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Metales y Aleaciones No Ferrosas PDF
Metales y Aleaciones No Ferrosas PDF
Copper ores are found in many different parts of the world. Approximately half the
commercial copper ore supply is made up of chalcocite (Cu2S), with chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
accounting for an additional 25%. A high-temperature pyrometallurgical process is used
to purify and concentrate the copper. The resultant liquid, called a copper matte, is blown
with air (much like steel) to oxidize iron in the system. When most of the iron has been
removed, the so-called blister copper is decanted and transferred to a refining furnace for
final processing.
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Copper is one of the few metals with significant commercial uses in a nonalloyed form.
Copper is highly conductive (second only to pure silver among metals), corrosion
resistant, and formable, with moderate density (8.94 g/cm3), making it desirable for use
in electronic wires and other construction applications. Copper cookware is highly prized
because of its excellent and uniform heat conduction, but pure copper can become
dangerous in contact with food, so almost all commercial copper cookware is lined with
stainless steel or tin.
| Low-Alloy Coppers |
Solid solutions containing at least 95% copper.
Often small quantities of other metals are added to copper to increase its strength or
hardness. These low-alloy coppers contain at least 95% copper and try to minimize the
loss of conductivity while improving mechanical properties. Cadmium is a common
additive in low-alloy coppers. The addition of 1% cadmium will significantly enhance
the strength of the metal while sacrificing only 5% of conductivity.
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➢ Below 35% zinc, the metal exists as a single phase, with zinc atoms in a solid
solution with an -copper lattice (α). Brasses in this range are strong and ductile and
can be cold-worked readily. Increasing the zinc content increases the strength of the
metal but decreases its corrosion resistance.
➢ Above 35% zinc, a BCC -phase dominates (β). If hot metal is cooled rapidly, the –phase
β remains in place throughout the entire structure. At slower cooling rates, the –phase
α precipitates out at grain boundaries, resulting in –grains β surrounded by - α
precipitate. This microstructure, shown in Figure 4-27, is called the Widmanstätten
structure, named after Count Alois von Beckh Widmanstatten, who discovered the
structure in a meteorite in 1908.
➢ Lead (up to 4%) often is added to brasses to enhance machinability and to fill pore
spaces in the metal. Lead is essentially insoluble in copper and precipitates at the
grain boundaries. As a result, the lead serves as a lubricant during machining.
➢ Brasses are lustrous, corrosion resistant, and easily cast, making them ideal for
decorative figures and architectural trim. Cast brasses also find use in plumbing
fixtures, low-pressure valves, bearings, and gears.
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➢ Bronze finds application in engine parts, bearings, bell making, and artistic
sculptures. Bronze is especially well suited for casting in molds. When the molten
metal is added to the mold, the metal expands to fill the entire volume. During cooling,
the metal shrinks slightly, making it easy to remove but retaining the characteristic
shape of the mold.
➢ Bronzes often include other elements, added in small quantities to improve specific
properties. The addition of 1% to 3% silicon makes the bronze harder to cast but
significantly improves its chemical resistance. Silicon bronzes are commonly used in
chemical containers. Often up to 10% lead is added to bronze to soften the metal,
making it easier to shape and enhancing its ability to hold a cutting edge. These lead
bronzes are used often in artistic casting but are less strong and more brittle than
normal bronze and are less useful for tools. Antimony frequently is added to bronze
used for tools because it hardens the material and improves its ability to hold a
cutting edge.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=420&v=5NYl_qmwhHg
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Aluminio-cobre
✓ Aumenta la colabilidad.
✓ Disminuye la resistencia a la corrosión.
✓ Permite aumentar la resistencia mecánica y la
dureza de la aleación mediante tratamientos
térmicos de solubilización, temple y recocido.
Aleaciones de aluminio-silicio.
Estas aleaciones siguen en importancia a las del aluminio-cobre. El porcentaje de silicio
suele variar del 5 al 20%. En la Figura, se representa el diagrama de fases Al-Si, que es
muy sencillo, pues no forma más que una solución sólida α de silicio en aluminio y una
solución sólida β de aluminio en silicio, aunque algunos autores consideran la fase β
como silicio elemental. Y en este caso la eutéctica estaría formada por α + Si.
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Aleaciones de aluminio-cinc
En estas aleaciones figura el cinc con un porcentaje máximo del 20%. En la Figura,
queda representado el diagrama Al-Zn, en el que están presentes la solución sólida α de
cinc en aluminio, la solución sólida β de aluminio en cinc, que algunos autores
identifican con cinc elemental, y la solución sólida intermedia. Como no se forman
compuestos químicos no puede aplicarse a estas aleaciones el temple de precipitación. Las
aleaciones de cinc son más baratas que las de cobre a igualdad de propiedades
mecánicas, pero menos resistentes a la corrosión y más pesadas. Comúnmente son
denominadas Zincal.
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Aleaciones de aluminio-magnesio
Estas aleaciones contienen magnesio en proporciones inferiores al 10% de Mg. En
general, el magnesio va asociado a otros elementos como el cobre, silicio, cinc, etc, es
decir, formando aleaciones ternarias, en las que el magnesio figura con proporciones del
0,1 al 1%.
✓ En la Figura, se representa el
diagrama aluminio-magnesio en
que están presentes las fases α
(solución sólida de magnesio en
aluminio), y la fase β (aluminiuro
de magnesio)(Al3Mg2, o según otros
autores, Al8Mg5).
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Aleaciones de aluminio-manganeso
El manganeso se encuentra en la mayor parte de las aleaciones de aluminio ternarias y
cuaternarias. Su solubilidad en el aluminio pasa del 0,35% a 500ºC a la temperatura
eutéctica, que es 658,5ºC, como podemos observar en el diagrama de fases de Al-Mn de la
Figura.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=CGDV_v-aiRU 16
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Aleaciones de níquel
El níquel se utiliza extensamente en los aceros y las mejoras en las propiedades que les
confiere. El metal puro presenta una resistencia excelente a la corrosión en medio básico y
frente a la mayoría de los ácidos por lo que es muy utilizado en plantas de ingeniería
química y en la industria alimentaria. Para abaratar los costes se suele depositar una
capa de níquel (generalmente una electrodeposición) para evitar la corrosión.
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Hay muchas aleaciones de Ni como elemento principal vamos a destacar las siguientes
aleaciones de uso industrial generalizado.
• Monel es una aleación monofásica de composición: 68% Ni, 30% Cu, 2% Fe. La
resistencia a la corrosión es extraordinariamente buena y se utiliza entre otras
aplicaciones para turbinas de gases.
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