continuous in the Cordillera Occidental since
the Late Triassic. Furthermore, the extremely di-
verse magmas of the Inner Arc domain were derived
from a variety of source regions in both mantle and
crust (Kontak et al., 1984a), whereas the geochemi-
cally and petrographically more homogeneous rocks
214 D.J. K O N T A K , A H. CLARK, E. FARRAR, D, A. ARCHIBALD, and H. B A A D S G A A R I )
[
Cordillera Sub-Andear
Occidental Ranges
Foreland Basin
Altiplano
Brazilian Shield
and Cover
~ Cordillera
Oriental
72~ 68°
Fig. I. Major morphostructttralprovinces ofthe Central Andes in
the vicinityof the Arica Deflection. Study area is the Cordillera
de Carabaya segment ofthe CordilleraOriental.
of the Main Arc are predominantly, if indirectly,of
mantle derivation.
W e report here K-Ar and Rb--Sr dates, 8VSr/SeSr
initialratios (Sri),and selected petrochemical data
for the pre-Cretaceous igneous suites of the Cor-
dillera de Carabaya area (Figs. 1 and 2), in order to
clarify its late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic mag-
matic evolution. W e discuss our radiometric data in
light of field observations and petrochemical studies
of the rocks, and provide a modified synthesis of
some of the data presented earlier (Kontak et al.,
1984a; 1985). In a companion paper (Kontak et al.,
this issue, p. 231), we document radiometric evi-
dence for the Eocene teetono-thermal rejuvenation
of the rocks now exposed on the northeastern flank
of the mountain range. Our research complements
the detailed radiometric data base of McBride et al.
(1983, 1987) in the Cordillera Oriental of north-
western Bolivia (Fig. 1), and provides new petro-
chemical data for the magmatic rocks underlying
the Cordillera de Carabaya.
REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING AND
STRATIGRAPHY
Carlier et al. (1982) have reviewed the pre-
Cretaceous magmatic history of the Peruvian sector
of the Cordillera Oriental, and Laubacher (1978)
has summarized the regional geology of the Cordill--
era de Carabaya. Research on the granitoid rocks of
southeastern Peru and northwestern Bolivia in-
cludes reconnaissance mapping in the Cordillera de
Carabaya (Laubacher, 1978) and Cordillera Real
(Martinez, 1980), and geochemical/petrological in-
vestigations in southeastern Peru (Kontak, 1985;
Kontak et al., 1984a,b, 1985). These studies reveal a
complex history of magmatism from the late Paleo-
zoic to the early Mesozoic that involved contribu-
tions from both the mantle and crust. Magmatic
activity was focused along a longitudinal sedimen-
tary trough, the "Altiplano early Paleozoic basin
depocenter" of Ramos (1988), which is inferred to
have separated the Lower Proterozoic Arequipa
Massif from the Amazonian craton.
Two granitoid suites of possible Carboniferous
age, the San Gabfin and Limacpampa massifs, in-
trude lower Paleozoic, eugeosynclinal sedimentary
strata (Fig. 2). However, this age assignment, based
on similarities in geologic setting and petrology
with the 330 Ma Amparaes orthogneiss (located
about 100 km northwest of the study area in the
Cordillera Vilcabamba: Carlier et ai., 1982), is
poorly constrained. The variably deformed and
thermally overprinted nature of these intrusions
has precluded definition of their intrusion ages by
K-Ar and 4°Ar/~gAr techniques (see Kontak et al., p.
231).
Ordovician to lowermost Permian, predomin-
antly marine, sedimentary strata in this region are
unconformably overlain by a succession of red
molassic clastics and intercalated volcanic flows,
constituting the fill of a longitudinal (NW-trending)
ensialic rift - - the Mitu Basin. By analogy with
stratigraphic relationships in more northwesterly
transects of the Peruvian Cordillera Oriental
(Newell et al., 1953), Laubacher (1978) assigned all
sedimentary and volcanic s t r a t a i n t e r v e n i n g
between the Lower Permian Copacabana Group and
the Cretaceous Cotacucho Group to the Mitu Group,
which elsewhere in Peru has been considered to
have formed between the early Leonardian (or early
Artinskian) and the Late Triassic (e.g., M6gard,
1978). In the study area, persistence of Mitu Group
accumulation into the Early Jurassic was inferred
on the basis of the areal association of a thick
sequence of peralkaline volcanics and a pluton (Fig.
2) of peralkaline syenite (the Macusani syenite of
Francis, 1956), for which Stewart et al. (1974)
reported a Middle Jurassic K-Ar age of 184 Ma. The
peralkaline volcanic and intrusive rocks of the
Macusani area are indeed compositionally equi-
valent (Kontak, 1985; also see below) and in outcrop
are locally mutually gradational; moreover, we see
no reason to reject the Jurassic date reported for the
syenite. We would, however, prefer to restrict the
term "Mitu Group" to the assemblage of red clastics
and alkaline basalts exposed most widely in the
vicinity of the Crucero Depression (Laubacher,
1978). We consider the peralkaline rocks to be
distinct from the Mitu Group because deposition of
 Late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic magmatism in the Cordillera de Carabaya, SE Peru 215

J,'-LutQIIII II

~
'~+~+~+
*T*'*T*'NJIIlll C O A S A
*3~+~+++.+'?~[ll
+ + + + +
PLUTON
~+++++++++++++++++++

O ~ * * * * * * * ÷ , ~ w * -~h,t
SYENITE ..R"+ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +,w..~
+ ~ +
++ +~liL
..... ÷**++~,k,+÷~+T%+
+ ÷ ÷
+ + + A R I C O M
L- - - - -A
- . - - -~
-~. ~
Macul PLUTON

LIMBANI
PLUTON

SEDIMENTARY AND INTRUSIVE ROCKS

VOLCANIC STRATA
Jurassic Allinccdpac Group Macusani Syenite
Granitoid pluton
Triassic ~ and associated
• mafic dykes
Permian Mitu Group

Carbon- T a r m a / C o p a c a b a n a Gp.
iferous Ambo Group
Siluro- San GabOn
Devonian Ananea Group plutonics (?)
Ordov- Sandia Fm.
ician San Josd Fm. 0 km 25
m ] ~ 150 _

Fig. 2. Generalizedpre-Cretaceousgeologyofthe Cordillerade Carabayaregion,modifiedfromLaubacher(1978). Agesindicated

for igneous rocks are from the present study. The Mitu Group of Laubacher has been subdivided(see text) into the Mitu Group
proper and the AllinccapacPeralkaline Group;the boundarybetween these two units is arbitrarily drawn on the basis of known
occurrences of peralkaline volcanic strata. The Macusanisyenite of Francis (1956) is assigned to the AllincctpacGroup. NB:
knownareas with unusual concentrationsofTriassic maficdykesare shownschematically;the uncertainty regardingthe age ofthe
San Gabbncomplexis indicatedby the questionmark.

the alkaline and peralkaline volcanic successions
was separated in time by the emplacement of major
Triassic granitoid intrusions (see below). The pre-
cise location and nature of the contact of the two
extrusive suites remain uncertain (Fig. 2). In view
of the widespread use of the name "Macusani Vol-
canics," applied to the strongly peraluminous, Neo-
gene, felsic pyroclastics of the area (e.g., Noble et al.,
1934), we propose that the peralkaline rocks of the
Macusani district, both extrusive and intrusive, be
grouped as the Allincc6pac Group or peralkaline
complex, named after the mountain Nevado Allinc-
cApac (ca. 5850 m), which is underlain by the great-
est known thickness of the volcanics (Laubacher,
1978) and probably represents a major volcanic
center. It must be emphasized, however, that none
of the other alkaline-peralkaline felsic i n t r u s i o n s
scattered (Kontak, 1985) t h r o u g h o u t the w e s t e r n
Cordillera de Carabaya have been dated, while ex-
posures in the Ayapata sector of the Coasa pluton
(see below) clearly display transitions from monzo-
granitic to mafic and felsic quartz-free rocks. It is
therefore possible that strongly a l k a l i n e m a g m a -
tism occurred over a wider interval than our data
indicate.
Because' of extensive intercalation of molasse
sediments and alkali basaltic flows in the study area
(Laubacher, 1978; Kontak, 1985), we cannot concur
with the decision of Klinck et aL (1986) to exclude
the upper Paleozoic basic volcanic rocks from the
Mitu Group. Those authors, working mainly on the
margins of the Altiplano in s o u t h e a s t e r n P e r u ,
216 D. ,J. KONTAK, A. H. CLARK, ]~ FARRAR, D. A. ARCHIBALD,and H. BAADSGAARI)
introduced the term "Iscay Group" for the volcanic
succession, which, in that area, unconformably
overlies the clastic sediments. This new unit cannot
be delimited in the Cordillera de Carabaya.
The Triassic granitoid plutons of the Coasa,
Aricoma, and Limbani areas (Fig. 2) constitute the
largest intrusions in the area. They form part of an
extensive belt of meta- to peraluminous granitoids
confined broadly to the fault-defined northeastern
margin of the Mitu Basin. Although all three bodies
have been termed "batholiths," their exposed
extents do not justify this; we prefer to refer to them
as plutons comprising a Carabaya Batholith (new
term; see Fig. 2).
ANALYTICAL METHODS
Isotopic A n a l y s e s
Argon analyses followed procedures outlined by
McBride et al. (1987). Potassium contents were
determined in duplicate with an IL-251 atomic ab-
sorption spectrophotometer operated in the emission
mode. Both K and Ar concentrations were compared
to intralaboratory standards that are referenced to
an interlaboratory standard, LP-6 biotite. Whole-
rock powders and mineral separates were analyzed
for Rb and Sr by isotope dilution with 8VRband S4Sr
spikes, respectively, using the procedures outlined
by Goff et al. (1982). Sr data were normalized to
STSr/~SSr = 0.1194 and Rb data to SSRb/S~Rb = 2.601.
Radiometric dates in this study and dates reported
from the literature have been calculated using the
constants recommended by Steiger and J/iger
(1977). The Rb-Sr and K-Ar data are presented in
Tables I and 2, respectively, and the locations of the
dated samples are shown in Fig. 3.
Whole-Rock and Mineral Chemistry
Major and trace element abundances were ob-
tained by X-ray fluorescence techniques, except for
Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni, which were determined by ato-
mic absorption spectrophotometry, and ferrous iron,
which was determined using a titrametric method
(Wilson, 1960). REE analyses were obtained using
the thin-film X-ray fluorescence method (Fryer,
1977).
PETROGRAPHY AND PETROCHEMISTRY
OF THE MAGMATIC ROCKS
W e summarize here salient aspects of the petro-
logy of the magmatic suites as a basis for inter-
preting our isotopic data. W e emphasize petrologic
features that are important for determining the
source of the suites rather than their magmatic or
crystallization histories.
The little known San Gab/in Complex (Fig. 2),
also referred to as the Corani Batholith, comprises a
wide spectrum of rocks ranging from olivine-pyrox.-.
ene-amphibole gabbro, through amphibole-biotite
diorite, and granodiorite, to two-mica (leuco-) mon-
zogranite, along with small volumes of muscovite-
rich pegmatite and aplite. Petrographic studies
reveal that the rocks grade from one type to another
and define a continuum in magmatic evolution, but
the areal relationships of the various lithologic
facies are unknown. Variable amounts of small (1-3
cm) metasedimentary xenoliths occur in the inter-
mediate and felsic rocks, and their assimilation is
evident in some cases. The highly variable major
element chemistry (e.g., 47-71% SIO2, <2-11%
MgO, 1.5-11% CaO) reflects the range of rock types,
and continuous curved trends are defined on Harker
type variation diagrams for major and trace ele-
ments versus silica (Kontak, 1985). In plots of total
alkalis versus silica, A1203 v e r s u s normative plagio-
clase (after Irvine and Baragar, 1971), and FeO/
MgO versus silica (after Miyashiro, 1974), as well as
in the cation plots of Jensen (1976), the suite corres-
ponds to the calc-alkaline field, although an iron-
enrichment trend is noted on the AFM diagram.
Contamination of the melt by alumina-rich sedi-
mentary material is reflected in elevated A/CNK
values (<1.22) and the position of analyses in the
modified ACF plot (Fig. 4) of White and Chappell
(1977).
The small, possibly Carboniferous, Limacpampa
pluton (Fig. 2) consists of two-mica monzogranite
and muscovite leucogranite. Both rock types are cut
by fine-grained aplitic dykes, and gneissic fabrics
are locally developed. The granites are enriched in
silica (avg 73 wt.%), alumina (avg 15%), and alkalis
(Na20 + K20 = ca. 8%), have 3-4 wt.% normative
corundum and A]CNK values of 1.20-1.25 and are
highly reduced. In most mineralogical and chemical
respects, these rocks thus conform (Fig. 4b) to the S--
type granite classification of Chappell and White
(1974) and White and Chappell (1977), as well as to
the il menite series of Ishihara (1977).
The Mitu Group mafic volcanics in the Cor-
dillera de Carabaya region are generally altered,
but two relatively fresh samples have been analy-
zed. The presence of plagioclase (Aries) and olivine
(Fo80-90) phenocrysts in a plagioclase-clinopyrox-
ene-sanidine-opaques-glass-olivine matrix with a
trachytic texture are features typical of alkali
olivine basalts. The alkaline nature of the rocks is
supported by the chemical analyses (Figs. 5a and b).
The rocks correspond to the potassic series of Irvine
and Baragar (1971) and the potash series of Middle-
most (1975). Low MgO, Cr, Ni, and Cu contents (avg
5 wt.%, 26 ppm, 21 ppm, and 7 ppm, respectively)
and mg values (0.44-0.51) indicate that the vol-
canies have undergone signifmant fraetionation of
olivine and pyroxene. REE data for a single sample
(Fig. 5c) conform to those of other alkali basalts in
both absolute abundance and pattern (Kay and
Gast, 1973); the slight positive Eu anomaly suggests
that plagioclase accumulation has occurred. A
S7Sr/Se86 whole-rock determination (calculated to
 Late Paleozoic-early Mesozoicmagmatism in the Cordillera de Carabaya, SE Peru 217

Table la. Rb--Sr isotopic data for whole-rock and mineral separates, Permian-to-Jurassic
igneous rocks of the Cordillera de Carabaya, southeastern Peru.
Ana- SSSr S~Rb
S a m p l e No. lyzed (ppm) (ppm) S~Rb / SSSr S~Sr/NSr
Mitu Group Alkali Basalts COCA-278 WR 87.07 54.99 0.6243 0.70663
Limacpampa Pluton LMP-2A Ms 0.446 325.2 720.7 2.7458
Gavil~n de Oro GDO-1 Ms 1.540 180.0 115.4 0.93011
Coasa Pluton (Coasa Transect) COCA-2621 WR 4.81 114.1 23.47 0.77302
COCA-262 H WR 4.84 114.9 23.45 0.77301
COCA-2651 WR 7.40 90.7 12.12 0.74997
COCA-265 H WR 7.45 91.9 12.19 0.75014
COCA-265 Ms 0.436 236.8 536.5 1.8672
COCA-268 WR 12.53 66.70 5.264 0.72349
COCA-2681 Bt 0.532 353.0 656.2 2.5982
COCA-268 II Bt 0.362 213.8 584.5 2.4169
COCA-272 WR 13.87 65.70 4.681 0.72262
COCA-2721 Bt 0.483 291.1 595.9 2.4969
COCA-2721I Bt 0.716 487.2 627.7 2.5459
COCA-272 WR 63.40 14.66 0.2286 0.70682
BAR-13 WR 16.06 60.14 3.701 0.72037
BAR-13 Bt 1.113 230.9 205.1 1.2743
Aricoma Pluton COCA-372A WR 12.44 71.23 5.662 0.73260
COCA-372 Bt 1.938 244.1 124.5 1.0886
AllinccApac Group Peralkaline Volcanics COCA-62A I WR 15.96 7.59 0.4707 0.70927
COCA-62A H WR 16.14 7.70 0.4718 0.70922
COCA-64 WR 23.89 74.01 3.063 0.71367
COCA-64A I WR 8.73 69.52 7.874 0.71809
COCA-64A II WR 8.92 70.59 7.819 0.71813
COCA-65 WR 50.30 33.26 0.6357 0.70693
COCA-299A I WR 26.73 42.64 1.577 0.70745
COCA-299A H WR 26.56 42.18 1.570 0.70732
Key to material analysed: WR, whole rock; Ms, muscovite; Bt, biotite; Kf, K-feldspar

Table lb. Whole-rock and mineral Rb-Sr dates and s~Sr / s~Sr values for Permian-to--Jurassic
igneous rocks and ores of the Cordillera de Carabaya, southeastern Peru.
Sample Nos. Age + 2o
(Material Analyzed) (Ma) S~Sr / SSSr MSWD
Limacpampa Pluton L M P - 2 A (Ms) ca. 199.0 ± i0 0.710 (assumed)
Gavil~n de Oro GDO-I (Ms) ca. 133.0 ± 7 0.710 (assumed)
Coasa Pluton (Coasa transect) COCA-262I, 2651,268,271, 194.5 ± 1 8 . 7 0.71089 ± 0.00012 733
272
COCA-2621,268,271,272 188.9 ± 3.8 0.71009 ± 0.00012 30.8
COCA-268,271,272 222.1 ± 2 6 . 7 0.70741 ± 0.00045 24.8
COCA-2621,268,271,272, 204.5 ± 6.4 0.70804 ± 0.00008 745
268K Bt, 286II Bt, 272I Bt,
272II Bt
COCA-268(Wr+Bt(I)) 202.5 ± 10.1 0.70833 ± 0.00010
COCA-268(WR+Bt(II)) 205.6 ± 10.3 0.70810 ± 0.00003
COCA-268(WR+Bt(I, II)) 204.1 ± 1.5 0.70821 ± 0.00015
COCA-272(WR+Bt(I)) 211.0 ± 10.1 0.70858 ± 0.00010
COCA-272(WR+Bt(II)) 192.0 ± 9.6 0.70985 ± 0.00011
COCA-272(WR+Bt(I, II)) 208.5 ± 2.6 0.70874 ± 0.00015
COCA-265(WR+Ms) 149.9 ± 7.5 0.72414 ± 0.00011
BAR-13(WR+Bt) 193.4 ± 9.6 0.71019 ± 0.00011
Aricoma Pluton COCA-372A(WR+Bt) 210.7 ± 10.4 0.71563 ± 0.00011
Allincc~pac Group Peralkaline Volcanics COCA--62AII, 64,64AH, 102.4 ± 22.2 0.70711 ± 0.00010 171
65, 299A H
COCA--64, 65,299A II 206.0 ± 70.8 0.70416 ± 0.70417 135
Analytical techniques and error calculationmethods are as documented in Goffet al. (1982). Key: WR, whole rock; Ms, muscovite;
Bt, biotite; M S W D , mean square weighted deviates value.
218 D. J. KONTAK, A. H. CLARK, E. FARRAR, I).A. ARCHIBALD, and H. BAADSGAARI)

Table 2. K-Ar dates for Permo-Jurassic igneous rocks of the Cordillera de Carabaya in Peru
and the northern Altiplano in Bolivia.

Location 4°Arrad
Ana- K (10 -5 c m 3 4°Aratm A g e ± 2o
S a m p l e No. Lat. S Long. W Rock Type lyzed (%) STP/g) (%) (Ma)
Mitu Group
CR385 16040 ' 68°36 ' basalt WR 0.645 0.759 24.3 279.9 ± 3.3
CR386 16040 ' 68°36 ' basalt G 0.443 0.451 14.8 244.9 ± 2.9
Coasa Pluton
COCA-273" 14°02'59" 70°09'00" granite (dyke) Ms 8.326 7.432 3.6 216.2 ± 4.3
BAR-16* 14°04'37 '' 70°10 ' greisen/skarn Ms 5.292 4.642 2.3 212.7 ± 4.3
BAR-17* 14°0 ` 70°09 . monzogranite Bt 6.700 5.824 4.6 210.9 ± 4.3
COCA-271" 14001'38 " 70007'23 .' monzogranite Bt 6.873 5.971 1.8 210.8 ± 4.2
COCA-272" 14002'59" 70°09 . monzogranite Bt 6.739 5.812 0.6 209.3 ± 4.2
COCA-272' 14°02'59 " 70009 , monzogranite Bt 6.739 5.695 2.3 205.3 ± 4.2
BAR-18* 14001'30 '' 70°06'30 '' monzogranite Bt 7.205 6.163 2.6 207~7 ± 4.1
BAR-13 13057'57 `' 70020 ' monzogranite Bt 6.925 5.988 4.9 210.2 ± 4.2
BAR-13 13°57'57 '' 70020 ' monzogranite Bt 6.925 5.928 5.0 207.8 ± 4.4
BAR-13 13°57'5 " 70020 ' monzogranite Bt 6.925 5.613 5.7 197.4 ± 4.0
AY-5D 13057'57 '' 70o20 . monzogranite Bt 6.494 5.278 3.7 197.9 ± 4.0
COCA-301A 13°57'57" 70°19'46" monzogranite Bt 6.550 5.068 8.5 188~9 ± 3.8
COCA-272 14°02'59 '. 70°09'00" monzogranite Kf 9.817 5.424 5.2 136.8 ± 3.0
Aricoma Pluton
LB-6 14°18'49 '' 69°44'35" quartz vein Ms 7.844 7.304 2.3 225.0 :t: 14.8
COCA--421 14°13'00 " 69°52'00" monzogranite Bt 6.362 5.696 6:3 216.8 ± 4.5
Allincc~ipac Complex
MS-1 14°00 ' 70°29'30" syenite Bt 6.771 4.826 13.5 174.7 ± 3.6
COCA-305 13°47 ' 70°25 ' syenite Bt 6.828 4.315 7.4 155.7 ± 4.3
*Sample location coordinates t a k e n from 1:50,000 topographic m a p s . Because a discrepancy exists between the geologic m a p o
L a u b a c h e r (1978) a n d the topographic m a p s , the s a m p l e s h a v e been plotted, for consistency, relative to t h e geologic m a p s h o w n
in Fig. 2. K e y to m a t e r i a l analyzed: WR, whole rock; G, glass; Ms, muscovite; Bt, biotite; Kf, K-feldspar.

260 Ma) defines a Sri of 0.7043 (Table 1) - - i.e.,
within the range typical for alkali basalts (Powell
and Bell, 1974).
The three large Triassic granitoid intrusions
constituting the Carabaya Batholith (Figs. 2 and 3)
differ petrologically. The Coasa pluton (1300 km 2)
comprises at least two distinct suites. In the south-
east, the "Coasa suite" is dominated by medium- to
coarse-grained biotite-hornblende- and K-feld-
spar-megacrystic monzogranites, widely but incon-
sistently exhibiting rapakivi textures; however, an
exposure of two-mica cordierite monzogranite was
observed 2 k m W S W of the village of Coasa. In
contrast, the "Ayapata suite" in the western area of
the batholith is dominated by medium-grained
biotite hornblende monzogranite-to-syenogranite,
with the local development of more mafic (diorite-
to--quartz diorite) and felsic (leucocratic syeno-
granite) facies. Inclusions of biotitic quartz diorite
are c o m m o n throughout the main Coasa monzo-
granite. Moreover, exposures close to the north-
eastern margin of the pluton reveal dykes of biotite-
rich quartz diorite cutting, and cut by, the granite;
several dykes exhibit sinuous and discontinuous
forms strongly suggestive of synplutenic emplace-
ment (e.g., Pitcher and Bussell, 1985). These rela-
tionships imply the temporal association of at least
two granitoid magmas at the present level of
erosion, although the mesocratic inclusions show no
clear evidence of magma mingling (cf. Vernon et al.,
1988).
In contrast, the Limbani pluton (200 km 2) is
texturally and mineralogically homogeneous, being
dominated by an equigranular, medium-grained,
biotite-muscovite granodiorite. Erratics of leuco-
cratic syenogranite were observed, but their source
was not established.
The Aricoma pluton (150 km 2) is similar in
lithology to the southeastern part of the Coasa
pluton and consists of a medium- to coarse-grained,
K-feldspar-megacrystic, biotite granodiorite-to-
monzogranite, commonly with rapakivi textures. It
is, however, much richer in biotite than the Coasa
batholith.
Of particular relevance to our geochronologic
studies is the presence of deformational textures in
the eastern half of the Coasa pluton (Laubacher,
1978) and across the entire Limbani pluton: the
petrofabric features are described in detail else-
where (Kontak, 1985; Kontak et al., 1984b; and this
issue, p. 231). The A1-Si ordering relationships in
the alkali feldspars of these granites illustrate the
extent of this tectono-thermal event. For example,
in Fig. 6 it is evident that the intermediate ortho-
clase structure typical of the undeformed granites
has inverted to microcline in the strained equiva-
lents (cf. central area and southwestern margin
versus the n o r t h e a s t e r n margin of the Coasa
pluton).
Selected chemical features of the rocks of the
Carabaya Batholith are summarized in Fig. 7. We
note the restricted compositional range of the
 Late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic magmatism in the Cordillera de Carabaya, SE Peru 219

70030 , 700 69°30 '

I I I

x% LB-6 225m SampleNo. K-Ar date b biotite

%%
%,%, (203b) Rb-Sr date m muscovite
_ %%..% C2381 U-Pb date Kf K-feldspar , 3030 ,
i ~ %%%%
%%
%%% %%%%%
%,~ ~ ~ ",,, t'(203b)
%..,e~*++~++l'~;J# "'... ,COCA-268 |(204b)
,,, -.....I t,,Ob,
~:,:~ O,,achea [2S~ / .
"-....
_ .. ..... 14°

AY- 5D Ig8b / // I I ~',/~", ~ %~

COCA-301A 189b / // / BAR-18%0;b "~%% ~ X

...,,,,,.// coc._O.r
OSC- 1,,11--~1b)~,
.A.R % . ~ \
COCA-2.73 216m / / ~¢,'J'¢'~ /."'~k \
BAR-17 "211b COCA-421 217b/ v r-~ .~.- ~j \
" "20T /. / X "'¢,~ \
/ 11371~f [234] / X \ LMP-2A (200m',
COCA-272((209b) LB-6 22am \ \/
| (1 92b) \ %~/
~,(21 lb) \ / %%
4030 ,

- ~X\\ LM~ \\%\\

% %
~' %%%
y %%%
Intrusive Suites: Ananea • % '\\GOD-I(133m}
Jurassic ~-~ DeformedGranite \

Triassic
0 25
t .J
Upper Devonian ? km

I I i
Fig. 3. Map showing the locations and ages of samples of plutonic, hypabyssal, and volcanic rocks dated in the present study (with
the exception of nos. CR 385 and 386: see Table 2). The dashed lines delimit the Zongo-San Gab/m tectono-thermal zone (see
Farrar etal., 1988, and companion paper in this issue, p. 231 ). Key: SG, San Gaban (Corani) Complex; MS, Macusani syenite of the
Allinccbpac Peralkaline Group; CO, Coasa Batholith; AR, Aricoma Batholith; LI, Limbani 8atholith; and LM, Limacpampa Pluton.

Aricoma and Limbani centers and the alkalinity of
rocks in the western, Ayapata, domain of the Coasa
pluten. All suites are, in addition, characterized by:
1) K20/Na20 > 1; 2) A/CNK > 1 (except for some Aya-
pata rocks); 3)low Fe203/FeO (<0.25), conforming
to the S--type field of Hine et aL (1978); and 4) mole
% F@+-FeS+-Ti ratios corresponding to ilmenite-
series granites in the classification of Jin e t a l .
(1981) and in conformity with the occurrence of il-
menite as the sole oxide phase (Ishihara, 1977).
Trace element analyses indicate that the Ayapata
suite is relatively enriched in Nb, V, Zn, Sr, and Zr.
For granitoids with such similar major and trace
element compositions, the REE spectra (Fig. 7) are
markedly variable. The alkaline nature of the
Ayapata suite is readily apparent from both REE
contents and chondrite-normalized patterns. The
larger Eu anomaly and data spread for the Coasa
suite,compared to those from Aricoma and Limbani,
are considered to reflect more protracted crystal
fractionation, probably attended by mixing and
mingling of magma fractions at depth (cf. Barbarin,
1989). The most mafic members of the Coasa suite
are markedly different from the Aricoma suite,
which is characterized by greater total REE enrich-
ment, smaller Eu anomalies, and more fractionated
patterns.
220 D. J, KONTAK, A. H CLARK, E. FARRAR, D. A. ARCHIBALD, and H. BAADSGAARI)

a)
1.5
O
South Mountain
~jJ~ -~
Batholith
S ~-'(Clarke and Halliday,
Z 50 60 ° "°e~'~j~~e 80 1980)
0 1.0 I I /LJ-~ I
O

~ J c_ ~ / ~ Strontian Granodiorite
/ ~ / j/- (Halliday eta/., 1981)

~ e l s o n Batholith (Cox, 1979)

0.5

A
b) musc

• . \
plag II B
cord
SMB

I-type ~S-type ~ biot

hbl

C F
Fig. 4. Selected geochemical data from the plutonic recks of the San GabOn(Corani) Complex and Limacpampa pluton, a) Alumina
saturation index (A~NK) us w t % SiO~, showing wide range in both parameters, and their broad correlation, in the San GabAn
rocks. Key: filled circles, data from Kontak (1985);, open circles, data from Carlier et aL (1982); filled triangles, data for
leucogranitas from Kontak (1985). Shown for comparison are the compositional fields for the Nelson Batholith, (Cox, 1979) and
Strontian pluten (Halliday et al., 1981), both representing !-.::~ne s~ites subject to crustal contamination, and for the South
Mountain Batholith {Clarke and Halliday, 1980)-- a typical crustally derived peraluminous S-type system, b) Compositions ofthe
San GabOn(circles and triangles) and Limacpampa (filled squares) suites expressed in tarms of the modified ACF ~ of White
and Chappell (1977). Fields for the South Mountain Batholith (SMB),Nelson Batholith (NB), Peruvian Coastal Batholith (CBP:
Johan et al., 1980), and the Main Arc graniteids of northern Chile (MNC: Haynes, 1975). Mineral phases are muscovite (muse),
biotite (biot), hornblende (hbl), cordierite (cord), and plagioclase (plag). Heavy dashed line separates I- and S-type granitoids
(Takahashi et al., 1980).

Sr isotope a n a l y s e s of w h o l e - r o c k / m i c a p a i r s The chemical compositions o f biotites a r e s p e c i -

(Tables l a and lb) yield Sri values of 0.7156 for the
A r i c o m a i n t r u s i o n , 0.7102 for the A y a p a t a s u i t e
(sample BAR-13), and 0.7082, 0.7087, and 0.7241
for the m a i n Coasa pluton. The most elevated Sri
(0.7241) is for the c o r d i e r i t o - b e a r i n g facies of the
l a s t - n a m e d complex (no. COCA-265: Table lb).
fic to each intrusion, e s p e c i a l l y with r e B a ~ to t r a c e
e l e m e n t s (Fig. 8). F o r a given Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio,
biotites from each c e n t e r a r e m a r k e d l y e n r i c h e d in
specific e l e m e n t s - - e . g . , Rb a n d N b i n t h e C o a s a
suite (Figs. 8a and b); V, Cr, a n d T i a t A y a p a t a ; a n d
Ba in the L i m b a n i area. In a d d i t i o n , t h e b i o t i t e
compositions lie in different fields in the F e 2 * - F e 8+-
 Late Paleozoic-earlyMesozoic magmatism in the Cordillerade Carabaya, SE Peru
6 culated.
K20* 4
2
, d y k e s 0,
45
SiO 2
100
0 volcanic
0
dyke o position to the trachytic lavas of the Oslo Rift (e.g.,
Ill
1--"
c)
¢3
Z scured much of the primary, magmatic mineralogy
0 and texture in both intrusive and volcanic rocks.
-I-
(3 O1'
10 b)
o~
Ne' Q'
I I I I I I I I
La Ce Pr Nd Srn Eu Gd Dy Er
Fig. 5, Mafic volcanic and hypabyssal (dyke) rocks of, respec-
tively, Early Permian and Triassic age, plotted in terms of:
a) total alkalis vs silica, with the alkaline-subalkaline dividing
Jine of Irvine and Baragar (1971); b)normative OI'-N-Q'; and
c) chondrite-normalized REE abundances.
M g plot (Fig. 8c) of Wones and Eugster (1965),
implying that each intrusion had a distinctive in-
ternal buffer (i.e.,/02).
Of restricted outcrop but of petrogenetic impor-
tance are the basaltic minor intrusions, shown
schematically in Fig. 2, found: 1) as dykes along the
margins of the Coasa pluten and as xenoliths in it;
2) as dykes in the northern part of the Aricoma
pluton; and 3)as dykes in the Paleozoic metasedi-
ments near granite contacts. In addition, lithologi-
cally similar xenoliths are locally abundant in the
batholiths. The rocks contain plagioclase as the
dominant constituent, with lesser pyroxene (cpx >
opx), amphibole, olivine, biotite, sanidine, opaque
oxides, and apatite, together with secondary chlo-
rite, carbonate, sphene, and epidote.
The dykes (N = 6 analyses) are all basic in chem-
istry (45-48 wt.% Si02, calculated to 100% an-
hydrous), but the variable CaO (3.4-15%), MgO
(4.3-11.2%), Ni (40-152 ppm), Cu (8-133 ppm), and
Ba (50-700 ppm) contents may reflect considerable
fractionation. Rare-earth (nffi3: Fig. 5c), major, and
trace (i.e., elevated Ba, St, Rb, Zr, and Nb) element
abundances indicate that the rocks are alkaline to
marginally subalkaline (Figs. 5a and b). The more
fractionated bodies are very similar in composition
to the Mitu Group basic volcanics. Assuming an age
221
of 200 M a (see below), an Sri of 0.70597 was cal-
The Allinccdpac Group or peralkaline complex
(previously incorporated with the Mitu Group by
Laubacher, 1978) consists of a group of intrusions
50 and a volcanic carapace. The intrusive suite
includes medium- to coarse-grained gabbros and
diorites, and nepheline, amphibole, pyroxene syen-
ites. The volcanic flows comprise: aphyric rocks;
rhomb porphyries displaying ternary anorthoclase
phenocrysts and comparable in texture and com-
Dons and Larsen, 1978); and amphibole-K-feld-
spar-phyric units. Subsolidus modification has ob-
The suites are enriched in total alkalis and plot
within the alkaline field of Irvine and Baragar's
(1971) classification (Fig. 9a). The molecular
proportions of K, Na, and A1 (Fig. 9b) correspond
mainly to the plumasitic and miaskitic clans of
SCrensen (1974). Harker-type variation diagrams
show broadly continuous trends for most major and
trace elements, suggesting a comagmatic history for
the suites. REE data (Kontak, 1985) show overall
I
enrichment but with variably fractionated patterns
Yb that reflect, in part, varying degrees of fluid-rock
interaction (e.g., Taylor et al., 1981). An Sr i of
0.7042 is estimated for the volcanic suite (see Table
lb), omitting apparently aberrant data.
WHOLE-ROCK R b - S r DATES
The results of our attempts to construct whole-
rock Rb-Sr isochrons for the Coasa granitoid suite
and for the peralkaline volcanics of the Allincc~pac
complex are summarized in Table lb. The five
analyzed whole-rock Coasa samples together yield
an age of 194.5+ 18.7 Ma, but the large M S W D (733)
indicates that this has littlesignificance. Replicate
analyses of two samples (nos. C O C A 262 and 265:
Table la) show that the scatter is related to geologic
phenomena. W e consider it likelythat both samples
experienced isotopic mobility during a tectono-
thermal overprinting event (see below). Regression
of the three remaining whole-rock samples (nos.
268, 271 and 272) yields an age of 222.1+26.7 M a
and Sri of 0.7074 with an M S W D of 24.8 (Table lb).
Samples of the Allincc~pac peralkaline volcanic
rocks yield a whole-rock age of 102.4+22.2 M a with
an M S W D of 171 (Table Ib). This anomalously low
age (cf.K-Ar results below) is due to two samples
(62A, 64A) that have Rb-Sr values discordant to
those of the rest of the suite (Kontak, 1985). Omis-
sion of these samples would yield (Table lb) a re-
gressed age of 206+70.8 M a and M S W D of 139.
Again, replicateanalyses indicate that the scatter is
geological rather than analytical in origin, and we
suspect that the initialRb and Sr isotopic values
may have been modified during pest-eruptive fluid-
rock interaction.
222 D.J. K O N T A K , A, H C L A R K , E, FARRAR, D A. ARCHIBALD, and H. BAADSGAARi;~

R b - S r A N D K - A r M I N E R A L DATES Klinck et al., 1986) remains inadequately defined

Rb-Sr and K-Ar mineral dates for the Cordille-
ra de C a r a b a y a igneous rocks are presented in
Tables lb and 2, respectively, and are plotted in
Figure 3. Also in Fig. 3, we delimit a zone (Farrar et
al., 1988; Kontak et al., 1984c, and this issue, p. 231)
in which an Eocene thermal event has systematical-
ly reset K-Ar muscovite and biotite dates and dis-
turbed their 4°Ar/agAr age spectra.
M i t u Group
The age of the alkali basalts of the upper Mitu
Group (corresponding broadly to the Iscay Group of
Klinck et al. reported a K-Ar age (hornblende + bio-
tite) of 272+10 Ma for a "lava" from the J u l i a c a
area. We report here (Table 2) two K-Ar whole-rock
ages, informally recorded by McBride et al. (1983),
for a holocrystalline basalt and a pillow-rim obsi-
dian from a basaltic flow in the Serranias de Chilla
near Tiwanaku, northwestern Bolivia, at the a p -
parent southeastern extremity of the Mitu Group
province. The ages, 280_+3.3 and 2 5 0 + 2 . 9 Ma,
respectively, are similar to that of Klinck et aL and
suggest this predominantly basic volcanic event was
of Early Permian age throughout this region, as
suggested by Kontak et a l (1985; cF Klinck et al.,
1986, p. 31).

COASA AYAPATA

oo/
X'"-.. • /
m

/-'o o,- "*" /

<~p#.. -..~ .. I

pegmatite~ /
.o .NE .ma.rgin ~~ o syenogranite ~ / '
[] n e a t - t r e a l e o
• core+SW mar~in hypersolvus granite
! ! ! I I I I

ARICOMA LIMBANI

427 i

41.5 , I I I ,,I I i 1

50.5 50.9
2 8 204 CuKa 1
Fig. 6. Estimates of structural status of alkalifeldaparsfrom the Triassicbatholiths,including the Ayapata domain of the Coasa
Batholith. The data are plotted in the {060) uf,{204) diagram of Wright (1968). Full detailsof the data have been presented by
Kontak (1985).
 Late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic magmatism in the Cordillera de Carabaya, SE Peru 223

a) COASA AYAPATA ARICOMA LIMBANI

A
musc

plag ...... cord

' Z'"

C F

b) K20

Na20 CaO

c)
uJ 100
F- N=8 ~ ' ~ N=7
~.ii!iiiii~iiiii~'.'.i~, N=5
C~ ~iiiiiiiiiiiiiii::::i~ : : ~ " ~ ~ . . . ~
Z
0 "~.~: ==========================================
10
/ .....
v ::iii!!" . f ' - - - - . leucogranite
(3 il~lbitite
0n- aplite " ~ " //
,,, ,~,
,dyke , ! | i i | | I J i I | |

La Pr S m G d D y ErYb
Ce Nd Eu

d)
.. •
+

Z
I I I I
70 78
%Si02

Fig. 7. Geochemical data for the Triassic batholiths, plotted in: a) the modified ACF diagram of White and Chappell (1977); b) the
ternary K-Na-Ca diagram; ©)chondrite-normalized REE abundance diagrams; and d) the total alkalis vs silica diagram. In the (d)
plot, the upper line denotes the alkaline/subalkaline boundary (Irvine and Barsgar, 1971), and the lower line delimits the high-
alumina basalt and calc-alkaline fields (Kuno, 1960). Note that the Ayapata suite of the Coasa Batholith exhibits a progressive
increase in silica content as LaNvalues decrease and the "Eu anomalies" increase.
224 D.J. KONTAK, A. H. CLARK, E. FARRAR, D. A. ARCHIBALD,and H. BAADSGAARI)

a
2000
a)
$
Rb A

*~ %(Na20+
1000 o A * K 2 0 )_
oO ~z~ • . 10
! •

O
alkaline / ~ I+B
I I
/

180
b) ~ subalkaline

I f i 1 ,J
Nb 50 55 60
oOo
%SiO 2
100 • A

b. (K+Na)/AI (K+Na)/1/6 Si
I I o
0.30 0.40 plumasitic < 1 < 1
Mg/(Mg + Fe 2+) miaskitic < 1 ~ 1
I COASA * agpaitic >1 ~ !
I I AYAPATA o
1.2

/
C/ 25Fe3+ i LIMBANI A AGPAITIC o

1.0 I I I I I I L I leOI K÷Na

.6 1,o ° ,.4
z~
,¢
0.8 _ P L U M A S I T I C J '~ o
¢1
~o
• M,^sK,,,c
v 0.6
1
I
0.4 I
90Fe 2+ 50Mg
Fig. 9. Geochemical data for the AllinccApac peralkaline group,
Fig. 8. Compoaitions of biotitee from the Triassic batholithe, plotted in: a) total alkalis ve silica diagram o f l r v i n e and Baragar
plotted: a) in the Rb ue Mg/(Mg+ Fe24)diagram; b) the Nb ue Mg/ (1971); and b) the (K + Na)/AI u s (K + Na)/1/6Si ~ g r a m of S~r-
(Mg +Fe24) diagram; and e) in terms of Fes+ - Fe 2+ - Mg rela- ensen (1974). Data for intrusive (open circles) and volcanic (open
tioushipe (the buffers are from Wonee and Eugster, 1965). triangles) rocks are from Kontak (1985); closed ¢irclee are from
Laubacher (1978).

Coasa Pluton K-feldspar, it is likely that this also reflects partial

The oldest K-Ar muscovite date determined for
this center is 216 Ma (COCA-273). This agrees
within analytical error with the oldest Rb-Sr biotite
date (209 Ma: COCA-272) and the oldest K-At bio-
tite date (211 Ma: BAR-17). BAR-16, a hydro-
thermal muscovite from a greisen associated with a
small skarn body at the southwestern contact of the
intrusion, yields a similar K-Ar age (213 Ma: Table
2). All are younger than the 238+11 Ma U-Pb
zircon date reported by Lancelot et al. (1978) for the
intrusion.
The youngest Rb-Sr date (150 Ma: COCA-265)
is from a sample collected from the northeastern,
thermally overprinted, part of the pluton (Kontak et
al., this issue, p. 231) and we suspect it to have been
partially reset. A K-feldspar from another sample
(COCA-272), taken outside of zone of reset mica
ages, yields a K-At date of 137 Ma (Table 2), much
younger than other dates reported in the area.
Considering the low argon blocking temperature of
resetting.
With the exception of those for samples AY--SD
and COCA-301A, all of the biotite K-Ar dates from
the southwestern part of the pluton are concordant
within analytical precision and fall in the range
203-211 Ma. The date (189 Ma) yielded lay sample
COCA-301A, taken from the northwestern part of
the Coasa pluton, is significantly younger t h a n
those determined for nearby biotites but is in broad
agreement with the Rb-Sr biotite date (193 Ma:
BAR-13) from the same area. As replicate Rb-Sr
analyses may show considerable dispersion (e.g.,
COCA-272, Table la), this apparent concordance
may have little significance. Near the location of
sample COCA-301A, the Coasa Batholith is cut by a
gabbroic intrusion thought to be related to the
Allincc~pac peralkaline complex, and it is possible
that heat associated with intrusion of this body
could have led to a reduction in the dates. However,
we cannot rule out the possibility that the slight
resetting of the Rb-Sr and K-At mica dates in the
 Late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic magmatism in the Cordillera de Carabaya, SE Peru
northwestern quadrant of the pluton is a conse-
quence of the Eocene thermal event. We consider
the K-Ar biotite date of sample BAR-13 (205 Ma) to
be the best estimate of the cooling age of this part of
the intrusion.
Aricoma Pluton
Micas from the Aricoma pluton and its environs
yield the oldest K-Ar dates (Table 2) obtained in
this study. The muscovite date for sample LB-6
(225 Ma), from a hydrothermally altered zone with-
in the metasedimentary country-rocks, and biotite
dates from samples COCA-421 (217 Ma) and
COCA-372 (211 Ma), are similar to, but slightly
higher than, comparable mineral dates yielded by
granitoid samples from the Coasa pluton. Dalmay-
r a c e t al. (1980) have reported, but without ana-
lytical details, a U-Pb zircon date of 234±9 Ma for
the Aricoma pluton. As for the Coasa pluton, the U-
Pb date is somewhat higher than the Rb-Sr and K-
Ar mica dates (see below).
Limacpampa Pluton
An Rb-Sr analysis of muscovite (Table 1) from
the Limacpampa intrusion yields a date (ca. 200 Ma)
in general agreement with those from the Coasa and
Aricoma plutons if a reasonable Sri (0.710) is
chosen. To yield the Carboniferous age that has
been assigned to this S-type pluton, an impossibly
low (negative) S r i would be required. On the basis of
an assumed Sri of 0.710, a muscovite from the
Gavil~n de Oro vein gold (-tungsten-tin) deposit
yields an age of 133 Ma (Table 1). The deposit is
within the zone of reset K-Ar mica ages (Fig. 3;
Kontak et al., this issue, p. 231), and we suspect that
this date has also been reset.
Allinccdpac Complex Syenite
Biotite in a sample of nepheline syenite (MS-l),
collected from a s o u t h w e s t e r n exposure of the
Allincc~pac complex, yields a K-Ar date of 175 Ma
(Table 2), which is in permissive agreement with the
date (184 Ma) reported by Stewart et al. (1974) for
the intrusion. A further sample of syenite from this
intrusion (COCA 305) gave a younger K-Ar biotite
date of 156 Ma (Table 2); however, this sample is
distinctly foliated and the date may reflect the
effects of the Eocene tectono-thermal event (Kontak
etal., this issue, p. 231).
DISCUSSION
Geochronology of the Magmatic Rocks
Our new radiometric dates, in combination with
previously published age determinations, allow
limits to be placed on the time of intrusion and the
subsequent cooling history of the mgior granitoid
SAES 3/~-E
225
bodies of the Cordillera de Carabaya. At the outset
itshould be emphasized that we have no geochrono-
logical data to confirm the local occurrence of late
Paleozoic granitoidintrusion,such as is documented
in reconnaissance fashion by B o n h o m m e et al.
(1985) for a more northwesterly transect of the
Cordillera Oriental (ca. lat. 13°27 °, long. 70°54'),
where hornblende K-Ar dates for monzodiorite
(331+3 Ma) and essexite (294+3 Ma) provide evi-
dence for alkaline magmatic activity in the C a r -
beniferous or earlier. Our maximum K-Ar dates
(216 to 225 Ma) are very similar to those presented
by McBride et al. (1983) for granitoid rocks of the
Cordillera Real, northwestern Bolivia. For ex-
ample, the oldest K-At biotite dates reported for the
Chucura (or Huayfia Potosi) and Illampu intrusions
in that area are 218 and 219 Ma, respectively, and a
slightly younger muscovite from the Chucura plu-
ton yielded an undisturbed 4°Ar]~gAr age spectrum
(McBride et al., 1987). For the small A y a n c u m a
stock situated in the Cordillera Mufiecas, ca. 75 k m
southeast of Ananea (see Fig. 2), McBride et al.
(1983) reported K-Ar biotite dates of 218 and 225
M a and a concordant muscovite date of 221 Ma. The
general agreement of the oldest K-Ar muscovite and
biotite dates for these rocks was interpreted as
indicating the time of post-emplacement cooling
through their respectiveargon closure temperatures
(ca. 350 and 250°C) in Late Triassic time. Further-
more, the lack of any analytically significant dif-
ference between the muscovite and biotite dates
reported in beth studies suggests cooling through
this temperature range was relativelyrapid.
The overall range of K-Ar dates reported in this
study is also comparable to that reported by
McBride et al. (1983) for the Cordilleras Real and
Mufiecas, and most of our new Rb--Sr dates lie in
this range. We suspect that some of the dispersion
among the dates is due to late-stage hydrothermal
activity related to the numerous zones of minerali-
zation (Clark et al., 1984) in the region. Conven-
tional K-Ar analyses and 4°Ar/SgAr age spectra
reported in a companion paper (Kontak et al., this
issue, p. 231) and in McBride et al. (1987) show that
overprinting, associated with an Eocene tectono-
thermal event, decreases in intensity from n o r t h -
east to southwest across the northeastern portions of
the intrusions dated here (between the dashed lines
in Fig. 3). All the K-At mica dates and most of the
Rb-Sr dates presented here are from samples taken
southwest of this zone, and thus we consider it u n -
likely that the dispersion of dates is associated with
this event, although the date (137 Ma) of sample
COCA-272, the only K-feldspar dated in this study,
probably reflects partial re-setting during the Eo-
cene. Further work is required to evaluate fully the
lower temperature history of the southwest portions
of the intrusions.
Taken at face value, the U-Pb zircon dates for
the Coasa (Lancelot et al., 1978) and Aricoma (Dal-
mayrac et al., 1980) plutons m ca. 235 Ma m com-
bined with our mica dates, suggest t h a t 10-15
226 D.J. KONTAK, A H CLARK, E. FARRAR, D A ARCHIBALD.and H. BAADSGAARL,
million years elapsed between the time of emplace-
ment of the intrusions and the time they cooled
through the closure temperature of argon diffusion
in micas. In view of the relatively shallow depth of
intrusion (about 8 km: Kontak, 1985) and the con-
cordance of muscovite and biotite dates noted above,
such protracted cooling (-750°C to 250°C in 10-15
million years) seems unlikely. Therefore, we sug-
gest that the zircons analyzed by Lancelot et al. and
Dalmayrac et al. (op. cit.) may have an undetected,
inherited Pb component - - a feature in conformity
with the petrologic nature of the suites and the
observed presence of corroded cores in the zircons.
Zircons inherited from the basement during partial
melting, and subsequently suffering the lead toss
noted by those authors, would produce upper con-
cordia intersections in excess of the true age of em-
placement. In this case, the age of emplacement
must be less than the youngest 2°TPb/2°6Pb date,
which, we note, is 230 Ma for the Coasa Batholith.
Unfortunately, our whole-rock Rb--Sr date for the
Coasa pluton, although consistent with this inter-
pretation, is not sufficiently constrained to resolve
this dilemma. We conclude, however, that the Coa-
sa and Aricoma plutons were emplaced in the Late
Triassic, between 220 and 230 Ma.
Our tentative Rb--Sr mineral date (ca. 200 Ma)
for the Limacpampa intrusion does not lend support
to its presumed "Hercynian" age ( Laubacher, 1978;
Kontak, 1985). We can only conclude that either the
original age assignment is incorrect or the intrusion
was totally re-set during the Triassic intrusive epi-
sode documented above. Our dates for the Allincc~-
pac complex syenite support the Early Jurassic age
suggested by Stewart et al. (1974).
The approximate areal coincidence of the Trias-
sic granitoid batholiths with the Permo-Triassic
Mitu Basin (Newell et al., 1953; Laubacher, 1978;
McBride et al., 1983) is additional, albeit indirect,
evidence that generation and emplacement of the
felsic magmas were controlled by the tectonic fabric
of this ensialic extensional domain. We have de-
monstrated elsewhere (Kontak et al; 1985; Clark et
al., in press) that small volumes of K-rich horn-
blende-biotite granodiorite of clear arc-type were
emplaced in the Early Permian, contemporaneous
with Mitu Group alkalic volcanism along the south-
western margin of the rift zone, but there is no clear
evidence for such Permian activity in the Cordillera
de Carabaya.
It is also emphasized that a general regional age
progression is evident for lower Mesozoic granites of
the Cordillera Oriental, such that the older (i.e.,
250-260 Ma: Carlier et al., 1982) intrusions occur in
the northwestern half of the Mitu Basin and the
younger (i.e., 210-220 Ma: this study and that of
McBride et al., 1983) in the southeastern part. Rela-
tionships with the Carboniferous granitoid activity
documented in outline by Bonhomme et al. (1985)
are unclear. A similar but more systematic and
abrupt, NW to SE age progression, from 28 to 19 Ma,
is found in the Tertiary granitoid subprovince of
northwestern Bolivia (McBride et a l , op cit.). Such
migration of magmatism along a structure subpar-
allel to a plate boundary contrasts with the develop-
ment of longitudinal belts of coeval igneous rocks
that typifies arc- or subduction-zone related tecto-
nic environments, unless convergence is strongly
oblique. As pointed out by McBride et al. (1983), the
relationships reported for eastern Peru and north-
western Bolivia are analogous to those displayed
where continental crust has migrated over a per-
sistent thermal anomaly, as documented for the
granites of Nigeria (Bowden et al., 1976; van Bree-
man et al., 1975).
Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic Magmas: Products of
Disparate Source Regions
The most striking feature of the post-Paleozoic
magmatic suites of the Cordillera de Carabaya is
the diversity of rock types, a characteristic of the
Central Andean Inner Arc magmatic domain. How-
ever, the similarities between the Permian Mitu
Group alkali basalts and the Triassic (-Jurassic?)
mafic dykes imply close links between the Andean
and pre-Andean environments. Chemical and iso.
topic data indicate both mantle and crustal sources
and, moreover, heterogeneity within these sources.
The San GabOn complex, the Mitu Group volcanics,
the basaltic minor intrusions, and the Allincc~pac
complex represent mantle-derived suites, whereas
the Limacpampa intrusion and the C a r a b a y a
granitoid batholith are largely products of crustal
fusion.
The subalkaline nature of the San Gaban com-
plex distinguishes it from the other mantle--derived
suites, which are of alkaline-peralkaline character.
It has been suggested (Laubacher, 1978) that it was
intruded in a compressional environment either
during, or at the close of, the "early Hercynian"
orogenic event of M6gard et al. (1971). Strikingly
similar petrologic and geotectonic relationships are
exhibited by the Proterozoic Hepburn granitoids of
the Wopmay orogen, Canada (Lalonde, 1989). In
contrast, emplacement of the other mantle-derived
magmas coincided with regional extension during
the protracted evolution of the Mitu ensialic basin.
The petrographic and chemical similarity of the
Mitu Group mafic volcanics and the younger ba-
saltic dykes (Fig. 5) suggests a common source.
Because the dykes are known to be both contem-
poraneous with and younger than the ca, 220-230
Ma granites, this observation has the important
implication that a source of basaltic magma was
accessible over a considerable period.
The crustally-derived suites may also have ori-
ginated from different protoliths. The Limacpampa
granites clearly represent fusion of a highly alu-
minous source region, probably under very reducing
conditions. In contrast, the demonstrably Triassic
batholith is predominantly less aluminous and, in
most chemical and petrographic respects, inter-
mediate between the S- and I-type granitoid facies
 Late Paleozoic--early Mesozoic magmatism in the Cordillera de Carabaya, SE Peru
of Chappell and White (1974) and the ilmenite and
magnetite series of Ishihara (1977). The Carabaya
Batholith conforms to the "I-Caledonian" granitoid
type of Pitcher (1983) with respect to its tectonic
setting and biotite-dominant mafic mineralogy, but
the peraluminous indices and high S r i a r e not
typical of such suites. The batholith displays sig-
nificant chemical variability. Differences in Sr i and
biotite chemistry are considered to reflect, in part,
primary heterogeneities in the source region (e.g.,
Strong and Hanmer, 1981). The overall chemical
and mineralogical features of the batholithic grani-
toids are tentatively interpreted as resulting from
partial melting of mixed meta-sedimentary and
meta-igneous crustal components; fusion probably
occurred under fluid-absent conditions (e.g., Viel-
zeuf and Holloway, 1988), controlled mainly by
biotite dehydration-melting, but locally to some
extent by hornblende breakdown.
The significance of the Allincc~pac peralkaline
complex remains uncertain, but it apparently indi-
cates a resumption of mantle-derived magmatism
in the Early or Middle Jurassic, approximately
coincident with the initial development of the
Central Andean Main Arc, now preserved along the
southern Peru littoral. The radical differences in
chemistry, including Sri, between this suite and the
earlier alkali basalts argue against derivation from
a common or similar mantle environment. Alterna-
tively, it is possible that the major Late Triassic
episode of crustal melting and granitoid magmatism
had involved stepwise fractional melting, p r e -
dominantly of biotite and hornblende (Presnall and
Bateman, 1973), and that a further rise in lower-
crustal temperatures in the Early Jurassic stimula-
ted melting of residual amphibole and pyroxene,
hence generating peralkaline, nepheline normative,
intermediate magmas (see also Whitney, 1988). The
approximate Sri value, 0.7042, defined by our work
would, however, be in better agreement with a
mantle source.
Interrelationships Between Mantle and Crustal
Sources in Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic
Magmatism: Local and Regional IrnpIications
The upper Paleozoic (?) and lower Mesozoic
granitoid rocks have until now been treated as
discrete igneous suites. However, the temporal and
spatial relationships suggest a long-term unifying
cause-and-effect relationship,similar to that pro-
posed for the generation of basic and felsicmagmas
in the Permian Oslo paleorift(Ramberg and Larsen,
1978). The petrology of the Ayapata (-Coasa)
granitoid suite indicates that the involvement of a
mantle component in the genesis of these suitescan-
not be excluded. W e suggest that the large granitoid
batholiths represent the products of crustal fusion
due to sub--crustalponding of basic,mantle--derived,
melts. Melting was probably effectedby elevationof
the geotherm and aided by volatiles released from
basic melts. The emplacement of mantle--derived
227
magmas over an extended period indicates that the
process that initially perturbed the mantle and
caused generation of melts was also long-lived (ca.
80 Ma). The emplacement of the Allincc~pac
alkaline-peralkalinesuite at the apparent termina-
tion of this Permian to Jurassic magmatic cycle m a y
reflect the eventual blockage by large volumes of
viscous felsic melt of the upward migration of
volatilesexpelled from the "ponded" basic magmas,
with concomitant metasomatism of the immediately
surrounding mantle. The presence of the mafic end-
member component of the essentiallybimodal mag-
matic province of southeastern Peru provides a rare
opportunity to examine the variabilityof rock types
in a province with both orogenic and anorogenic
attributes. The importance of this association is
realized when considering the large volumes ofcom-
positionally similar granites (sensu lato) that occur
in more ambiguous geological settings worldwide,
such as the Trans-Labrador Batholith, Labrador
(Kerr, 1987), the South Mountain Batholith, Nova
Scotia (McKenzie and Clarke, 1975, Clarke and
Muecke, 1985), and the anorogenic magmatic pro-
vince of central North America (Anderson and
Cullers, 1978; Bickford et al., 1981), where the field
relationships do not provide as clear a picture as in
southeastern Peru. We infer that the evidence pre-
sented here argues for a much more common crust-
mantle connection in granite petrogenesis than is
generally accepted.
The widespread emplacement of alkaline/peral-
kaline magmas in the foreland regions of s u b -
d u c t i o n - r e l a t e d arc systems has been w i d e l y
documented since the work of Kuno (1960); Munoz
and Stern (1989) report such a relationship in the
Plio-Quaternary Austral Andes. However, among
the Permian to Jurassic units considered here, only
the Allincc~pac peralkaline complex may be shown
to have been contemporaneous with major Main Arc
calc-alkaline volcanism and intrusion at this lati-
tude (e.g., Boily et al., 1984), although the Mitu
Group alkali basalts were c o n t e m p o r a r y with
restricted intrusion of granodioritic rocks of sho-
shonitic affinity on the southwestern and probably
northeastern margins of the Mitu rift zone (Clark et
al., in press), constituting an unusual areal and
temporal association of ensialic rift and contin-
ental-arc igneous suites.
The highly varied intrusive and extrusive rocks
documented here were emplaced immediately prior
to, and in the early stages of, the Andean orogenic
cycle at these latitudes. Broadly similar but less
varied magmatic suites have been documented from
the Andean basement in northern Chile (Breitkreuz
et al., 1989), where assemblages of metaluminous
and peraluminous granitoids and volcanics are
interpreted as reflecting a transition from plate con-
vergence and subduction to crustal distension over
mantle plumes along the western margin of Gond-
wana (e.g., Kay et al., 1989). However, these events
had apparently terminated by early Norian time
(ca. 220 Ma), and were thus temporally separated
228 D.J. K O N T A K , A. H. C L A R K , E. FARRAR. D. A. A R C H I B A L D , and H. B A A D S G A A R f )
f r o m t h e A n d e a n o r o g e n y proper ( M c B r i d e et al.,
1976; B r e i t k r e u z et al., 1989). I n c o n t r a s t , e m p l a c e -
ment of the Carabaya Batholith was contemporary,
at least in its later stages, with the initiation of
A n d e a n o r o g e n y i n s o u t h e r n P e r u a n d is t h e r e f o r e
i n t e r p r e t e d a s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e f i r s t m a j o r e v e n t in
the evolution of the Andean Inner Arc domain.
Aehnowlsdgements--Field studies were supported by grants to
AHC and EF from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Re-
search Council of Canada; laboratory studies by grants from
NSERC to AHC, EF, and HB. Logistical assistance in the field
was generously provided by Minsur, SA through the good offices
of Ing. Fausto Zavaleta C. We benefited greatly from the en-
couragement and advice oflng. Mario Arenas F. The manuscript
was considerably improved by the constructive comments of the
referees, Norman Snelling and Christoph BreitkretLz.
REFERENCES
Ahlfeld, F., and Branisa, L., 1960. Geologiade Bolivia. Iustituto
Boliviano de Petr61eo, La Paz, 245 p.
Anderson, J. L., and Cullers, R. L., 1978. Geochemistry and
evolution of the Wolf River batholith, a Late Precambrian rapa-
kivi massif in north Wisconsin, USA. PreearnbrianResearch 7,
287-342.
Barbarin, B., 1989. Importance des differents processus d~ybri-
dation dens lee plutous granitiques du batholite de la Sierra
Nevada, Californie. Schweizerische Minsralogische und Petro--
graphieche Mitteilungen 69,303-315.
Bickford, M, E., Sides, J. R., and Cullers, R. L., 1981. Chemical
evolution of magmas in the Proterozic terrane of the St. Fran@ois
Mountains, southeastern Missouri,l: Field, petrographic, and
major element data. Journal of Geophysical Research 86 (B11),
10865-10386.
Bolly, M., Brooks, C., and James, D. E., 1984. Geochemical char-
acteristies of the late Mesozoic Andean volcanics. In: Andean
Magmatism: Chemical and Isotopic Constraints (edited by R. S.
Harmon and B. A. Barroiro), pp. 190-202. Shiva Publishing,
Nantwich, Cheshire, UK.
Bonhomme, M. G., Audebaud, E., and Vivier, G., 1985. Ededes
K-Ar de rocas hercinicas y ne6genas de un perfll E-W en el Per0
meridional. Comunieucionss(Santiago) 35, 27-30.
Bowden, P., van Breeman, O., Hutchinson, J., and Turner, D. C.,
1976. Paleozoic and Mesozoic age trends for some ring complexes
in Niger and Nigeria. Nature 259, 297-299.
Breitkreuz, C., Bah/burg, H., Delakowit~, B., and Pichowiak, B.,
1989. Palsozoic volcanic events in the Central Andes. Journal of
South A merican Earth Sciences 2, 171-189.
Carlier, G., Grandin, G., Laubacher, G., Marocco, R., and M,~gard,
F., 1982, Present knowledge of the magmatic evolution of the
Eastern Cordillera of Peru. Earth Science Reviews 18, 253-283.
Chappell, F. W., and White, A. R.J., 1974. Two contrasting
granite types. Pacific Geology 8, 173-174.
Clark, A. H., Farrar, E., and McNutt, 1~ H., 1983. Evolution of
the Central Andean rnagnmtic arcs. EOS, Transactions of the
American Geophysical Union 64,326.
Clark, A. H., Kontak, D, J.,and Farrar, E., 1984. A comparative
study ofthe metallogeneticand geochronologicalrelationshipsin
the northern part of the Central Andean tin belt,SE Peru and
NW Bolivia. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Quadrennial IAGOD
Symposium, Tblisi, pp. 269-279. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlags-
buchhandlung, Stuttgart, West Germany.
Clark, A. H., Kontak, D. J., and Farrar, E., n.d. 'rhe San Judas
Tadeo Wi-Mo, Au) deposit: Permian lithophilemineralization in
southeastern Peru. Economic Geology, in press.
Clarke, D. B., and Halliday,A. N., 1980. Strontium isotopegeo-
logy ofthe South Mountain batholith,Nova Scotia. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 44, 1045-1058.
Clarke, D. B., and Muecke, G. K., 1985. Review of the petro-
chemistry and origin of the South Mountain Batholith and associ-
ated plutons, Nova Scotia, Canada. In: High Heat Production
(HHP) Granites, Hydrothermal Circulation and Ore Genesis, pp.
41-54. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, UK.
Cox, J., 1979. The Geologyof the Southwest Margin of the Nelson
Batholith, British Columbia. Unpublished MSc thesis, Univer-
sity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 95 p.
Dalmayrac, B., Laubacher, G., and Marocco, R., 1980, ~ g b z
des Andes Pdruviennes. ORSTOM, Travaux et Documents 122,
501 p.
Dons, J. A., and Larsen, B. T., 1978. TheOsloPalsorifl: A Review
and Guide to Excursions. Universitstaforlaget, Trondheim, Nor-
way, 199 p.
Farrar, E., Clark, A. H., Kontak, D. J., and Archibald, D. A., 1988.
Zongo-San Gabim Zone: Eocene foreland boundary ofthe Central
Andean orogen, northwest Bolivia and southeast Peru. Geology
16, 55-58.
Francis, G. A., 1956. La Geologia de la zona entre Macmmni y
Ollachea, Departamento de Puno. Bolsttn del Instituto Naeianal
de lnvestiguciones y Fomento Minero, Peru 21, 5--10.
Fryer, B. J., 1977. Rare-earth evidence in iron formations for
changing Precambrian oxidation states. Geochimiea et Cosmo-
chirnica Acta 41,361-367.
Croft, S. P., Baadsgaard, H., Muehlenbachs, K., and Scarfe, C. M.,
1982. Rb-Sr isochron ages, magmatic sTSrPeSr initial ratios, and
oxygen isotope geochemistry ofthe Proterozoic lava flows and in-
trusions of the East Arm of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Terri-
tories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19,343-356.
Halliday, A. N., Stephen, W. E., and Harmon, R. S., 1981. Isotopic
and chemical constraints on the development o f peraluminous
Caledonian and Acadian granites. Canadian Miwaralogist 19,
205-216.
Haynes, S. J., 1975. Granitoid Petrochemistry, Met~llo@eny and
Li~hospheric Plate Tectonics, AW~ama Province, Chile, Unpub-
lished PhD thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Cana-
da, 330 p.
Hine, R., Williams, I. S., Chappell, B. W., and White, A. J. R.,
1978. Contrasts between I- and S-type granitoide of the Kcakiu-
sko Batholith. Journal of the Geological Society of Austrolia 25,
219-234.
Irvine, T. N., and Baragar, W. R. A., 1971. A guide to the chemi-
cal classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Jour-
nal of Earth Sciences 8, 523-548.
Ishihara, S., 1977. The magnet/te--~ries and ilmenite-series
granitic rocks. Mining Geology(Japan) 2'/, 293-305.
 Late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic magmatism in the Cordillera de Carabaya, SE Peru
Jemmn, L. S., 1976. A New Cation Plot for Classifying Sub-
alhaline Volcanic Roche. Ontario Division of Mines, Miecel-
laneons Paper 66, 22 p.
Jin, M. S., Kim, S. Y., and Lee, J. S., 1981. Granitic magmatism
and associated mineralization in the Gyeongsang Basin, Korea.
Mining Geology (Japan) 31,261-280.
Johan, Z., Le Bel, L., and McMillan, W. J., 1980. Evolution g6o-
logiqus et p~trologique des complexes granitoldes fertiles. In:
Min~mliention Lice aux Graniloidce (edited by Z. Johan.). M~-
moire du Bureau de Recherches G4mlogiques et Mini~ree, France
8, 21-70.
Kay, R. W., and G u t , P. W., 1973. The rare earth content and
origin ofalkali-rich basalts. Journal of Geology 81,653-682.
Kay, S. M., Ramos, V. A., Mp6dozis, C., and Sruoga, P., 1989.
Late Paloosoie to Jurassic silicie magmatism at the Gondwana
margin: Analogy to the Middle Protorozoic in North America?
Geology 17, p. 324-328.
Kerr, A , 1987. The Trans-Labrador Batholith in eastern Labra-
dor: Post-orogenic magmatism related to a co. 1650 Ma event
along the southern margin of the Canadian Shield. Geological
Association of Canada Program with Abstracts 12, 60.
Klinck, B. A., Ellison, R. A., and Hawkins, M. P. (compilers),
1986. The Geology of the Cordillera Occidental and Altiplano
West of Labs T'gicaca, Southern Peru. British Geological Survey
and Institute Geol6gico, Minero y Metahlrgico, Lima, Peru, 353 p.
Kontak, D. J., 1985. The Magmatic and Metallogenetic Evolution
of a Craton--Orogen Interface: The Cordillera de Carabaya, Cen-
tral Andes, SE Peru. Unpublished PhD thesis, Queen's Univer-
sity, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 714 p.
Kontak, D. J., Clark, A. H., and Farrar, E., 1984a. The magmatic
evolution ofthe Cordillera Oriental, southeastern Peru. In: An-
dean Magmatism: Chemical and Isotopic Constraints (edited by
B. A. Barreiro and R. A. Harmon), pp. 203-219. Shiva Publish-
ing, Nantwich, Cheshire, UK.
Kontak, D. J., Clark, A. H., and Farrar, E., 1984b. The influences
of fluid and rock compositions, and tectono-thermal processes on
the AI-Si distribution in alkali feldspars in granitoid rocks, SE
Peru. Bulletin de Min~ralngie 107,387-400.
Kontak, D. J., Clark, A. H., and Farrar, E., 1984c. Radiometric
evidence for a major Paleogene structural break, Central Andean
Eastern Cordillera. Geological Society of America Abstracts with
Programs 16, 546.
Kontak, D. J., Clark, A. H., Parrar, E., and Strong, D. F., 1985.
The rift-associated Permo-Triassic magmatism of the Eastern
Cordillera: A precursor to the Andean orogeny. In: Magmatism
at a Plate Edge: The Peruvian Andes (edited by W. S. Pitcher, M.
P. Athertun, E. J. Cobbing, and R. D. Beckinsale), pp. 36-44.
Blackie, Glasgow, UK.
Kontak, D. J., Farrar, E., Clark, A. H., and Archibald, D. A., 1990.
Eocene tectono-thermal rejuvenation of an upper Paleosoic-lower
Mesozoic terrain in the Cordillera de Carabaya, Puno, SE Peru,
revealed by K-At and 4OArPSArdating. Journal of South A meri-
can Earth Sciences 3 (4), 231-246.
Kuno, H., 1960. High-alumina basalt. Journal of Petrology 1,
121-145.
Lalonde, A. E., 1989. Hepburn intrusive suite: Peraluminous
plutonism within a closing back-arc basin, Wopmay orogen, Can-
ada. Geology 17,261-264.
229
Lancelot, J. R., Laubacher, G., Marocco, R., and Renaud, U., 1978.
U/Pb radiochronology of two granitic plutons from the Eastern
Cordillera (Peru): Extent of Permian magmatic activity and con-
sequences. GeologiecheRundschau 67,236-243.
Laubacher, G., 1978. Estudio Gedlngico de la Regidn Norte del
Lago Titicoca. Institute Geologta y Miner/a, Peru, Boletln 5, 120
p.
Martinez, C., 1980. Structure et Evolution de la Chains Her-
cyni~nne et de la Chains Andine clans le Nord de la Cordill#}re dee
Andes de Bolioie. ORSTOM, Travaux et Documents 119, 351 p.
McBride, S. L., Caelles, J. C., Clark, A. H., and Farrar, E., 1976.
Paleozoic radiometric age provinces in the Andean basement,
latitudes 25-3YS. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 29, 373-
383.
McBride, S. L., Clark, A. H., Farrar, E., and Archibald, D. A.,
1987. Delimitation of a cryptic Eocene tectono-thermal domain
in the Eastern Cordillera of the Bolivian Andes through K-Ar
dating and 4OAr-SeAr stop-heating. Journal of the Geological
Society, London 144,243-255.
McBride, S. L., Robertson, R. C. R., Clark, A. H., and Farrar, E.,
1983. Magmatic and metallogenetic episodes in the northern tin
belt, Cordillera Real, Bolivia. Geologische Rundschau 72, 685-
713.
McKenzie, C. B., and Clarke, D. B., 1975. Petrology of the South
Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth
Sciences 12,1209-1218.
M~gard. F., 1978. Etude Cdolag/que des Andes du Pdrou Central.
M~moires de I'ORSTOM 86,310 p.
M6gard, F., Dalmayrac, B., Laubacher, G., Marocco, R., Martinez,
C., Paredes, J., and Tomasi, P., 1971. La Chalne hercynibnne au
P~rou et en Bolivie: Premiers r6sultats. Cahiers ORSTOM, S~rie
G~olag/que3, 5-44.
Middlemost, A. K., 1975. The basalt clan. Earth Science Reviews
11,337-364.
Miyashiro, A., 1974. Volcanic rock series in island ares and active
continental margins. AmericanJournalofSeicnce 274,321-355.
Mm~oz,J. M., B., and Stern, C. R., 1989. Alkaline magmatism in
the segment 38-39"S of the Plio-Quatornary volcanic belt of the
southern South American continental margin. Journal of Geo--
phyeicalResearch 94 (B4), 4545-4560.
Newell, N. D., Chronic, J., and Roberts, T., 1953. Upper Paleozoic
of Peru. Geological Society of America, Memoir 58, 276 p.
Noble, D. C., Vogel, T. A., Petorson, P. S., Landis, G. P., Grant, N.
K., Jezok, P. A., and McKee, E. H., 1984. Rare--element-enriched,
S-type ash-flow tufts containing phenocryste of muscovite, anda-
lusite, and sillimanite, southeastern Peru. Geology 12, 35-39.
Pitcher, W. S., 1983. Granite type and tectonic environment. In:
Mountain Building Processes (edited by K. Hstt), pp. 19-40. Aca-
demic Press, London, UK.
Pitcher, W. S., and Bussoll, M.A., 1985. Andean dyke swarms:
Andesite in synplutonic relationship with tonalite. In:
Magmatiem at a Plate Edge: The Peruvian Andes (edited by W. S.
Pitcher, M. P. Atherten, E. J. Cobbiug, and R. D. Beckinsale), pp.
102-107. Blackie, Glasgow, UK.
Powell, J. L., and Bell, K., 1974. Isotopic composition of stron-
tium in alkalic rocks. In: The Alkaline Rocks (edited by H. S~r-
ensen), pp. 412-420. John Wiley and Sons, London, UK.
230 D.J. K O N T A K , A H. C L A R K , b_i F A R R A R , D. A. A R C H I B A L D , a n d H. • A A D S G A A R I )

Presnall, D. C., and Batsman, P. C., 1973. Fusion relations in the Taylor, R. P., Strong, D. F., and Fryer, B. J., 1981. Volatiie COnr
system NaAISi3Os-CasAI2SisOs-KAISi3Os-H20 and the gener- tro] of contrasting trace element distributions in peralkaline
ation of granite magmas in the Sierra Nevada Batholith. Bulletin granitic and volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and
of the Geological SocietyofA merica 84, 3181-3202 Petrology 77,267-271

Ramberg, I. B., and Larsen, B. T., 1978. Tectonomagmatic
evolution. In: The Oslo Paieorifl(edited by J. A. Dons and B. T.
Larsen). Norges Geologiske Undersckelse, Trondheim. Bulletin
45, 55-73
Ramos, V. A., 1988. Late Proterozoic-early Paleozoic of South
America o A collisional history. Episodes 11 (3), 168-174.
Van Breeman, O., Hutchinson, J, and Bowden, P., 1975. Age and
origin of the Nigerian Mesozoic granites: A n Rb-Sr isotopic
study Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 50, 157--172
Vernon, R. H., Etheridge, M. A,, and Wall, V. J., 1988. Shape and
microstructure ofmicrograniteid enclaves: Indicators of m a g m a
mingling and flow. Lithos 22, 1-11.

S@rensen, H., 1974. Alkali syenites, feldspathoidal syenites and
related lavas. In: The Alkaline Rocks (edited by H. Sarensen), pp.
22-52. John Wiley and Sons, London, UK.
Steiger, R. H., and Jiiger, E., 1977. Subcommission on gee-
chronology: Convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and
cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36, 359-
362.
Stewart, J. W., Evernden, J. F., and Snelling, N. J., 1974. Age
determinations from Andean Peru: A reconnaissance survey.
Bulletin of the Geological Society of A merica 85, 1107-1116.
Strong, D. F., and Hanmer, S. K., 1981. The leucogranites of
southern Brittany: Origin by faulting, frictional shearing, fluid
flux and fractional melting. Canadian Mineralogist 19,163-176.
Vielzeuf, D., and Holloway, J. R., 1988. Experimental deter-
mination of the fluid-absent melting relations in the politicsys-
tem: Consequences for crustal differentiation. Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology 98, 257-276.
White, A. d. R., and Chappell, B. W., 1977. Ultrametamorphism
and granitoid genesis. Tectonophysics 43, 7-22.
Whitney, J. A., 1988. The origin of granite: The role and source of
water in the evolution of granitic magmas. Bulletin of the Geo--
logical Society of A merica 100, 1886-1897.
Wright, T. L., 1968. X-ray and optical study ofalkati feldmpar, I!:
An X-ray method of determining the composition and structural
state from measurement of 2 values for three reflections. Ameri-
can Mineralogist 53, 88-104.

Takahashi, M., Aramaki, S., and Ishihara, S., 1980. Magnetite-
series/ilmenite-series vs. I-type/S-type granitoids. In: Granitic
Magmatism and Related Mineralization (edited by S. Ishihara
and S. Takenouchi). Mining Geology (Japan), Special Issue 8,
13-28.
Wilson, A. D., 1960. The microdetermination of ferrous iron in
silicate minerals by a volumetric and colorimetric method. Ana-
lyst 85, 823-827.
Wones, D. R., and Eugster, H. P., 1965. Stability of biotite:
Experiment, theory, and application. American Mineralogist 50,
1228-1272.

Resumen--E1 dominio del Arco Interno, la manifestaci6n mas oriental de la orogenia Andina Central post-
Paleozoica en el sureste de Peru yen Bolivia occidental, comprende ana asociaci6n particularmente diversa
de rocas plutbnicas y volc~nicas, muchas de las cuales sertan mas caracteristicas de rifts eusililicos o de
cinturones orog~nicos colisionales que de un mlirgen de placa convergente de tipo andino. Marcados
contrastes petrol6gicos con el dominio del Arco Principal, que es mas homog6neo, y que subyace a l a s
provincias occidentales del orbgeno, se han mantenido desde la iniciaci6n de la orogenia Andina en el
Tri~sico tardio. Se aportan aqut dates geocronoldgicos de K-Ar y Rb-Sr y an(disis de elementos mayores y
menores de rocas lgneas representativas pre-Cret~cicas de la Cordillera de Carabaya del SE de Pertt que
permiten dilucidar la cronologia y petrog6nesis de tas etapas tempranas de la prolongada evoluci6n del Arco
Interno y sus antecedentes P~rmicos. Ntmstros estudios confirman la siguiente secuencia de eventos
magm~ticos que se superimpusieron temporalmente con las etapas iniciales de la orogenia andina:
i) Intrusi6n del complsjo gabroico a granftico San Gab~in (Corani), una suite calco-alcalina, pero con-
taminada, que intruye una extensa fLrea metam6rfica de alto grado pero de baja presi6n compuesta por
estratos paleosoicos inferiores. E1 complejo ha sido asignado al Paleozoico medio, pero su edad est~
pobremente definida. Los granitos de dos micas, marcadamente peraluminosos y foliados del plutbn de
Limacpampa, de menor tamaflo, puede haberse emplazado en el Paleozoico, pero nuestros dates de Rb-
Sr favorecen una edad Tri~sica.
ii) Erupci6n de l a v u bamilticas alcalinaa del Grupo Mitu del P6rmico inferior a 1o largo del margen NE de
an ri~ ensiAlico longitudinal, que se desarroll6 en rsepuesta a ana tectSnica extensional en el intervalo
entre las orogenias pre-Andina ("Hercinica tardia') y Andina.
iii) Emplazamiento de grades plutones graniticos (centros de Coasa, Limbani y Aricoma) con afinidades 1-
Caledonianas, a 1o largo del limits NE del ril~ Mitu durante el Tri~sico tardio (ca. 225 Ma). Los
monsogranito8 y granitos metaluminosos a levemente peraluminosos que comprenden la mayor parts
del Batolito Carabaya (t~rmino nuevo) estuvieron estrechamente asociados con diques m/ificos de com-
posicibn alcalina, similares en mucbos aspectos a los basaltos alcalnos precedentes.
iv) Desarrollo del Grupo o complejo peralcalino Allincc~pac (t~rmino nuevo); una asociacibn de lavas
jur~sico medias (e inferiores), piroclastitas y plutones, que exhiben afinidades alcalinas a peralcalinas.
Mientras qtm cada una de las asociaciones arriba mencionadas pueden ser asignadas ya sea a una fuente de
manto o cortical, es evidente, de acusrdo a los datos quimicose isotSpicos, que han estado involucrados una
variedad de ambientes de manto y corticales. Luego, las composiciones quimicas peculiares de las intru-
siones granitoides cohetAneas, tal como est~n expreaadas por ejemplo en los contenidos de los elementos
traza de roca-total y biotitas, y e n las relaciones iniciales de is6tepos de estroncio, demuestran la con-
tribuci6n de varios protolitos diferentes. La estrecha asociaci6n temporal y espacial de las aaociaciones de
mante y corticales durante el intervalo P6rmico a Jur~sico, implica una relaci6n de causa-efecto. En
particular, el Impel de la inyecci6n b~_ltica en la generacibn de grandes vol0menes de magmas graniticos
peraluminosos ~ ampliamente seportada.