Chapter 1

THE RESAERCH PROBLEM

I. INTRODUCTION

Tourism especially marine and coastal tourism is one the fastest growing
areas within the world's largest industry. Yet despite increased awareness of the
economic and environmental significance of tourism, it is only in recent years,
scientific researchers have emerged (Hall, 2001).

About 4 to 5 hours away from Manila is Puerto Galera. It is a string of

beaches located on the northwest side Mindoro Island. Composed of Coco
Beach, White Beach, Sabang Beach, Big & Small Lalaguna&Tamaraw Beach.
Puerto Galera is a haven for Filipinos & Foreigners alike. White Beach is the
longest and widest beach in Puerto Galera.

White Beach, Puerto Galera is one of the famous tourist destination in

Oriental Mindoro, Puerto Galera is noted for its beautiful bays, scenic beauty,
and irregular shorelines rimmed with dazzling white beaches, inland bays and
coves which are perfect sites for diving, surfing and snorkeling, and terrific
natural beauty is considered one perfect tourist destination not only in the country
but in the whole wide world. There are 37 world class dive sites in the
municipality that are abundant with fields of corals and rare species of fishes.

Puerto Galera, advertised as one of the world’s best beaches, is in danger

of turning into an environmental catastrophe due to the spotty enforcement of
sanitation and wastewater rules a problem further compounded by the island’s

1
incomplete sewerage and drainage system, As many as 50,000 tourists are
estimated to have descended on Puerto Galera during the Labor Day and . Last
year it was over 30,000, with the majority of the visitors gathering to the 3-
kilometer sliver of coastline known as White Beach of the island.

A beach crowded with people, chairs, umbrellas and activities is fine for
some visitors, but not all. The main road is narrow and jammed with traffic.
Puerto Galera has a single artery road down the middle that serves the entire
island and its huge volumes of traffic. It's ugly, hot and often jammed with Jeep,
Buses, SUVs and tricycle traffic. The concrete jungle is taking over

The entire area of land between White Beach and the main road is almost
completely covered in concrete buildings, Hotels, and others establishments with
just narrow lanes giving access to the beach. It's both over-crowded and quite
ugly. The seafood is not so fresh Many seafood displays are set out by the beach
walkway each evening, but the fish and other creatures from the sea are often
seen to be days old. Most other Philippine islands serve it fresher than here.
Puerto Galera has so many visitors the local seas cannot provide for them.
However, there is also live seafood in the market in the alleys behind White
Beach.

Construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads to

increased sewage pollution. Wastewater pollutes seas and lakes surrounding
tourist attractions, damaging the plants and wildlife. Sewage runoff causes
serious damage to coral reefs because it contains lots of nutrients and it
stimulates the growth of algae, which cover the filter-feeding corals, hindering
their ability to survive. Changes in salinity and transparency can have wide-

2
ranging impacts on coastal environments. And sewage pollution can threaten the
health of humans and animals

Water, and especially fresh water, is one of the most critical natural
resources. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels,
swimming pools, and personal use of water by tourists. This can result in water
shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a greater
volume of waste water.

Important land resources include minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests,
wetland and wildlife. Increased construction of tourism and recreational facilities
has increased the pressure on these resources and on scenic landscapes. Direct
impact on natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable, in the provision
of tourist facilities can be caused by the use of land for accommodation and other
infrastructure provision, and the use of building materials. Forests often suffer
negative impacts of tourism in the form of deforestation caused by fuel wood
collection and land clearing. For example, one trekking tourist in Nepal - and area
already suffering the effects of deforestation - can use four to five kilograms of
wood a day.

Noise pollution from cars, jeeps and buses, as well as recreational

vehicles such as snowmobiles and jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of
modern life. In addition to causing annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for
its humans, it causes distress to wildlife, especially in sensitive areas. For
instance, noise generated by snowmobiles can cause animals to alter their
natural activity patterns.

3
 . In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities, like White Beach
Puerto Galera and appealing natural attractions, waste disposal is a serious
problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural
environment, rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. With the arrival of summer and
the coming Holy Week holidays, expect the sanitation problems and water quality
of Puerto Galera to get from bad to worse. Clearly, the massive influx of tourists
is putting immense pressure on the island’s inadequate sewerage infrastructure.

We choose this study to save helping the environment, specially the pride
and the number one tourist attraction in Oriental Mindoro. White Beach Puerto
Galera. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many
natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and
lead to numerous negative impacts.

II. Conceptual Framework

IV DV
Environmental Impacts of Tourism. Tourism Impacts in Terms of:

a) Solid Waste Management a) Health and Sanitation

b) Water Shortage b) Zoning and land use
c) Land and Natural resources c) Natural Resources
pollution d) Air and Noise
d) Noise and Air Pollution
e) Sewage System

Proposed

Strategic Management Plan

4
 The above framework evaluated Environmental Impacts of Tourism, like
Solid Waste management, Water Shortage, land and natural resources, and also
Noise and Air pollution and the Sewage system.

The Environmental Impacts of tourism had moreover effects the Health

and Sanitation, Zoning and land use. Plus the natural resources and Air and
Noise atmosphere.

III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Emerging research Issues In order to analyze the impacts of Tourism on

the Environment as a necessary prerequisite for tourism planning and policy
decisions, following major issues need to be addressed Identification and
analyses of various impacts of Tourism on environment in the target area.

1. Assessment of the contribution of tourism in the observed or

expected environmental modification in the destination area.
2. Estimation of the demand for resources and the amounts of
residuals disposed to the regional environment.
3. Analyses of the environmental impacts of tourism on the local
communities.

IV. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Strategic management theory (Barney, J. B. and Hesterly, W. S. 2010 ).

Strategic management in societies implies a continuous inquiry into, and
directing of the role and functioning of the organization concerned, something
which can only be pursued effectively on the basis of an understanding of the
organization's contexts and through a multi-level dialogue with its constituents.

5
To ensure positive results, the organization in question has to be managed
according to the premises and principles that are characteristic of its nature and
that are based on its contextual roots noted that strategic management has
being redefined to include an understanding of cognitive, social, cultural and
economic features. Hence, the theoretical focus has evolved from planning and
adaptation to embrace a greater emphasis on the organizational resource
situation and other contextually dependent components. Strategic management
may also include human based perspectives on the strategic capacity of an
organization and self-improvement. Therefore, it was a great form in creating a
strategic plan in helping reduce the negative impacts of tourism in the
environment..

V. ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

In conducting this study the following assumptions were made. It was assumed
that:

1. The study will help the White Beach Puerto Galera, to eliminate the negative
impacts of tourism in the Environment.

2. The tourist, residents and businessman of White Beach Puerto Galera will
have the awareness and knowledge in taking care of the Environment.

3. This study will be a guide for the future researcher in having same topic..

6
 VI. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study gave the researchers better understanding to the actions of

Local Government Units in addressing their problem of the environment by the
massive influx of tourism. . The conduct of this study will give more information
on the extent on Environmental Impact of tourism particularly in White Beach
Puerto Galera.

. Specifically, it will be significant to the following:

1. City government ofPuerto Galera. - The study will provide the local city
government information on the extent of negative impacts of tourism in the
environment Puerto Galera.

2. City Barangays - This will provide basic information and awareness to

the barangays of Puerto Galera about the possible causes of various pollution.

3. Citizens of the City - It will be a source of information to the public in

general on Environmental Impact of tourism well as it could be a basis or guide
for future studies on the same topic.

4. Students - The study will serve as a reference to other students who

want to know more about the on Environmental Impact of tourism in Puerto
Galera

7
 SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to know Environmental Impact of tourism in Puerto Galera

and the possible solutions to the problems.

The study is limited to White Beach Puerto Galera. It covered the Negative
impacts from tourism. When the level of visitor use is greater than the
environment's ability to cope with this use within acceptable limits of change.
Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas
in Puerto Galera. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts
such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat
loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to
forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local
populations to compete for the use of critical resources.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For clarity and greater understanding of this study, the following words
and phrases have been defined:

Deforestation - Clearing of virgin forests, or intentional destruction or

removal of trees and other vegetation for agricultural, commercial, housing, or
firewood use without replanting (reforesting) and without allowing time for the
forest to regenerate itself. Deforestation is one of the major factors contributing to
the greenhouse effect and desertification.

Water Shortage - Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water

resources to meet water needs within a region.

Solid Waste Management- This refers to activities pertaining to the

control, transfer and transport solid waste in accordance with the best principles

8
of public health, economics, engineering, and other environmental
considerations. In this study, this refers to the management of solid waste in the
White Beach Puerto Galera

Sewage system. - is the process of removing contaminants from

wastewater, primarily from household sewage. Physical, chemical, and biological
processes are used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or
treated effluent) that is safer for the environment. A by-product of sewage
treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge. The
sludge has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or
application to land.

Noise pollution- Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise, is

the propagation of noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal
life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines,
transport and transportation systems

9
 Chapter II

REVIEW of RELATED LITERATURE

The purpose of this literature review is to generate awareness,

understanding and interest for studies that have explored a given topic in the
past. It helps to know the level of knowledge about the theoretical and conceptual
research on tourism impacts on environment derived from different sources.

Related Studies

Tourism is an interdisciplinary field and involves a number of different

industries and natural settings. The damage to the natural environment, adverse
impacts upon the cultural environment, and a decrease in potential economic
benefits. The 1970s saw the impacts of tourism ventures on social-cultural issues
(Bryden, 1980). Environmental impacts of tourism became the sole concern of
tourism researchers in the 1980s (Butler, 1980). Researchers have studied
tourism impacts within a community. Tourists have been accused of destroying
the very things that they came to enjoy (Krippendorf, 1982). The assessment of
impacts should include all phases of the travel experience, including initial
preparations, the journeys to and from the destination, the stay, etc. (Mathieson,
A., and Wall, G. 1982). The impact made by tourism depends upon the volume
and characteristics of the tourists (length of stay, activity, mode of transport,
travel arrangement, etc.). A selection of variables must also be taken into
account in the determination of any impact of tourism as well as their
interrelationships and the ways in which they influence thenature, direction and
magnitude of tourist impacts (Archer, B. and Cooper, C. 1994).

The negative experience of many unplanned tourist destinations and the

success of local and regional planned destinations demonstrate that tourism

10
development should be based on a planning process that includes a solid
assessment of the resources at the destination and their attractiveness potential
(Gunn, 1994; Inskeep, 1994).

. The rapid growth of tourism has increased economic, environmental and

social effects. Until recently the attention has concentrated on the economic
impacts and not on the environmental and social consequences of tourism.
Tourism research has been reoriented after the acknowledgment of the size of
the impacts of modern tourism. Moreover, the costs and negative impacts have
been examined in a critical way. Later on the emphasis were made to analyze
the impacts of tourism on environment and socio-cultural dimensions. Tourism
impact studies were focused in 1990s as an integration of the effects of the
previous determined impacts, leading to a shift from "Mass Tourism" to
"Sustainable Tourism" in the form of Eco-tourism, heritage tourism, and
Community tourism (Jurowski,Uysal, & Williams, 1997). Tourism has both
positive as well negative impacts on the tourist destination.

Upon the implementation of Solid waste management Act, various local

governments have adopted and integrated the law into local laws and
ordinances. RA 9003 provided the framework as to the Solid Waste Management
Plans in various LGUs in the country. In line with the implementation of the RA
9003, various researches and reports are published regarding the assessment
and effectiveness of the implementation of the Republic Act in the local
governments. These studies range from the assessment and effectiveness of the
local governments in their implementation of the RA 9003, to the challenges and
mechanisms of getting rid of the major Impact of Tourism in the Environment, the
waste pollution.

11
 Cebu City is classified as a highly urbanized city and independent of the
Cebu province. The city has the power and authority to establish an organization
that shall be responsible for the efficient and effective implementation of its
development plans, programs, and priorities. An ordinance in Cebu city was
approved, the Ordinance 2255 signed in 2010 – “An ordinance amending
sections 6, 7 and 10 of city ordinance no. 2012, otherwise known as “an
ordinance creating Cebu city solid waste management board (SWMB) and
appropriating funds therefore.” Like other cities, Cebu city is one of those with
problems managing its wastes. The major solid waste management problems of
the city can be classified – a) weak institutional and organizational system for
SWM; b) problems in the upper waste stream such that the inefficiency in
garbage collection due to lack of garbage vehicles and no waste segregation
done at the source , no waste recycling done at the point of generation, and too
little revenue from waste collection fees; 3) problems at the downstream where
the major problem is the insufficiency of the sanitary landfill operation.

Related Literature

Richie Grace Lago of Liceo de Cagayan University studied on the Solid

Waste Management system in Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. Her study entitled
“Solid Waste Management Needs of a Suburban Community” studied the terms
of handling, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal
of solid waste in the said community. In the abstract of her study, she indicated
baranggay officials, baranggay workers and baranggay residents as the
respondents of the study. She measured on the respondents’ awareness of the
Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and

12
the initiation of the LGU in the implementation of the said Republic Act. The
researcher concluded that the respondents have moderate awareness of the RA

9003 and that this level of awareness led to the low cooperation in the LGUs in
terms of the implementation of the Republic Act. She also concluded that this
moderate level of awareness “discloses a community interest in adopting the
introduced solid waste management system.” Moreover, the assessment of the
respondents on the Republic Act 9003 depended on their level of awareness of
the Republic Act and the perceived importance of the Materials Recovery
Facility. Lastly, the researcher concluded that the baranggay should take the lead
on the implementation and support of the Republic Act 9003, which will in return
affect the receptiveness of the respondents to the said Act.

Francis Paulo M. Quina’s study on “Wasting Away: The challenges of solid

waste management in the Philippines,” a study posted on the UP Forum, tackled
on the situation of solid waste management in the country. The researcher
presented the current deplorable state of the Philippines in terms of waste,
especially on landfills and dumpsites. The researcher talked on the current law
managing the solid waste management in the country and the urban planning
and renewal. The study imparts on the poor urban planning that led to the current
solid waste management problem, especially in Manila. The study stated, “to
begin with, poor urban planning and its inadequate implementation in Metro
Manila have contributed significantly to the solid waste problem.” It also
presented the current situation of the LGUs which acknowledges the sector of
tourism, thus reducing the impacts of the community on the environment, mainly
caused by the wastes generated in the households and industries. The study
assessed on the role of the Filipino individuals to the segregation of waste,

13
saying that “most Filipino households don’t even bother to segregate their solid
waste. Because of this, there is a pressing need for Material Recovery Facilities

(MRFs) in communities across the country. These facilities process solid waste
to recover recyclable and reusable materials, not only greatly reducing the
volume of solid waste, but also generating revenue for the LGUs.”

William H. O. Streegan assessed on the compliance of Bacolod City to the

RA 9003. The researcher presented facts on the current situation of Bacolod
City, including the fact that waste management problems as a major pillar in the
flooding of Bacolod City. The researcher also presented the current situation of
BaranggayFelisa as the city’s illegal open dump, where a sanitary landfill is
proposed to be situated. The researcher assessed Bacolod City into five
conclusions. First, “the Bacolod City Government did not comply with the
guidelines and deadlines of RA 9003 and therefore the National Solid Waste
Management Commission.” Second, the City Government failed to address the
DENR’s request to establish a sanitary landfill. Third, the City Government did
not heed the call to close illegal open dumpsite in BaranggayFelisa. Fourth, that
the City Government could be subjected to criminal sanctions as a result of non-
compliance to RA 9003. Lastly, the City Government continued to operate the
illegal dumpsite in Brgy. Felisa. As a whole, the researcher stated that “it is
imperative that the City should be more serious about the implementation of RA
9003 and should fasttrack its information drive on this law so that the citizenry
could become more aware of its provisions. It is equally imperative that the
citizenry, either in their homes or in their workplaces should implement proper
waste segregation, so that the City could comply with its agreement with the
DENR.

14
 Another related study is Jessie Todoc’s “Decentralized Solid Waste
Management in the Philippines,” which sought to analyze the framework of Solid

Waste Management in the Philippines. The study also aimed to “formulate

strategies for its replication in the country and among local government members
of the Kitakyushu Initiative Network.” The study tackled on four baranggays and
villages in the country, which assessed the compliance of Local Government
Units to the Republic Act 9003. It further scrutinized on the budget allotment,
disposal facilities, and sanitary landfills of the LGUs.

The book entitled “The Garbage Book: Opportunities for Change” assessed
the implementation of the RA 9003 at the barangay level. It states that, “while the
extent of formal recycling through local government initiatives has been limited,
informal and private sector recycling is extensive, at all points from waste
generation through to final disposal. Scavenging forms a significant element of
this activity.” It is found out that an insignificant amount of 10% of waste is only
recycled. More so, it assessed that “community-based initiatives involve waste
segregation at source, recycling, and composting. Programs have been
attempted in many barangays throughout Metro Manila—some have succeeded,
others have failed for one reason or another. Leadership is the key factor in
successful programs. In most cases, the initiative is led by the Barangay Captain
or nongovernment organization aligned with the zerowaste movement.”

In relation to White Beach Puerto Galera, it is an issue as well that is the

government tries to establish solutions. In addressing these, according to Puerto
Galera's Solid Waste and Management Office is intensifying its information
campaign on proper garbage disposal among barangays and BeachResorts.

15
Added to his report, “in order to completely address garbage disposal problems,
especially Holiday season the campaign needs sustainability, “said by PSWMB
(Provincial Solid Waste Management Board). According to PSWMB’s report, the

city government, through the barangay captains and officials, imposed the
practice of garbage segregation up to the sitio level. And the residents of the
different barangays are also practicing the proper disposal of garbage. Lastly, in
PSWMB’s report, MayorRockey D. Ilagan acknowledged that the residents in
Puerto Galeraespecially White Beach should also do their part to make it
possible for the success of the city's clean and green program at the barangay
level.

Thus, to simplify such dilemma presented. The LGUs in Puerto Galeraare

looking for ways and techniques to improve their implementation of laws
concerning waste. Such issue is very common yet was not addressed for years
already. But the government is continually seeking for possible and feasible
waste management plans that the public will agree with and not hassle. Sooner
or later such problem will be gradually and fully be addressed as people will
cooperate with the LGUs. Still, there is much to understand from the current
environmental situation in White Beach Puerto Galerain relation with other
factors the researcher expects that the assessment of the issues arising due to
the weak implementation is answered in this study.

16
 Chapter III
Methodology

RESEARCH DESIGN

The methodology adopted to achieve the specific goal is consisted of both

Experimental (Laboratory work, field) as well as Non-Experimental (field studies,

surveys, questionnaires). An Integrated Model for Tourism Impact Analysis is

adopted to attain the specific goal. An Integrated Economic / Environmental

model is suitable for the analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Tourism and

Ecotourism. This Integrated model is best for ex post impact Assessment (for

regions already developed touristically) and also for ex ante (for regions

considering some form of new or additional tourism development). Three

approaches can be adopted in the study

1. Systematic information collection and analysis approach.

2. Participatory approach.

3. Consultative approach

17
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

1. Gathering Information of the study Area.

2. Field and visitor survey for the purpose of determining Production and

consumption characteristic of tourism and associated Sectors:

2.1. Production characteristic (Infrastructure and Superstructure)

 Transport Network (Travel, Roads and Transportation).

 Water supply and sewage and waste disposal.

 Utilities like electricity, telephones etc.

 Man-made attractions - monuments, buildings, facilities etc.

 Specialized facilities (like trekking, picnicking etc.).

 Accommodation (Hotels, campings etc.) (No. of beds).

 Shops etc. (foods, souvenirs etc.)

2.2 For consumption characteristic:

 Number of tourists visiting annually.

 Types of tourists.

 Reason for visitation.

 Average consumption of water, energy etc. per tourist per day.

 Awareness about Ecotourism and environmental issues.

18
  Environmental Attractions.

 Average consumption expenditure by type of good and service.

3. Data collection for Puerto Galera:

 Demographic

 Social

 Physical structure of the Region.

4. Determination of Categories of Environmental resources.

5. Identification of the scope of Impacts:

A. Identification of impacts.

B. Categorization of Impacts -

 Negative and Positive impacts. -

 Primary and Secondary Impacts. -

 Short term and Long term impacts. –

 Individual and Cumulative impacts. –

 Socio-Cultural and Economic impact (Interfacing with ecological

impacts)

19
 Instrumentation

The study used a survey instrument (i.e. questionnaire) which comprised of a

set of questions dealing on the Environmental Impacts of Tourism, as well as the
awareness of the residents about the causes the negative impacts of tourism the
in White Beach Puerto Galera .

Sample

Respondents Population Respondents Percentage

People in White

Beach Puerto 3365 50 6%

Galera

Subject of the Study

10 restaurant, 20 hotels and resort 10 residents and 10 tourist of White Beach

Puerto Galera were included in the study. Respondents are residences, tourist,

restaurant and selected hotels and resorts in White Beach Puerto Galera. The

owners or any employee in-charge in monitoring the waste management

practices in their establishments.

20
 Statistical Treatment of Data

Water Quality

The tourism industry impacts water quality through construction and

maintenance of tourist infrastructure, recreational boating, and certain activities

of the cruise industry. Tourist infrastructure increases the pressure on existing

sewage treatment plants and can lead to overflows during peak tourist times. The

most significant problem from the standpoint of human health associated with

recreational boating and water quality is the discharge of sewage into water

bodies with limited flushing, where the discharge occurs near the location of

shellfish beds. Diseases that can be potentially transmitted through human

contact with fecal discharge and/or ingestion of contaminated shellfish include

typhoid fever, dysentery, infectious hepatitis, and nonspecific gastroenteritis

Air Quality

Most tourism-related air pollution comes from Automobiles emit by far the

most carbon monoxide of all transportation modes. Noise pollution from

airplanes, cars, and buses, as well as recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles

and jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of modern life. In addition to causing

annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for it humans, it causes distress to

21
wildlife, especially in sensitive areas. For instance, noise generated by

snowmobiles can cause animals to alter their natural activity patterns.

Noise pollution

Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and buses, as well as recreational

vehicles such as snowmobile sand jet skis, is a problem of modern life. In

addition to causing annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for humans, it

causes distress to wildlife, especially in sensitive areas

Sewage

Construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads to increased

sewage pollution. Wastewater pollutes seas and lakes surrounding tourist

attractions, damaging the flora and fauna. Sewage runoff causes serious

damage to coral reefs because it contains lots of nutrients and it stimulates the

growth of algae, which cover the filter-feeding corals, hindering their ability to

survive. Changes in salinity and transparency can have wide-ranging impacts on

coastal environments. And sewage pollution can threaten the health of humans

and animals

22
Solid Waste and Littering

In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natural

attractions, waste disposals a serious problem and improper disposal can be a

major despoiler of the natural environment, rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides.

In mountain areas, trekking tourists generate a great deal of waste. Tourists on

expedition leave behind their garbage, oxygen cylinders and even camping

equipment. Such practices degrade the environment with all the detritus typical of

the developed world, in remote areas that have few garbage collection or

disposal facilities.

Habitat/Ecosystem Alteration and Fragmentation

Ecosystems and natural habitat can be damaged by tourist infrastructure,

tourist activities, recreational boating, and the cruise industry. Recreational boats

and cruise vessels can damage aquatic vegetation by cutting it with their

propellers or otherwise damaging it when running aground. Wetlands have been

destroyed in order to build tourist related infrastructures, such, roads, and

marinas When snorkeling and hiking, tourists can damage ecosystems by

littering, and trampling coral and vegetation. This type of damage is cumulative in

nature. One or two tourists may not cause visible harm, but hundreds over time

can do substantial damage.

23
 REFERENCES

Books

Almond, Gabriel and Bingham, Powell Jr. (1980). Comparative Politics Today: A World
View.
2nd Ed. United States of America: Little Brown and Company.

Internet Sources

__________________.Ordinance 1361. Retrieved September 13, 2010

fromhttp://www.globenet.org.preceup/pages/ang/chapitre/capitali/cas/phimana
_e.htm

Allen, Nicholas and Westfall, Matthew (2004). Opportunities for Change. The Garbage
Book:
Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, 76-85. Retrieved September 16,2010
from http://www.adb.org/documents/books/garbage-book/chap7.pdf

Arellano Foundation. Republic Act 9003: The LawPhil Project. Philippine Laws
and
Jurisprudence Databank. Retrieved September 15, 2010
fromhttp://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html

Lago, Richie Grace M. (2009). Solid Waste Management Needs of a Suburban

Community. Liceo Journal of Higher Education Research, 6(1). Retrieved
September 16, 2010 fromhttp://69.174.53.45/index.php?
journal=LJHER&page=article&op=view&path[]=599

Maryland Department of the Environment. Source Reduction. Retrieved September 16, 2010
from
http://www.mde.marlyland.gov/Programs/LandPrograms/Recycling/source_reduction/inde
x.asp

Quina, Francis Paolo M. Wasting Away: The Challenges of Solid Waste

Management in thePhilippines.The UP Forum. Retrieved September 14, 2010
fromhttp://www.up.edu.ph/upforum/php?i=199&archive=yes&yr=2008&mn=7

Streegan, William H.O. Compliance by Bacolod City of RA 9003. Negros Daily

Bulletin. Retrieved September 15, 2010 from http://www.ndb-
online.com/dec0308c2

24
Todoc, Jessie. Decentralized Solid Waste Management in the
Philippines.IGES
Enviroscope. Retrieved September 15, 2010
fromhttp://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/view.php?docid=2529

World Bank. Integrated Sustainable Waste Management. Retrieved September 16,

2010 from http://www.worldbank.org/urban/solid_wm/erm/...Annex%204B.3.pdf

25