Design for walking excitation

• Traditional deflection limit ∆ = L/360, produces floors

CE 248 - Behavior of plastic design with natural frequency around 5 to 8 Hz.
of steel structures
• With light weight concrete
w decrease => ∆ decrease => fn increases.
Topic: Floor Vibrations (2)
• Span increases
∆ increase => fn decreases.
Tony Yang
University of California, Berkeley

Design criteria Design criteria

• Peak acceleration for the floor vibration
a0 P0 exp ( −0.35 f n )
=
g βW

where P0, β and a0/g limit are located in Table 4.1

• Minimum floor stiffness

5.7 kips/in (=1KN/mm)

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Effective panel weight, W Beam or joist panel mode

2
B j = C j ( Ds / D j )
1/ 4
• • Lj ≤ floor width
W = ω BL 3
where Bj = effective length for the joist or beam
where B = effective length Cj = 2 for most case
ω = tributary area load = 1 joist or beam parallel to an interior edge
L = span length Ds = transformed moment of inertia for slab per
unit width (12”)
Dj = transformed moment of inertia for the T-
beam per unit width (12”)
Lj = joist span length

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1
Girder panel mode Continuity effect
2
Bg = Cg ( D j / Dg ) Lg ≤ floor width
1/ 4
• • For beam joist or girder are continuous over their span
3 and the adjacent span is greater than 0.7 of the
where Bg = effective length for the joist or beam current span, can be increased by 50% to account
Cg = 1.6 for girder support joist connecting to for the continuity effect. No continuity effect is
girder flange. added if the girder is connected to the column.
= 1.8 for girder support joist connecting to
girder web.
Dg = Ig/Lj transformed moment of inertia for
girder per unit width.
= 2Ig/Lj for edge girder
Dj = transformed moment of inertia for the T-
beam per unit width (12”)
Lg = girder span length
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Combined mode Minimum floor stiffness

∆j ∆g
• W= Wj + Wg floor width • Procedure
∆ j + ∆g ∆ j + ∆g
1. Deflection of the joist due to unit concentrated at
where ∆j and ∆g are the maximum deflection of the the middle.
joist and girder respectively. Lj3
∆oj =
48 Es I j
• If Lg < Lj , = section is effectively stiffened, where the
deflection in the girder can be reduced using 2. Effective deflection of the joist
Lg ∆ oj
∆g ' = ∆g ∆ jp =
Bj N eff
2
Lg de
4
L ⎛L ⎞
where 0.5 < <1 where N eff = 0.49 + 34.2 + ( 9e − 9 ) j − 0.00059 ⎜ j ⎟ ≥ 1
Bj S It ⎝ S ⎠
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Minimum floor stiffness Design for rhythmic excitation

• Procedure • Rhythmic activities to cause floor vibration were first
3. Deflection of the girder due to unit concentrated at recognized in 1970 National Building Code of
the middle. Canada (NBC). The code indicates that resonance
Lg 3 due to human activity can be a problem if the floor
∆ gp = frequency is less than 5 Hz.
96 Es I g
4. Total floor deflection • In 1975 NBC increase the value to 10Hz for sensitive
activities, such as dancing.
∆ p = ∆ jp + ∆ gp / 2
• A design criterion was introduced in 1985 and improved
5. Check floor stiffness in 1990.
K f = 1/ ∆ p

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2
Design for rhythmic excitation Design for rhythmic excitation
• Minimum natural frequency • Acceleration limits

k α wp
f n ≥ f n ,required = f 1 +
a0 / g wt
• Natural frequency

g
f n = 0.18
∆

where ∆ = ∆ j + ∆ g + ∆c

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Design for rhythmic excitation Design for rhythmic excitation

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Design for sensitive equipment Design for sensitive equipment

• The design criteria are expressed in terms of the • Maximum static displacement due to footfall impulse
greatest vibration velocity to which various
equipments may be exposed. X static = Fm ∆ P

• The criteria are expressed in terms of greatest velocity where Fm is located in Table 6.2
instead of greatest acceleration is because the
criterion for a given class of equipment ∆ P is deflection of the floor
corresponding to a constant value of velocity over
most of the frequency range of interest. • Maximum displacement
X max = Am X static

where Am is located in Figure 6.5

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3
Design for sensitive equipment Design for sensitive equipment
• Maximum velocity • If fn/f0 >> 0.5

Vmax = 2π f n X max ∆ P Vmax

≤
fn Uv

• If fn/f0 >> 0.5

• Since fn is inversely proportional to the square root of
Vmax = U v ∆ P / f n ∆p and U v is constant, V is proportional to ∆ P .
3/ 2

2/3
where U v is located from Table 6.2 ∆ P 2 ⎛ V2 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
∆ P1 ⎝ V1 ⎠

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Ways to remedial floor vibration

• Relocation
• Reduce mass. Hence increase floor stiffness.
• Stiffening the floor system.
• Adding damping to the floor system.
• Passive control. Tuned mass damper.
• Active control. Question?

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