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Contents
1 Geometric approach
1.1 Basic idea and motivation
1.2 Construction of Chern classes
2 The Chern class of line bundles
3 Constructions
3.1 Via the Chern–Weil theory
3.2 Via an Euler class
4 Examples
4.1 The complex tangent bundle of the Riemann sphere
4.2 Complex projective space
5 Chern polynomial
6 Computation formulae
6.1 Applications of formulae
7 Properties of Chern classes
7.1 Classical axiomatic definition
7.2 Grothendieck axiomatic approach
7.3 The top Chern class
8 Chern classes in algebraic geometry
8.1 Axiomatic description
8.2 Normal sequence
8.2.1 Quintic threefold
8.2.2 Degree d hypersurfaces
9 Proximate notions
9.1 The Chern character
9.2 Chern numbers
9.3 The Chern class in generalized cohomology theories
9.4 The Chern class in algebraic geometry
9.5 Chern classes of manifolds with structure
9.6 Chern classes on arithmetic schemes and Diophantine equations
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Geometric approach
Basic idea and motivation
Chern classes are characteristic classes. They are topological invariants associated with vector
bundles on a smooth manifold. The question of whether two ostensibly different vector bundles are
the same can be quite hard to answer. The Chern classes provide a simple test: if the Chern classes
of a pair of vector bundles do not agree, then the vector bundles are different. The converse,
however, is not true.
In topology, differential geometry, and algebraic geometry, it is often important to count how many
linearly independent sections a vector bundle has. The Chern classes offer some information about
this through, for instance, the Riemann–Roch theorem and the Atiyah–Singer index theorem.
Chern classes are also feasible to calculate in practice. In differential geometry (and some types of
algebraic geometry), the Chern classes can be expressed as polynomials in the coefficients of the
curvature form.
The original approach to Chern classes was via algebraic topology: the Chern classes arise via
homotopy theory which provides a mapping associated with V to a classifying space (an infinite
Grassmannian in this case). For any vector bundle V over a manifold M, there exists a mapping f
from M to the classifying space such that the bundle V is equal to the pullback, by f, of a universal
bundle over the classifying space, and the Chern classes of V can therefore be defined as the
pullback of the Chern classes of the universal bundle; these universal Chern classes in turn can be
explicitly written down in terms of Schubert cycles.
It can be shown that for any two maps f, g from M to the classifying space whose pullbacks are the
same bundle V, the maps must be homotopic. Therefore, the pullback by either f or g of any
universal Chern class to a cohomology class of M must be the same class. This shows that the
Chern classes of V are well-defined.
Chern's approach used differential geometry, via the curvature approach described predominantly in
this article. He showed that the earlier definition was in fact equivalent to his. The resulting theory
is known as the Chern–Weil theory.
There is also an approach of Alexander Grothendieck showing that axiomatically one need only
define the line bundle case.
Chern classes arise naturally in algebraic geometry. The generalized Chern classes in algebraic
geometry can be defined for vector bundles (or more precisely, locally free sheaves) over any
nonsingular variety. Algebro-geometric Chern classes do not require the underlying field to have
any special properties. In particular, the vector bundles need not necessarily be complex.
Regardless of the particular paradigm, the intuitive meaning of the Chern class concerns 'required
zeroes' of a section of a vector bundle: for example the theorem saying one can't comb a hairy ball
flat (hairy ball theorem). Although that is strictly speaking a question about a real vector bundle (the
"hairs" on a ball are actually copies of the real line), there are generalizations in which the hairs are
complex (see the example of the complex hairy ball theorem below), or for 1-dimensional
projective spaces over many other fields.
The first Chern class turns out to be a complete invariant with which to classify complex line
bundles, topologically speaking. That is, there is a bijection between the isomorphism classes of
line bundles over X and the elements of H2(X;Z), which associates to a line bundle its first Chern
class. Moreover, this bijection is a group homomorphism (thus an isomorphism):
In algebraic geometry, this classification of (isomorphism classes of) complex line bundles by the
first Chern class is a crude approximation to the classification of (isomorphism classes of)
holomorphic line bundles by linear equivalence classes of divisors.
For complex vector bundles of dimension greater than one, the Chern classes are not a complete
invariant.
Constructions
Via the Chern–Weil theory
Main article: Chern–Weil theory
Given a complex hermitian vector bundle V of complex rank n over a smooth manifold M, a
representative of each Chern class (also called a Chern form) ck(V) of V are given as the
coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of the curvature form Ω of V.
To say that the expression given is a representative of the Chern class indicates that 'class' here
means up to addition of an exact differential form. That is, Chern classes are cohomology classes in
the sense of de Rham cohomology. It can be shown that the cohomology classes of the Chern forms
do not depend on the choice of connection in V.
The basic observation is that a complex vector bundle comes with a canonical orientation,
ultimately because {\displaystyle GL_{n}(\mathbb {C} )}{\displaystyle GL_{n}(\mathbb {C} )} is
connected. Hence, one simply defines the top Chern class of the bundle to be its Euler class (the
Euler class of the underlying real vector bundle) and handles lower Chern classes in an inductive
fashion.
The precise construction is as follows. The idea is to do base change to get a bundle of one-less
rank. Let π: E →B be a complex vector bundle over a paracompact space B. Thinking B is
embedded into E as zero section, let {\displaystyle B'=E-B}B'=E-B and define the new vector
bundle:
{\displaystyle \cdots \to \operatorname {H} ^{k}(B;\mathbb {Z} ){\overset {\pi |_{B'}^{*}}{\
to }}\operatorname {H} ^{k}(B';\mathbb {Z} )\to \cdots ,}{\displaystyle \cdots \to \operatorname
{H} ^{k}(B;\mathbb {Z} ){\overset {\pi |_{B'}^{*}}{\to }}\operatorname {H} ^{k}(B';\mathbb
{Z} )\to \cdots ,}
we see that {\displaystyle \pi |_{B'}^{*}}\pi |_{{B'}}^{*} is an isomorphism for k < 2n − 1. Let
Examples
The complex tangent bundle of the Riemann sphere
Let {\displaystyle \mathbb {CP} ^{1}}\mathbb{CP}^1 be the Riemann sphere: 1-dimensional
complex projective space. Suppose that z is a holomorphic local coordinate for the Riemann sphere.
Let {\displaystyle V=T\mathbb {CP} ^{1}}{\displaystyle V=T\mathbb {CP} ^{1}} be the bundle
of complex tangent vectors having the form a∂/∂z at each point, where a is a complex number. We
prove the complex version of the hairy ball theorem: V has no section which is everywhere nonzero.
For this, we need the following fact: the first Chern class of a trivial bundle is zero, i.e.,
{\displaystyle c_{1}(\mathbb {CP} ^{1}\times \mathbb {C} )=0.}{\displaystyle c_{1}(\mathbb
{CP} ^{1}\times \mathbb {C} )=0.}
This is evinced by the fact that a trivial bundle always admits a flat connection.
This proves that {\displaystyle T\mathbb {CP} ^{1}}{\displaystyle T\mathbb {CP} ^{1}} is not a
trivial vector bundle.
[5] Let z0, … zn be the coordinates of {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n+1},}{\displaystyle \mathbb
{C} ^{n+1},} {\displaystyle \pi :\mathbb {C} ^{n+1}-0\to \mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}{\
displaystyle \pi :\mathbb {C} ^{n+1}-0\to \mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}} and {\displaystyle U=\
mathbb {CP} ^{n}-\{z_{0}=0\}}{\displaystyle U=\mathbb {CP} ^{n}-\{z_{0}=0\}}. Then we
have:
{\displaystyle \pi ^{*}d(z_{i}/z_{0})={z_{0}dz_{i}-z_{i}dz_{0} \over z_{0}^{2}},\,i\geq 1.}\pi
^{*}d(z_{i}/z_{0})={z_{0}dz_{i}-z_{i}dz_{0} \over z_{0}^{2}},\,i\geq 1.
In other words, the cotangent sheaf {\displaystyle \Omega _{\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}|
_{U}}{\displaystyle \Omega _{\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}|_{U}}, which is a free {\
displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{U}}{\mathcal {O}}_{U}-module with the basis {\displaystyle
d(z_{i}/z_{0})}d(z_{i}/z_{0}), fits into the exact sequence
{\displaystyle \textstyle \quad 0\to \Omega _{\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}|_{U}{\overset
{dz_{i}\mapsto e_{i}}{\to }}\oplus _{1}^{n+1}{\mathcal {O}}(-1)|_{U}{\overset {e_{i}\mapsto
z_{i}}{\to }}{\mathcal {O}}_{U}\to 0,\,i\geq 0,}{\displaystyle \textstyle \quad 0\to \Omega _{\
mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}|_{U}{\overset {dz_{i}\mapsto e_{i}}{\to }}\oplus _{1}^{n+1}{\
mathcal {O}}(-1)|_{U}{\overset {e_{i}\mapsto z_{i}}{\to }}{\mathcal {O}}_{U}\to 0,\,i\geq 0,}
where {\displaystyle e_{i}}e_{i} are the basis of the middle term. The same sequence is clearly
then exact on the whole projective space and the dual of it is the aforementioned sequence.
Let L be a line in {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n+1}}{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n+1}} that
passes through the origin. It is an elementary geometry to see that the complex tangent space to {\
displaystyle \mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}} at the
point L is naturally the set of linear maps from L to its complement. Thus, the tangent bundle {\
displaystyle T\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}{\displaystyle T\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}} can
be identified with the hom bundle
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} ({\mathcal {O}}(-1),\eta )}\operatorname {Hom}({\mathcal
{O}}(-1),\eta )
where η is the vector bundle such that {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(-1)\oplus \eta ={\mathcal
{O}}^{\oplus (n+1)}}{\mathcal {O}}(-1)\oplus \eta ={\mathcal {O}}^{{\oplus (n+1)}}. It
follows:
{\displaystyle T\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}\oplus {\mathcal {O}}=\operatorname {Hom} ({\
mathcal {O}}(-1),\eta )\oplus \operatorname {Hom} ({\mathcal {O}}(-1),{\mathcal {O}}(-1))={\
mathcal {O}}(1)^{\oplus (n+1)}}{\displaystyle T\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}\oplus {\mathcal
{O}}=\operatorname {Hom} ({\mathcal {O}}(-1),\eta )\oplus \operatorname {Hom} ({\mathcal
{O}}(-1),{\mathcal {O}}(-1))={\mathcal {O}}(1)^{\oplus (n+1)}}.
By the additivity of total Chern class c = 1 + c1 + c2 + … (i.e., the Whitney sum formula),
{\displaystyle c(\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}){\overset {\mathrm {def} }{=}}c(T\mathbb {CP}
^{n})=c({\mathcal {O}}_{\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}(1))^{n+1}=(1+a)^{n+1}}{\
displaystyle c(\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}){\overset {\mathrm {def} }{=}}c(T\mathbb {CP}
^{n})=c({\mathcal {O}}_{\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}(1))^{n+1}=(1+a)^{n+1}},
where a is the canonical generator of the cohomology group {\displaystyle H^{2}(\mathbb {C} \
mathbb {P} ^{n},\mathbb {Z} )}{\displaystyle H^{2}(\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n},\mathbb {Z}
)}; i.e., the negative of the first Chern class of the tautological line bundle {\displaystyle {\mathcal
{O}}_{\mathbb {C} \mathbb {P} ^{n}}(-1)}{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{\mathbb {C} \mathbb
{P} ^{n}}(-1)} (note: {\displaystyle c_{1}(E^{*})=-c_{1}(E)}c_{1}(E^{*})=-c_{1}(E) when E*
is the dual of E.) In particular, for any k ≥ 0,
"One can evaluate any symmetric polynomial f at a complex vector bundle E by writing f as a
polynomial in σk and then replacing σk by ck(E)."
Example: We have polynomials sk
For the dual bundle {\displaystyle E^{*}}E^{*} of {\displaystyle E}E, {\displaystyle c_{i}
(E^{*})=(-1)^{i}c_{i}(E)}{\displaystyle c_{i}(E^{*})=(-1)^{i}c_{i}(E)}.[7]
If L is a line bundle, then[8][9]
{\displaystyle c_{t}(E\otimes L)=\sum _{i=0}^{r}c_{i}(E)c_{t}(L)^{r-i}t^{i}}{\displaystyle c_{t}
(E\otimes L)=\sum _{i=0}^{r}c_{i}(E)c_{t}(L)^{r-i}t^{i}}
and so {\displaystyle c_{i}(E\otimes L),i=1,2,\dots ,r}{\displaystyle c_{i}(E\otimes L),i=1,2,\
dots ,r} are
{\displaystyle c_{1}(E)+rc_{1}(L),\dots ,\sum _{j=0}^{i}{\binom {r-i+j}{j}}c_{i-j}(E)c_{1}
(L)^{j},\dots ,\sum _{j=0}^{r}c_{r-j}(E)c_{1}(L)^{j}.}{\displaystyle c_{1}(E)+rc_{1}(L),\dots ,\
sum _{j=0}^{i}{\binom {r-i+j}{j}}c_{i-j}(E)c_{1}(L)^{j},\dots ,\sum _{j=0}^{r}c_{r-j}(E)c_{1}
(L)^{j}.}
For the Chern roots {\displaystyle \alpha _{1},\dots ,\alpha _{r}}{\displaystyle \alpha _{1},\dots ,\
alpha _{r}} of {\displaystyle E}E,[10]
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c_{t}(\operatorname {Sym} ^{p}E)&=\prod _{i_{1}\leq \cdots \leq
i_{p}}(1+(\alpha _{i_{1}}+\cdots +\alpha _{i_{p}})t),\\c_{t}(\wedge ^{p}E)&=\prod _{i_{1}<\
cdots <i_{p}}(1+(\alpha _{i_{1}}+\cdots +\alpha _{i_{p}})t).\end{aligned}}}{\displaystyle {\
begin{aligned}c_{t}(\operatorname {Sym} ^{p}E)&=\prod _{i_{1}\leq \cdots \leq i_{p}}(1+(\
alpha _{i_{1}}+\cdots +\alpha _{i_{p}})t),\\c_{t}(\wedge ^{p}E)&=\prod _{i_{1}<\cdots <i_{p}}
(1+(\alpha _{i_{1}}+\cdots +\alpha _{i_{p}})t).\end{aligned}}}
In particular, {\displaystyle c_{1}(\wedge ^{r}E)=c_{1}(E).}{\displaystyle c_{1}(\wedge
^{r}E)=c_{1}(E).}
For example,[11] for {\displaystyle c_{i}=c_{i}(E)}{\displaystyle c_{i}=c_{i}(E)},
when {\displaystyle r=2}r=2, {\displaystyle c(\operatorname {Sym}
^{2}E)=1+3c_{1}+2c_{1}^{2}+4c_{2}+4c_{1}c_{2},}{\displaystyle c(\operatorname {Sym}
^{2}E)=1+3c_{1}+2c_{1}^{2}+4c_{2}+4c_{1}c_{2},}
when {\displaystyle r=3}{\displaystyle r=3}, {\displaystyle c(\operatorname {Sym}
^{2}E)=1+4c_{1}+5c_{1}^{2}+5c_{2}+2c_{1}^{3}+11c_{1}c_{2}+7c_{3}.}{\displaystyle c(\
operatorname {Sym}
^{2}E)=1+4c_{1}+5c_{1}^{2}+5c_{2}+2c_{1}^{3}+11c_{1}c_{2}+7c_{3}.}
(cf. Segre class#Example 2.)
Applications of formulae
We can use these abstract properties to compute the rest of the chern classes of line bundles on {\
displaystyle \mathbb {CP} ^{1}}\mathbb{CP}^1. Recall that {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(-
1)^{*}\cong {\mathcal {O}}(1)}{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(-1)^{*}\cong {\mathcal {O}}(1)}
showing {\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal {O}}(1))=1\in H^{2}(\mathbb {CP} ^{1};\mathbb {Z} )}
{\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal {O}}(1))=1\in H^{2}(\mathbb {CP} ^{1};\mathbb {Z} )}. Then
using tensor powers, we can relate them to the chern classes of {\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal
{O}}(n))=n}{\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal {O}}(n))=n} for any integer.
Axiom 2. Naturality: If {\displaystyle f:Y\to X}f : Y \to X is continuous and f*E is the vector
bundle pullback of E, then {\displaystyle c_{k}(f^{*}E)=f^{*}c_{k}(E)}c_{k}
(f^{*}E)=f^{*}c_{k}(E).
Axiom 3. Whitney sum formula: If {\displaystyle F\to X}F\to X is another complex vector bundle,
then the Chern classes of the direct sum {\displaystyle E\oplus F}E\oplus F are given by
Namely, introducing the projectivization {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (E)}{\displaystyle \mathbb {P}
(E)} of the rank n complex vector bundle E → B as the fiber bundle on B whose fiber at any point
{\displaystyle b\in B}b\in B is the projective space of the fiber Eb. The total space of this bundle {\
displaystyle \mathbb {P} (E)}{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (E)} is equipped with its tautological
complex line bundle, that we denote {\displaystyle \tau }\tau , and the first Chern class
The classes
In particular, one may define the Chern classes of E in the sense of Grothendieck, denoted {\
displaystyle c_{1}(E),\ldots c_{n}(E)}{\displaystyle c_{1}(E),\ldots c_{n}(E)} by expanding this
way the class {\displaystyle -a^{n}}-a^n, with the relation:
If n is the complex rank of V, then {\displaystyle c_{k}(V)=0}c_k(V) = 0 for all k > n. Thus the
total Chern class terminates.
The top Chern class of V (meaning {\displaystyle c_{n}(V)}c_n(V), where n is the rank of V) is
always equal to the Euler class of the underlying real vector bundle.
Chern classes in algebraic geometry
Axiomatic description
There is another construction of Chern classes which take values in the algebrogeometric analogue
of the cohomology ring, the Chow ring. It can be shown that there is a unique theory of Chern
classes such that if you are given an algebraic vector bundle {\displaystyle E\to X}E \to X over a
quasi-projective variety there are a sequence of classes {\displaystyle c_{i}(E)\in A^{i}(X)}{\
displaystyle c_{i}(E)\in A^{i}(X)} such that
{\displaystyle c_{0}(E)=1}c_{0}(E)=1
For an invertible sheaf {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}(D)}{\mathcal {O}}_{X}(D) (so that {\
displaystyle D}D is a Cartier divisor), {\displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal {O}}_{X}(D))=[D]}{\
displaystyle c_{1}({\mathcal {O}}_{X}(D))=[D]}
Given an exact sequence of vector bundles {\displaystyle 0\to E'\to E\to E''\to 0}{\displaystyle 0\to
E'\to E\to E''\to 0} the Whitney sum formula holds: {\displaystyle c(E)=c(E')c(E'')}{\displaystyle
c(E)=c(E')c(E'')}
{\displaystyle c_{i}(E)=0}c_i(E) = 0 for {\displaystyle i>{\text{rank}}(E)}{\displaystyle i>{\
text{rank}}(E)}
The map {\displaystyle E\mapsto c(E)}{\displaystyle E\mapsto c(E)} extends to a ring morphism {\
displaystyle c:K_{0}(X)\to A^{\bullet }(X)}{\displaystyle c:K_{0}(X)\to A^{\bullet }(X)}
Normal sequence
Computing the characteristic classes for projective space forms the basis for many characteristic
class computations since for any smooth projective subvariety {\displaystyle X\subset \mathbb {P}
^{n}}{\displaystyle X\subset \mathbb {P} ^{n}} there is the short exact sequence
Degree d hypersurfaces
If {\displaystyle X\subset \mathbb {P} ^{3}}{\displaystyle X\subset \mathbb {P} ^{3}} is a degree
{\displaystyle d}d smooth hypersurface, we have the short exact sequence
Giving the total chern class. In particular, we can find {\displaystyle X}X is a spin 4-manifold if {\
displaystyle 4-d}{\displaystyle 4-d} is even, so every smooth hypersurface of degree {\displaystyle
2k}2k is a spin manifold.
Proximate notions
The Chern character
Chern classes can be used to construct a homomorphism of rings from the topological K-theory of a
space to (the completion of) its rational cohomology. For a line bundle L, the Chern character ch is
defined by
If a connection is used to define the Chern classes when the base is a manifold (i.e., the Chern–Weil
theory), then the explicit form of the Chern character is
The Chern character is useful in part because it facilitates the computation of the Chern class of a
tensor product. Specifically, it obeys the following identities:
Chern numbers
If we work on an oriented manifold of dimension {\displaystyle 2n}2n, then any product of Chern
classes of total degree {\displaystyle 2n}2n (i.e., the sum of indices of the Chern classes in the
product should be {\displaystyle n}n) can be paired with the orientation homology class (or
"integrated over the manifold") to give an integer, a Chern number of the vector bundle. For
example, if the manifold has dimension 6, there are three linearly independent Chern numbers,
given by {\displaystyle c_{1}^{3},}{\displaystyle c_{1}^{3},} {\displaystyle c_{1}c_{2}}{\
displaystyle c_{1}c_{2}}, and {\displaystyle c_{3}}c_{3}. In general, if the manifold has
dimension {\displaystyle 2n}2n, the number of possible independent Chern numbers is the number
of partitions of {\displaystyle n}n.
The Chern numbers of the tangent bundle of a complex (or almost complex) manifold are called the
Chern numbers of the manifold, and are important invariants.
For complex varieties the Chern classes can take values in ordinary cohomology, as above.
For varieties over general fields, the Chern classes can take values in cohomology theories such as
etale cohomology or l-adic cohomology.
For varieties V over general fields the Chern classes can also take values in homomorphisms of
Chow groups CH(V): for example, the first Chern class of a line bundle over a variety V is a
homomorphism from CH(V) to CH(V) reducing degrees by 1. This corresponds to the fact that the
Chow groups are a sort of analog of homology groups, and elements of cohomology groups can be
thought of as homomorphisms of homology groups using the cap product.
Chern classes of manifolds with structure
The theory of Chern classes gives rise to cobordism invariants for almost complex manifolds.
If M is an almost complex manifold, then its tangent bundle is a complex vector bundle. The Chern
classes of M are thus defined to be the Chern classes of its tangent bundle. If M is also compact and
of dimension 2d, then each monomial of total degree 2d in the Chern classes can be paired with the
fundamental class of M, giving an integer, a Chern number of M. If M′ is another almost complex
manifold of the same dimension, then it is cobordant to M if and only if the Chern numbers of M′
coincide with those of M.
The theory also extends to real symplectic vector bundles, by the intermediation of compatible
almost complex structures. In particular, symplectic manifolds have a well-defined Chern class.
See also
Pontryagin class
Stiefel–Whitney class
Euler class
Segre class
Schubert calculus
Quantum Hall effect
Localized Chern class
Notes
Tu, Raoul Bott ; Loring W. (1995). Differential forms in algebraic topology (Corr. 3. print. ed.).
New York [u.a.]: Springer. p. 267ff. ISBN 3-540-90613-4.
Proposition 3.10. in Hatcher's Vector Bundles and K-theory
Editorial note: Our notation differs from Milnor−Stasheff, but seems more natural.
The sequence is sometimes called the Euler sequence.
Harsthorne, Ch. II. Theorem 8.13.
In a ring-theoretic term, there is an isomorphism of graded rings:
{\displaystyle H^{2*}(M,\mathbb {Z} )\to \oplus _{k}^{\infty }\eta (H^{2*}(M,\mathbb {Z} ))
[t],x\mapsto xt^{|x|/2}} {\displaystyle H^{2*}(M,\mathbb {Z} )\to \oplus _{k}^{\infty }\eta
(H^{2*}(M,\mathbb {Z} ))[t],x\mapsto xt^{|x|/2}}
where the left is the cohomology ring of even terms, η is a ring homomorphism that disregards
grading and x is homogeneous and has degree |x|.
Fulton, Remark 3.2.3. (a)
Fulton, Remark 3.2.3. (b)
Fulton, Example 3.2.2.
Fulton, Remark 3.2.3. (c)
Use, for example, WolframAlpha to expand the polynomial and then use the fact {\displaystyle
c_{i}} c_{i} are elementary symmetric polynomials in {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}} \alpha _{i}'s.
(See also #Chern polynomial.) Observe that when V is a sum of line bundles, the Chern classes of
V can be expressed as elementary symmetric polynomials in the {\displaystyle x_{i}} x_{i}, {\
displaystyle c_{i}(V)=e_{i}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}).} {\displaystyle c_{i}(V)=e_{i}(x_{1},\
ldots ,x_{n}).} In particular, on the one hand
{\displaystyle c(V):=\sum _{i=0}^{n}c_{i}(V),} c(V) := \sum_{i=0}^n c_i(V),
while on the other hand
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c(V)&=c(L_{1}\oplus \cdots \oplus L_{n})\\&=\prod
_{i=1}^{n}c(L_{i})\\&=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(1+x_{i})\\&=\sum _{i=0}^{n}e_{i}(x_{1},\
ldots ,x_{n})\end{aligned}}} {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c(V)&=c(L_{1}\oplus \cdots \oplus
L_{n})\\&=\prod _{i=1}^{n}c(L_{i})\\&=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(1+x_{i})\\&=\sum _{i=0}^{n}e_{i}
(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})\end{aligned}}}
Consequently, Newton's identities may be used to reexpress the power sums in ch(V) above solely
in terms of the Chern classes of V, giving the claimed formula.
References
Chern, Shiing-Shen (1946), "Characteristic classes of Hermitian Manifolds", Annals of
Mathematics, Second Series, The Annals of Mathematics, Vol. 47, No. 1, 47 (1): 85–121,
doi:10.2307/1969037, ISSN 0003-486X, JSTOR 1969037
Grothendieck, Alexander (1958), "La théorie des classes de Chern", Bulletin de la Société
Mathématique de France, 86: 137–154, ISSN 0037-9484, MR 0116023
Jost, Jürgen (2005), Riemannian Geometry and Geometric Analysis (4th ed.), Berlin, New York:
Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-25907-7 (Provides a very short, introductory review of Chern
classes).
May, J. Peter (1999), A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology, University of Chicago Press
Milnor, John Willard; Stasheff, James D. (1974), Characteristic classes, Annals of Mathematics
Studies, 76, Princeton University Press; University of Tokyo Press, ISBN 978-0-691-08122-9
Rubei, Elena (2014), Algebraic Geometry, a concise dictionary, Berlin/Boston: Walter De Gruyter,
ISBN 978-3-11-031622-3
External links
Vector Bundles & K-Theory – A downloadable book-in-progress by Allen Hatcher. Contains a
chapter about characteristic classes.
Dieter Kotschick, Chern numbers of algebraic varieties
Categories: Characteristic classesChinese mathematical discoveries
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