06 Asme B31G 2009

Manual for
Determining the
Remaining Strength of
Corroded Pipelines
Supplement to ASME B31 Code for
Pressure Piping
AN AMERICAN NATIO NAL STANDARD
efie
Manual for
Determining the
Remaining Strength of
Corroded Pipelines
Supplement to ASME B31 Code for
Pressure Piping
AN AMERICAN NATIONA L STANDARD

Date of Issuance: October 30, 2009
The next edition of this Manual is scheduled for publication in 2012. There will be no addenda
issued to this edition.
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CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. iv
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
Correspondence With the B31 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

1 Introduction ................................................................ 1
2 Evaluation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
3 Tables of Allowable Length of Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figures
1.12-1 Corrosion Pit Interaction Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.13-1 Helically Oriented Corrosion Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1-1 Corrosion Parameters Used in Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Tables
3-1 Va_ ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 NPS 2 and < NPS 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1M Val ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 60 mm and < 168 mm O.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-2 Va1 ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 NPS 6 and < NPS 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3-2M Val ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 168 mm and < 273 mm O.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3-3 Va1 ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 NPS 1O and < NPS 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3-4 Va1 ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 NPS 16 and < NPS 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3-5M Val ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 5'88 mm and < 610 mm O.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3-6 Va1 ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 NPS 24 and < NPS 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 O QCDUTI-|>OJI\ —\@©
3-8M Val ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 914 mm and < 1 O66 mm O.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3-9M Val ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 1 O66 mm and < 1 219 mm O.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3-10M Val ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 1 219 mm and < 1 320 mm O.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
-11 Va1 ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 NPS 52 and < NPS 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
-11M Va1 ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 1 320 mm and < 1 422 mm O.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
-12 Va1 ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 NPS 56 Through NPS 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
UJUJUJUJ -12M Va1 ues of L for Pipe Sizes 2 1 422 mm Through 1 524 mm O.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
iii
FOREWORD
It has been recognized within the pipeline industry that some sections of high-pressure pipelines,
particularly those with long service histories, may experience corrosion. It has also been recog-
nized, through theoretical analysis, scientific research and testing, and industry operating experi-
ence, that some amount of metal loss due to corrosion can be tolerated without impairing the
ability of the pipeline to operate safely. In 1984, ASME published the first edition of the B31G
Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines. The B31G document
provided pipeline operators with a simplified evaluation method based on the results of analysis
and tests. The application of B31G has enabled pipeline operators to reliably determine safe
operating pressure levels for pipe affected by corrosion, and to determine whether repairs are
necessary in order to continue operating safely.
B31G continued to be reissued by ASME with only minor revisions over time, although other
corrosion evaluation methods had evolved since B31G’s initial publication. A majority of these
other methods are based on the same theoretical model from which the original B31G method
was derived, but may offer some refinement in accuracy. Subsequently, an effort was undertaken
to update the B31G document to recognize certain other corrosion evaluation methods that have
proven sound and that have seen successful use in the pipeline industry. Incorporation of these
other methods into a recognized Code document provides the pipeline operator or other user
with a formalized framework within which to use such methodologies, as well as a wider range
of codified technical options with which to make an evaluation. This 2009 revision of B31G
reflects those objectives. ASME B31G-2009 was approved by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) on ]uly 10, 2009.
iv
ASME B31 COMMITTEE
Code for Pressure Piping
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
COMMITTEE OFFICERS
M. L. Nayyar, Chair
K. C. Bodenhamer, Vice Chair
N. Lobo, Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
T. Appleby, ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co. N. Lobo, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
cht IV, Becht Engineering Co. W. I. Mauro, American Electric Power
Beyer, Fluor Enterprises, Inc. I. E. Meyer, Louis Perry & Associates, Inc.
odenhamer, Epco, Inc. E. Michalopoulos, Management Authority of West Macedonia
ampbell, Air Liquide M. L. Nayyar, Bechtel Power Corp.
fifiwhin, TransCanada Pipeline U.S. R. G. Payne, Alstom Power, Inc.
Christian, Victaulic I. T. Powers, Worley Parsons
Coym, Worley Parsons E. H. Rinaca, Dominion Resources, Inc.
Deubler, Fronek Power Systems, LLC M. ]. Rosenfeld, Kiefner & Associates, Inc.
Drake, Spectra Energy Transmission R. I. Silvia, Process Engineers and Constructors, Inc
Flenner, Flenner Engineering Services W. ]. Sperko, Sperko Engineering Services, Inc.
Frey, Stress Engineering Service, Inc. F. W. Tatar, FM Global
Frikken, Becht Engineering Co. K. A. Vilminot, Black & Veatch
Grichuk, Fluor Corp. A. L. Watkins, First Energy Corp.
Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc. K. H. Wooten, ConocoPhiIIips Pipe Line Co.
Hayden, ]r., Consultant W. ]. Koves, Ex-0/Ticio, UOP LLC
Holbrook, Babcock Power, Inc. A. P. Rangus, Ex-Officio, Bechtel
.mS”!_?° .U~'_7°~'_?°.U>"_:!vP?!='".>§P;>?°_=w§P?’rv!-u$"~.—nr"glolly,
=‘- Vogt Valves/Flowserve Corp. R. A. Appleton, Contributing Member, Refrigeration Systems Co
B31 MECHANICAL DESIGN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

W. I. Koves, Chair, UOP LLC Holbrook, Babcock Power, Inc.
G. A. Antaki, Vice Chair, Becht Nuclear Services Mayers, Alion Science & Technology
C. E. 0’Brien, Secretary, The American Society of Mechanical McCawley, TQM Engineering, PC
En gineers edvick, Swagelok
C. Becht IV, Becht Engineering Co. inichiello, Bechtel National, Inc.
I. P. Breen, Becht Engineering Co. aulin, Paulin Research Group
N. F. Consumo, GE Energy (IGCC) NPI obleto, Senior Technical Advisor
Ellenberger osenfeld, Kiefner & Associates, Inc.
Fetzner, BP Exploration Alaska, Inc. @§?°.>"_?°-"..9?" tn~,—>§n'-“PUP“Wm-U3;
'0
I-I‘
' vick, Berkeley Engineering & Research, Inc
>~—:U Graziano, Tennessee Valley Authority Wais, Wais and Associates, Inc.
?°"_.U"_
.. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc. F"'F"' PP Rodabaugh, Honorary Member, Consultant
V
CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B31 COMMITTEE
General. ASME Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to represent the
consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact with the Committee
by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Committee meetings. Corre-
spondence should be addressed to
Secretary, B31 Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5990
Proposing Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the Standard to incorporate changes
that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application
of the Standard. Approved revisions will be published periodically.
The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should be
as specific as possible, citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a detailed
description of the reasons for the proposal, including any pertinent documentation.
Interpretations. Upon request, the B31 Mechanical Design Technical Committee will render an
interpretation of any requirement of the Standard. Interpretations can only be rendered in response
to a written request sent to the Secretary of the B31 Committee.
The request for interpretation should be clear and unambiguous. It is further recommended
that the inquirer submit his / her request in the following format:
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) and the topic of the inquiry.
Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the Standard for which the interpretation is
being requested.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of a specific requirement
suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request for an approval
of a proprietary design or situation. The inquirer may also include any plans
or drawings that are necessary to explain the question; however, they should
not contain proprietary names or information.
Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten in this format by the Committee prior
to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the original request.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional
information that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by an
interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee or Subcommittee. ASME does not
“approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or ”endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
Attending Committee Meetings. The B31 Committee regularly holds meetings, which are open
to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact the Secretary of the B31
Committee.
vi
ASME B31G-2009
MANUAL FOR DETERMINING THE REMAINING STRENGTH OF

CORRODED PIPELINES
1 INTRODUCTION (h) metal loss in pipe material having ductile fracture

initiation characteristics [see paras. 1.7(e) and (f)] unless
1.1 Scope using a Level 3 assessment in accordance with paras.
This document is intended solely for the purpose of 2.2(b) and 2.3
providing guidance in the evaluation of metal loss in (i) metal loss in pipe operating at temperatures above
pressurized pipelines and piping systems. It is applica- ambient within the range of operating temperature rec-
ble to all pipelines and piping systems within the scope ognized by the governing standard, and provided mate-
of the transportation pipeline codes that are part of rial strength properties at temperature are considered
ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping, namely: ASME (j) metal loss in pipe operating at any level of allow-
1331.4, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid able design hoop stress [see paras. 1.4(a) and (b) for
Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids; ASME B31.8, Gas additional considerations]
Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems; ASME (k) metal loss in pipe where internal pressure is the
1331.11, Slurry Transportation Piping Systems; and primary loading [see paras. 1.4(c) and (d) for additional
ASME 1331.12, Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines, Part PL. considerations]
Where the term pipeline is used, it may also be read to
apply to piping or pipe conforming to the acceptable
1.3 Exclusions
applications and within the technical limitations dis- This document does not apply to the following:
cussed below. (a) crack-like defects or mechanical surface damage
not completely removed to a smooth contour by
1.2 Acceptable Applications grinding
(b) metal loss in indentations or buckles resulting in
The application of this document is limited to the
radial distortion of the pipe wall larger than 6% of the
evaluation of wall loss in metal pipe within the following
pipe outside diameter, unless a Level 3 assessment is
limitations:
performed in accordance with para. 2.3
(a) metal loss in pipelines located below ground,
(c) grooving corrosion, selective corrosion, or prefer-
above ground, or offshore
ential corrosion affecting pipe seams or girth welds
(b) metal loss due to external or internal corrosion (cl) metal loss in fittings other than bends or elbows
(c) metal loss produced by grinding where used to (e) metal loss affecting material having brittle fracture
completely remove mechanical damage, cracks, arc initiation characteristics [see paras. 1.7(e) and (f)] unless
burns, manufacturing defects, or other defects from the a Level 3 assessment is performed in accordance with
pipe surface para. 2.4
(d) metal loss in field bends, induction bends, and (f) pipe operating at temperatures outside the range
elbows of operating temperature recognized by the governing
(e) metal loss that incidentally affects longitudinal or standard or operating at temperatures in the creep range
helical electric seam welds or circumferential electric
welds of sound quality and having ductile characteris- 1.4 Additional Considerations
tics, provided workmanship flaws are not present in The user is cautioned that additional considerations
sufficiently close proximity to interact with the metal may apply in certain situations, described below.
loss (a) Pipe operating at low hoop stress levels due to
(f) metal loss of any depth with respect to the pipe internal pressure (e.g., less than 25% of SMYS) may be
wall, except that due consideration shall be given to the perforated by corrosion without inducing structural
accuracy of measurements and effective corrosion rates material failure. The methods and criteria provided
when the depth of metal loss exceeds 80% of the actual herein do not address failure by perforation.
pipe wall dimension (b) Pipe affected by general corrosion of the pipe wall
(g) metal loss in new pipe where allowed by the appli- (i.e., corrosion—caused wall loss over the entire pipe sur-
cable code of construction face) effectively operates at a greater hoop stress than
ASME B31G-2009
the nominal hoop stress based on the original wall SF = safety factor
dimension. Evaluation of individual deep pits within a SMTS = specified minimum tensile strength at
generally corroded area should account for the effect of ambient conditions
wall loss due to general corrosion. SMYS = specified minimum yield strength at ambi-
(c) Under conditions normally encountered in buried ent conditions
pipelines, the hoop stress due to internal pressure is the t = pipe wall thickness
largest stress and will govern the mode of failure. High Z = L2/Dt
longitudinal stresses in tension acting on metal loss hav- Z, = L82/Dt
ing a significant circumferential extent, in unrestrained
piping, could change the failure mode from longitudinal 1.6 Analysis Level
to circumferential. The methods and criteria provided The user may choose to conduct a Level 0, Level 1,
herein do not address circumferential failure due to high Level 2, or Level 3 analysis, depending on the quantity
longitudinal tensile stresses. For such situations, the user and quality of data available with which to perform an
should refer to a more comprehensive fitness-for- evaluation, and on the desired degree of refinement of
purpose guidance document, such as API 579-1 /ASME the analysis.
FPS-1—2007, Fitness-for-Service.
(a) A Level 0 evaluation is one that relies on the tables
(cl) Metal loss having a significant circumferential of allowable defect length and depth found in section 3.
extent and acted on by high longitudinal stresses in These tables are carried over without change from earlier
compression could be susceptible to wrinkling or buck- editions of ASME B31G and have been supplemented
ling. Also, the combination of hoop stress due to internal by the addition of tables in metric units. It is intended
pressure and longitudinal compression could interact to that a Level 0 evaluation be conducted in the field with-
lower the failure pressure in the metal loss area. The out the need for performing detailed calculations.
methods and criteria provided herein do not address
(b) A Level 1 evaluation is a simple calculation that
buckling or wrinkling, or interaction of hoop stress with
relies on single measurements of the maximum depth
longitudinal compressive stresses. For such situations,
and axial extent of metal loss. It is intended that a Level 1
the user should refer to a more comprehensive fitness-
evaluation be conducted in the field by an engineer,
for-purpose guidance document, such as API 579-1/
corrosion technician, coating inspector, or other individ-
ASME FPS-1.
ual having appropriate training. A Level 1 evaluation is
also suitable for use in prioritizing metal-loss anomalies
1.5 Nomenclature
identified by inline inspection.
A = local area of metal loss in the longitudi- (c) A Level 2 evaluation is one that incorporates a
nal plane greater level of detail than a Level 1 evaluation in order
AC = cross-sectional area of Charpy impact to produce a more accurate estimate of the failure pres-
specimen sure. It typically relies on detailed measurements of the
A0 = local original metal area = Lt corroded surface profile, accounting for the actual distri-
= Charpy V-notched impact absorbed energy bution of metal loss, and involves repetitive computa-
= specified outside diameter of the pipe tions that may be facilitated by the use of computer
= depth of the metal loss software or spreadsheets. It is intended that a Level 2
= elastic modulus of steel evaluation be conducted by an engineer or technician
= length of the metal loss having appropriate training. A Level 2 evaluation may
FI.~m@_UQ = effective length = L.(1T/ 4) be suitable for use in prioritizing metal-loss anomalies
M = bulging stress magnification factor identified by high-resolution inline inspection.
MAOP = maximum allowable operating pressure (cl) A Level 3 evaluation is a detailed analysis of a
MOP = maximum operating pressure specific flaw in accordance with a user-defined method-
P; = estimated failure pressure = SFD/ 2t ology, with full justification for loadings, boundary con-
PO = operating pressure, may equal MAOP or ditions, material properties, and failure criteria. It is
MOP intended that a Level 3 evaluation be conducted by a
P5 = safe operating pressure = PF/SF technical specialist having appropriate expertise in the
SF = estimated failure stress level subject of fitness-for-service assessment.
SHOW = flow stress, defined in para. 1.7(b)
SO = hoop stress at the operating pressure, calcu- 1.7 Material Properties and Other Data
lated as POD/2t (a) Specified minimum material properties shall be
SUT = specified ultimate tensile strength at tem- used when conducting Level 0, Level 1, or Level 2 evalu-
perature, may equal SMTS ations for the purpose of determining the need for a
SYT = specified yield strength at temperature, repair. Actual material properties from mill test reports
may equal SMYS (MTRs) or laboratory testing, if known with sufficient
ASME B31G-2009
confidence to warrant their usage, may be used with automated, and in any combination) are considered to
Level 3 evaluations. Statistical representations of mate- have adequate ductile fracture initiation properties for
rial properties may be used with Levels 1, 2, or 3 for purposes of this Standard. Other seam and weld types
purpose of establishing a probability of failure; however, shall be investigated to establish fracture properties
the details of such analyses are outside the scope of this before applying methods described herein to metal loss
document. affecting such welds. Consideration shall be given to
(b) Flow stress is a concept relevant to fracture mechan- the disposition of workmanship flaws or manufacturing
ics and is used in the Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 flaws within a weld or seam that could interact with
evaluations. It is not a property specified in a material metal loss due to corrosion.
grade or finished product standard. Research indicates (g) Some operating conditions, such as low-
that it may be defined variously as given below. temperature service, or long-term exposure to sour envi-
(1) SHOW for plain carbon steel operating at tempera- ronments or to very high temperatures, could adversely
tures below 250°F (120°C) may be defined by SHOW = affect the ductility and fracture toughness properties of
1.1 X SMYS. SHOW shall not exceed SMTS. some materials. It is the user ’s responsibility to consider
(2) SHOW for plain carbon and low—alloy steel having such conditions where necessary before applying meth-
SMYS not in excess of 70 ksi (483 MPa) and operating ods described herein.
at temperatures below 250°P (120°C) may be defined by 1.8 Evaluation Procedure
SHOW = SMYS + 10 ksi (69 MPa). SHOW shall not exceed
SMTS. Evaluations shall be carried out in accordance with
the procedures described in section 2. In addition, the
(3) SHOW for plain carbon and low—alloy steel having
following considerations apply:
SMYS not in excess of 80 ksi (551 MPa) may be defined
by SHOW = (SYT + S HT) / 2, where SYT and S HT are specified (a) Units may be in any self-consistent system. It is
the responsibility of the user to determine unitary con-
at the operating temperature in accordance with the
version factors as may be required.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II, Part
D; applicable pipe product specification; or room tem- (b) This document makes no recommendation as to
which evaluation level and evaluation method to select.
perature strength multiplied by the temperature derat-
All methods described herein have been demonstrated
ing factor specified by the applicable construction code.
to provide reliable and conservative results when they
Linear interpolation of strength values is allowed
are applied correctly and within stated limitations. Not
between listed temperatures.
all methods give identical numerical results or consistent
(c) This document does not prescribe which definition
degrees of conservatism. It is the pipeline operator's
for flow stress should be used where more than one
responsibility to select an evaluation method, based on
definition applies. Where more than one definition
experience and judgment, that is consistent with its
applies, the various definitions produce acceptable
operating procedures.
though not necessarily identical results when used with
(c) Original source reference documents for each
any given evaluation method. It is noted that SHOW was
methodology are cited. Further references may be found
defined as 1.1 X SMYS in previous editions of B31G. This
in other documents available in the public domain.
definition remains an inherent element of the Level 0
While each method can be applied as presented, source
assessment and is recommended with the Level 1 assess-
documents may provide additional information to the
ment performed in accordance with para. 2.2(a).
user. The user should consider referring to applicable
(d) Only the specified nominal wall thickness shall sources as necessary in order to best implement a given
be used for the uncorroded wall thickness when con- method.
ducting a Level 0 evaluation. If known with confidence, (d) Other evaluation methods may evolve or come
the actual uncorroded wall thickness may be used with into use which were not contemplated by this document.
a Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 evaluation, with a suitable It is not the intention of this document to prohibit their
adjustment of the hoop stress due to internal pressure. use, but the user of such methods shall be able to demon-
(e) Pipe body material may be considered to have strate that the objective of a safe and reliable assessment
adequate ductile fracture initiation properties for pur- of metal loss can be achieved.
poses of this Standard if the material operates at a tem-
perature no colder than 100°E (55°C) below the 1.9 Safety Factors and the Meaning of Acceptance
temperature at which 85% shear appearance is observed A flaw or anomaly is considered acceptable where
in a Charpy V-notched impact test. the computed failure stress is equal to or greater than
(f) Electric resistance welded (ERW) seams that have the hoop stress at the operating pressure multiplied by
been subjected to a normalizing heat treatment, single a suitable safety factor. There is no single safety factor
and double submerged arc welded seams, and girth that is suitable for all types of pipeline construction, for
welds made using the shielded metal arc, gas metal arc, all modes of pipeline operation, or for all types of flaws
flux cored arc, and submerged arc processes (manual or or anomalies.
ASME B31G-2009
This document recommends a minimum safety factor are used to locate and size the flaws. Methods account-
equal to the ratio of the minimum hydrostatic test pres- ing for uncertainty in indirectly sized flaws include
sure required for the given type of pipeline construction increasing the flaw dimension in order to account for
to the MAOP or MOP, but usually not less than 1.25. detection tool error, or statistical analysis of the probable
Larger factors of safety may be appropriate in some flaw sizes or risk of failure.
cases, e.g., in locations of greater risk to the public or Metal-loss corrosion anomalies indicated by inline
the environment. Lesser factors of safety may be justified inspection may be evaluated by a Level 1 or Level 2
in some circumstances, e.g., for limited periods of time, evaluation method. The user is cautioned against over-
or where additional procedures are in place to limit stating the precision of evaluations applied with flaw
modes of operation, or in a remote location having dimensions indicated by inline inspection without ade-
reduced consequences of failure. In establishing the quate calibration or verification of actual flaw sizes by
safety factor for a given pipeline segment, the pipeline investigations carried out in the field.
operator shall give consideration to the accuracy of cor-
rosion depth and length measurements, rates of corro- 1.12 Flaw Interaction
sion growth, the characteristics of the pipe, the reliability The methods described herein are suitable for evaluat-
of surge control or excess pressure limiting methods, ing isolated areas of metal loss. Corrosion may occur
and the presence of external factors that affect risk. such that multiple areas of metal loss are closely spaced
When evaluating anomalies identified by inline longitudinally or transversely. If spaced sufficiently
inspection, use of larger factors of safety will result in closely, the metal loss areas may interact so as to result
smaller flaws being left in service following field investi- in failure at a lower pressure than would be expected
gation and pipeline repairs. This can increase the reas- based on an analysis of the separate flaws. The following
sessment interval to the next inline inspection. guideline is suggested with reference to Pig. 1.12-1,
based on limited testing and analysis:
1.10 Software (a) Flaws are considered interacting if they are spaced
The use of commercial or proprietary computer soft- longitudinally or circumferentially from each other
ware packages, as well as purpose-written programs or within a distance of 3 times the wall thickness (3t). Inter-
spreadsheets, can greatly facilitate Level 1 evaluations, acting flaws should be evaluated as a single flaw com-
and is practically a necessity for conducting thorough bined from all interacting flaws.
Level 2 and Level 3 evaluations. It is the user ’s responsi- (b) Flaws are considered noninteracting if spaced out-
bility to verify the accuracy and reliability of all software side of the above dimensions. Noninteracting flaws
and spreadsheets, and to train personnel in their correct should be evaluated as separate flaws.
usage. Care should be exercised when grouping or clustering
Validation of software should include documented anomalies indicated by inline inspection for purposes of
evidence that correct results are obtained over the full evaluating interaction during the prioritization process.
range of parameters that could reasonably be expected Consideration should be given to minimum thresholds
to occur when making evaluations. The following docu- of metal loss for reliable detection and sizing, minimum
ment summarizes the results of burst tests and service thresholds for reporting, and the expected mode of coat-
failures of line pipe affected by corrosion or artificial ing failure (e.g., localized failure versus disbondment
metal loss, and which have previously been used for the over large areas). Methods employed for clustering of
purpose of validating the evaluation methods presented inline inspection anomalies should be validated by field
herein: Kiefner, ]. F., Vieth, P. H., and Roytman, I., verification of actual flaw dimensions and spacing.
”Continued Validation of RSTRENG," PRCI Catalog
No. L51749, Contract PR 218-9304, Dec. 20, 1996. 1.13 Flaw Orientation
Validation may be demonstrated by comparison of Corrosion caused by disbondment of continuous
calculated results against published benchmark test data wrapped coatings may exhibit a helical pattern. If the
such as that found in the above reference, or against helical pattern lies at an angle less than 45 deg to the pipe
results produced by another recognized evaluation axis, the overall length of the corroded area indicated as
method that have been calculated in accordance with L1 in Fig. 1.13—1 shall be considered in the evaluation.
this Standard. If the helical pattern lies at an angle of 45 deg or greater
Validation of third-party software should also demon- to the pipe axis, it is sufficient to consider the most
strate that adequate checks or warnings are produced severe longitudinal section through the corroded area
when parameters fall outside ranges that will ensure having a length L2 in Fig. 1.13—1.
correct results. Corrosion may occur with a circumferential orienta-
tion, e.g., adjacent to a girth weld. It shall be evaluated
1.11 Accuracy for safe operating pressure as with corrosion having a
Consideration should be given to the accuracy of helical angle greater than 45 deg to the pipe axis. Evalua-
recorded flaw sizes, particularly where indirect methods tion of the circumferential extent of corrosion subject
ASME B31G-2009
to high axial pipe stresses is outside the scope of this operating pressure, while the use of equations given
document. For such situations, the user should refer below may show that it is acceptable.
to a more comprehensive fitness-for-purpose guidance The tables were designed to provide a minimum factor
document, such as API 579-1/ASME FPS-1. of safety of 1.39 for pipelines operating with a hoop
stress of 72% of SMYS. Application of the tables to the
evaluation of corrosion in pipelines operating at hoop
2 EVALUATION METHODS stress levels greater than 72% of SMYS will result in a
factor of safety that is proportionately less.
2.1 Level 0 Evaluation
Tables of allowable length of corrosion are found in 2.2 Level 1 Evaluation
section 3. The tables are carried over without change
Level 1 evaluations shall be carried out consistent with
from previous editions of B31G and have been supple-
the procedure described in the following steps:
mented by the addition of tables in metric units. They
Step 1. Determine pipe diameter and nominal wall
were calculated from the equations for a Level 1 evalua-
thickness from appropriate records or direct
tion in accordance with the original B31G methodology.
measurement of the pipe.
They provide a ready reference of maximum corrosion
lengths for a range of pipe sizes and depths of corrosion. Step 2. Clean the corroded pipe surface to bare metal.
The tables may be used to determine the maximum Care should be taken when cleaning corroded
allowable longitudinal extent of a contiguous area of areas of a pressurized pipe.
corrosion or an interacting cluster of metal loss areas. Step 3. Measure the maximum depth of the corroded
Evaluations shall be carried out consistent with the area, d, and longitudinal extent of the corroded
procedure described in the following steps: area, L, as shown in Fig. 2.1-1.
Step 1. Determine pipe diameter and nominal wall Step 4. Determine applicable pipe material properties
thickness from appropriate records or direct from appropriate records.
measurement of the pipe. Step 5. Select an evaluation method and calculate the
Step 2. Determine applicable pipe material properties estimated failure stress, SF.
from appropriate records. Step 6. Define an acceptable safety factor, SF.
Step 3. Clean the corroded pipe surface to bare metal. Step 7. Compare SP to SF X SO.
Care should be taken when cleaning corroded Step 8. The flaw is acceptable where S; is equal to or
areas of a pressurized pipe. greater than SF X SO, or where PF is equal to
Step 4. Measure the maximum depth of the corroded or greater than SF X PO.
area, d, and longitudinal extent of the corroded If the flaw is unacceptable based on Step 8 above, the
area, L, as shown in Fig. 2.1-1. pressure can be reduced such that it is less than P;/SF.
Step 5. Locate the table corresponding to the size of (a) Original B316
the pipe, D.
Step 6. In the table, locate the row showing a depth M = (1 + 0.8z)1/2
equal to the measured maximum depth of the
corroded area. If the exact measured value is For z 3 20,
not listed, choose the row showing the next
greater depth. S ZS 1-2/3(d/t)
F flow
Step 7. Read across to the column showing the wall
thickness of the pipe. If the nominal wall thick-
ness is not listed, use the column for the next For Z > 20,
thinner wall. The value, L, found at the inter-
section of the wall thickness column and the SF : Sflow(1 _
depth row is the maximum allowable longitu-
dinal extent of such a corroded area. Note that previous editions of B31G incorporated a
Step 8. The metal loss area on the pipe is acceptable definition for flow stress of SHOW = 1.1 X SMYS. For
if its measured length, L, does not exceed the consistency in comparison to results obtained from eval-
value of L given in the table. uations performed to an earlier edition, use of the same
The tables produce results that may be more conserva- definition for flow stress is recommended.
tive than those obtained by performing a Level 1, Level 2, [Referencesz ANSI/ASME B31G-1984 and ASME
or Level 3 analysis, particularly for operating hoop stress B31G-1991.]
levels less than 72% of SMYS, and also for very long (b) Modified B31G. For z £ 50,
corroded areas. Therefore, the tables may show that a
given corroded area is unsuitable for the current M = (1 + 0.62752 - 0.003375z2)1/2
ASME B31G-2009
For z > 50, profile defined by 11 measurements of depth of corrosion

including the end points at nominally full wall thickness,
M = 0.0322 + 3.3 ri! /2(n — 2)! iterations are required to examine all possi-
S _S 1 - 0.85(d/t) ble combinations of local metal loss with respect to sur-
F _ “OW 1 - 0.85(d/t)/M rounding remaining material. The local solution
resulting in the lowest calculated failure stress shall
[References: (1) Kiefner, ]. E, and Vieth, P. H., "Project govern.
PR3-805: A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Owing to its iterative nature, it is a practical necessity
Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe,” AGA Catalog to use a computer program or other algorithmic
No. L51609, Dec. 22, 1989; (2) Kiefner, ]. F., and Vieth, approach (e.g., a spreadsheet) in order to carry out an
P. H., "New Method Corrects Criterion for Evaluating evaluation using the Effective Area Method.
Corroded Pipe,” Oil & Gas Iournal, Aug. 6 and Aug. 20, The “API 579 Level 2" assessment, when reduced to
1990] its simplest form, is equivalent to the Effective Area
(c) API 579 Level 1. The "API 579 Level 1" assessment, Method presented herein, and therefore qualifies as a
when reduced to its simplest form, is of a similar format Level 2 assessment for purposes of meeting the require-
to the other Level 1 methods presented herein, and there- ments of this document. Refer to API 579-1 /ASME FPS-1
fore qualifies as a Level 1 assessment for purposes of for detailed instructions.
meeting the requirements of this document. [References: Same as in para. 2.2(b).]
2.3 Level 2 Evaluation 2.4 Level 3 Evaluation

Level 2 evaluations are performed using what is A Level 3 evaluation typically involves a detailed anal-
known as the Effective Area Method or sometimes the ysis, such as a finite element analysis of the corroded
RSTRENG method. Level 2 evaluations shall be carried region. The analysis should accurately consider or
out using a procedure similar to the ten steps described account for all factors which could affect the accuracy
for Level 1, except that the Effective Area Method gener- of results, including loadings including internal pressure
ally requires several measurements of the depth of corro- and external forces; boundary conditions and con-
sion or remaining wall thickness throughout the straints; ovality, deformations, misalignments, and dis-
corroded area. The Effective Area Method is expressed continuities; material stress—strain characteristics; and
as follows: effects of the flaw on the overall distribution of loads
and stresses. A failure criterion should be developed
S : 5 1M4/A9
F HOW 1 - (A/A0)/M that considers the strain capacity or fracture resistance
characteristics of the material. Similar issues should be
considered in developing a suitable safety factor as were
The Effective Area Method evaluates, by iteration, all
described for a Level 1 or Level 2 analysis.
possible combinations of local metal loss, A, with respect
to original material, AH. It requires for input a detailed
longitudinal distribution or profile of metal loss. The 3 TABLES OF ALLOWABLE LENGTH OF CORROSION
detailed profile is established by obtaining several mea-
surements of metal loss or remaining wall thickness The following are applicable to Tables 3-1 through
throughout the metal loss area. Such measurements may 3-12M:
be arranged in a grid pattern, or may follow a ”river (a) Metal loss having a maximum depth of 10% of
bottom” path through the deepest areas of metal loss. the nominal pipe wall thickness or less is not limited as
Increments of measurement need not be uniform, subject to allowable length.
to limitations of application software. If using a grid (b) Metal loss having a maximum depth exceeding
pattern, the analysis must be repeated along each merid- 80% of the nominal pipe wall thickness shall not be
ian to establish the governing solution. For a corroded evaluated using the tables of allowable length.
ASME B31G-2009
Fig. 1.12-1 Corrosion Pit Interaction Distances
WEQ P ‘ILongitudinal length

<
Longitudinal length
>I
Fig. 1.13-1 Helically Oriented Corrosion Pattern

Use L1 for angle L1
< 45 deg to pipe axis
I'\
/
//
,/
Use L2 for angle

|<i>|
2 45 deg to pipe axis
L2
7
ASME B31G-2009
Fig. 2.1-1 Corrosion Parameters Used in Analysis

Longitudinal axis of pipe
X \
<i Measured longitudinal extent of the i>

corroded area, LM
I r
Measured maximum
depth of corrosion
W \m
8
ASME B31G-2009
Table 3-1 Values of L for Pipe Sizes 2 NPS 2 and < NPS 6
Depth, Wall Thickness, t, in.
d, in. 0.083 0.109 0.125 0.141 0.154 0.172 0.188 0.218
0.01 1.99 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

0.02 0.92 1.94 2.44 2.59 2.71 2.86 2.30 No limit
0.03 0.53 0.85 1.13 1.51 1.94 2.86 2.99 3.22
0.04 0.39 0.60 0.75 0.93 1.11 1.40 1.74 2.74
0.05 0.31 0.47 0.58 0.70 0.82 1.00 1.18 1.62
0.06 0.25 0.39 0.48 0.58 0.66 0.79 0.92 1.21

0.07 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.56 0.67 0.77 0.99
0.08 0.28 0.35 0.43 0.49 0.58 0.67 0.84
0.09 0.31 0.38 0.43 0.51 0.59 0.74
0.10 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.53 0.66
0.11 0.30 0.35 0.41 0.48 0.60
0.12 0.31 0.38 0.43 0.55

0.13 0.34 0.40 0.50
0.14 0.37 0.46
0.15 0.34 0.43
0.16 0.40
0.17 0.37
Table 3-1M Values of L for Pipe Sizes 2 60 mm and < 168 mm O.D.
Depth, Wall Thickness, t, mm
d, mm 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.4 4.8 5.5

0.5 23.2 49.1 62.0 65.8 68.8 72.7 58.3 No limit
0.8 13.4 21.7 28.7 38.3 49.2 72.7 76.0 81.9
1.0 9.8 15.1 19.0 23.7 28.1 35.6 44.2 69.5
1.3 7.8 11.9 14.7 17.9 20.8 25.3 29.9 41.1
1.5 6.4 9.8 12.1 14.6 16.8 20.1 23.4 30.7
1.8 8.3 10.3 12.4 14.3 17.0 19.5 25.0
2.0 7.2 9.0 10.8 12.4 14.7 16.9 21.4
2.3 7.9 9.5 11.0 13.0 14.9 18.8
2.5 6.9 8.5 9.8 11.6 13.4 16.8
2.8 7.6 8.8 10.5 12.1 15.2
3.0 8.0 9.6 11.0 13.9

3.3 8.7 10.1 12.8
3.6 9.3 11.8
3.8 8.5 10.9
4.1 10.2
4.3 9.5
9
ASME B31G-2009
Depth Wall Thickness, t, in.
d, in. 0.083 0.125 0.156 0.188 0.203 0.219 0.250 0.312
3.32 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

1.53 4.08 4.55 3.83 No limit No limit No limit No limit
0.88 1.89 3.37 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.77 No limit
0.65 1.25 1.90 2.91 3.61 4.65 5.77 6.44
0.51 0.97 1.40 1.97 2.30 2.73 3.86 6.44
(‘)(‘)(‘)(‘)(‘)(‘) 131313131313 o\U'|-§\Ui\.)l—\ 0.42 0.80 1.13 1.54 1.77 2.04 2.67 4.77
I_07 3.68
‘) 0.96 1.29 1.46 1.66 2.11 3.37
L08 3.59 0.83 1.11 1.25 1.42 1.77 2.68
L09 3.52 0.74 3.98 1.10 1.24 1.54 2.26
I.10 3.46 0.66 3.88 0.99 1.11 1.37 1.97
I.11 0.59 3.80 0.90 1.01 1.24 1.76
‘)(‘)(‘)(‘)(‘)(‘) I.12
‘R
U 0.54 3.73 0.82 uI.92 1.13 1.60
I.13 0.66 3.75 L85 1.04 1.46

‘)(‘)
U I.14 0.61 3.69 l)‘ L78 3.96 1.35
I.15 0.56 3.64 I.72 3.89 1.26
‘)(‘) I.16
U 3.59 L67 3.83 1.18
I.17 (‘)(I.63 3.78 1.10
f3
‘(‘) I.18
U 3.73 1.04
T)
U I.19 0.69 0.98
I.20 0.65 0.93
‘)(‘) I.21
U 0.88
f3
U I.22 0.84
f3
U I.23 0.80
f3
U I.24 0.76
10
ASME B31G-2009
Depth’ Wall Thickness, t, mm
d, mm 2.1 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.4 7.9
0.3 84.4 No limit N0 limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

0.5 38.8 103.6 115.7 97.4 No limit No limit No limit No limit
0.8 22.4 48.0 85.6 127.0 132.0 137.1 146.4 No limit
1.0 16.4 31.8 48.1 73.8 91.6 118.1 146.4 163.6
1.3 13.0 24.6 35.5 50.0 58.5 69.3 98.0 163.6
1.5 10.7 20.3 28.7 39.1 44.9 51.7 67.8 121.1
1.8 17.3 24.3 32.6 37.1 42.2 53.6 85.5

2.0 15.0 21.1 28.2 31.9 36.0 45.0 68.1
2.3 13.1 18.7 24.9 28.1 31.6 39.1 57.4
2.5 11.6 16.7 22.3 25.1 28.3 34.8 50.2
2.8 15.0 20.2 22.8 25.6 31.4 44.8
3.0 13.6 18.4 20.8 23.4 28.7 40.6
3.3 16.9 19.1 21.5 26.4 37.2

3.6 15.5 17.6 19.8 24.4 34.4
3.8 14.3 16.3 18.4 22.7 32.0
4.1 15.1 17.1 21.2 29.9
4.3 000 15.9 19.8 28.0
4.6 000 18.6 26.4
4.8 17.5 25.0

5.1 16.4 23.6
5.3 22.4
5.6 21.3
5.8 20.2
6.1 19.2
11
ASME B31G-2009
Depth’ Wall Thickness, t, in.
d, in. 0.156 0.219 0.250 0.307 0.344 0.365 0.438 0.500
II" IU 5.80 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
II" DU 4.29 6.87 7.34 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
II" DU 2.41 5.92 7.34 8.14 8.62 8.87 No limit No limit
II" IU 1.78 3.48 4.91 8.14 8.62 8.87 9.72 10.39
II" IU O\U‘l-I>U.)l\.) 1.44 2.59 3.40 5.77 8.62 8.87 9.72 10.39
I_07 1.22 2.11 2.69 4.13 5.53 6.62 9.72 10.39

L08 1.06 1.81 2.26 3.30 4.22 4.85 8.37 10.39
L09 0.94 1.59 1.96 2.80 3.48 3.93 6.10 9.38
I.10 0.84 1.42 1.74 2.45 2.99 3.35 4.92 6.95
I.11 0.75 1.28 1.57 2.19 2.65 2.94 4.18 5.64
I.12 0.68 1.17 1.44 1.98 2.39 2.64 3.67 4.81

I.13 1.08 1.32 1.82 2.18 2.40 3.29 4.23
I.14 1.00 1.22 1.68 2.01 2.21 2.99 3.80
I.15 0.92 1.14 1.56 1.86 2.05 2.75 3.46
I.16 0.86 1.06 1.46 1.74 1.91 2.55 3.19
I.17 0.80 0.99 1.37 1.64 1.79 2.39 2.97

3.18
T)(T)
(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T)(T) 0.93 1.29 1.54 1.69 2.24 2.77
I.19 0.88 1.22 1.46 1.60 2.12 2.61
I.20 0.82 1.15 1.38 1.51 2.00 2.47
I.21
(T)(T)(T) 1.09 1.31 1.44 1.90 2.34
f3
U I.22 1.04 1.25 1.37 1.81 2.23
T)
U I.23 0.99 1.19 1.30 1.73 2.12
I.24 0.94 1.13 1.25 1.66 2.03
T)(T) I.25
U 1.08 1.19 1.59 1.95
f3
U I.26 1.03 1.14 1.52 1.87
f3
U I.27 0.99 1.09 1.46 1.80
f3
U L28 1.05 1.41 1.73
I.29 1.00 1.35 1.67

f3
I.30 1.31 1.61
(T)I.31
(T)(T 1.26 1.55
f3
U I.32 1.21 1.50
f3
U I.33 1.17 1.45
f3
U I.34 1.13 1.41
f3
U I.35 1.09 1.36
f3
U I.36 1.32
f3
U I.37 1.28
f3
U I.38 1.24
f3
U I.39 1.20
W
U I.40 1.16
12
ASME B31G-2009
Table 3-3M Values of L for Pipe Sizes 2 273 mm and < 406 mm O.D
Depth Wall Thickness, t, mm
d, mm 4.0 5.6 6.4 7.8 8.7 9.3 11.1 12.7

0.8 109.1 174.6 186.5 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
1.0 61.3 150.4 186.5 206.7 218.8 225.4 No limit No limit
1.3 45.2 88.3 124.8 206.7 218.8 225.4 246.9 263.8
1.5 36.5 65.9 86.4 146.6 218.8 225.4 246.9 263.8
1.8 30.9 53.7 68.2 104.8 140.5 168.1 246.9 263.8

2.0 26.9 45.9 57.3 83.9 107.1 123.3 212.7 263.8
2.3 23.8 40.3 49.8 71.0 88.3 99.8 155.0 238.4
2.5 21.3 36.0 44.3 62.1 76.0 85.0 124.9 176.5
2.8 19.2 32.6 40.0 55.5 67.3 74.7 106.1 143.3
3.0 17.3 29.8 36.5 50.4 60.6 67.0 93.1 122.2

3.3 27.4 33.6 46.2 55.3 61.0 83.5 107.5
3.6 25.3 31.1 42.7 51.0 56.1 76.0 96.5
3.8 23.4 28.9 39.7 47.4 52.0 69.9 87.9
4.1 21.8 27.0 37.1 44.2 48.5 64.9 81.0
4.3 20.3 25.2 34.8 41.5 45.5 60.6 75.3

4.6 23.7 32.8 39.1 42.9 56.9 70.5
4.8 22.2 31.0 37.0 40.5 53.7 66.3
5.1 20.9 29.3 35.1 38.4 50.9 62.7
5.3 27.8 33.3 36.5 48.4 59.4
5.6 26.4 31.7 34.8 46.1 56.6
5.8 25.1 30.2 33.1 44.0 54.0

6.1 23.8 28.8 31.7 42.1 51.6
6.4 27.5 30.3 40.3 49.5
6.6 26.3 29.0 38.7 47.5
6.9 25.1 27.7 37.2 45.7
7.1 000 26.6 35.7 44.0
7.4 25.5 34.4 42.4

7.6 33.2 40.9
7.9 32.0 39.5
8.1 30.8 38.1
8.4 29.7 36.9
8.6 28.7 35.7
8.9 27.7 34.6

9.1 33.5
9.4 32.4
9.7 31.4
9.9 30.5
10.2 29.6
13
ASME B31G-2009
Depth, Wall Thickness, t’ in.
d. in. 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.344 0.375 0.438 0.500 0.625
5.96 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

7.77 8.96 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
T)(UT)(T) 4.52 8.96 10.01 10.51 10.97 No limit No limit No limit
3.06 6.00 10.01 10.51 10.97 11.86 12.67 No limit
T)(T)
U 1313131313 o\\T'|-§\UI\) 2.39 4.15 7.41 10.51 10.97 11.86 12.67 No limit
T)
U L07 2.00 3.28 5.23 6.75 8.84 11.86 12.67 14.17
L08 1.73 2.75 4.17 5.14 6.34 10.21 12.67 14.17
T)(T)
U L09 1.52 2.39 3.51 4.24 5.08 7.44 11.45 14.17
L10 1.37 2.13 3.07 3.65 4.30 6.00 8.48 14.17
(T)(T) L11 1.24 1.92 2.74 3.23 3.77 5.10 6.88 13.85
T)
U L12 1.13 1.75 2.48 2.91 3.37 4.47 5.87 10.53
L13 1.03 1.61 2.27 2.66 3.06 4.01 5.16 8.65
T)(T) L14
U 0.95 1.49 2.10 2.45 2.81 3.65 4.63 7.43
f3
U L15 0.87 1.39 1.96 2.28 2.61 3.36 4.22 6.56
f3
U L16 1.30 1.83 2.13 2.43 3.12 3.89 5.91
T)
U L17 1.21 1.72 1.99 2.28 2.91 3.62 5.40
L18 1.14 1.62 1.88 2.15 2.74 3.38 4.99
f3
U L19 1.07 1.53 1.78 2.03 2.58 3.18 4.64
f3
U L20 1.00 1.44 1.68 1.92 2.45 3.01 4.35
(T)TT(TL21
) 1.37 1.60 1.83 2.32 2.85 4.10
T)
U L22 1.30 1.52 1.74 2.21 2.72 3.88
f3
U L23 1.24 1.45 1.66 2.11 2.59 3.69
f3
U L24 1.18 1.38 1.59 2.02 2.48 3.52
f3
U L25 1.32 1.52 1.94 2.38 3.36
f3
U L26 1.26 1.45 1.86 2.28 3.22
T)
U L27 1.21 1.39 1.79 2.19 3.10
f3
U L28 1.34 1.72 2.11 2.98
f3
U L29 1.28 1.65 2.03 2.87
f3
U L30 1.23 1.59 1.96 2.77
L31 1.53 1.90 2.68
f3
¢(_)___ L32
U 1.48 1.83 2.59
f3
U L33 1.43 1.77 2.51
f3
U L34 1.38 1.71 2.43
f3
U L35 1.33 1.66 2.36
f3
U L36 1.61 2.29
f3
U L37 1.56 2.23
W
U L38 1.51 2.16
f3
U L39 1.46 2.11
f3
U L40 1.42 2.05
L41 1.99
W
¢(¢)¢_ L42
U 1.94
0.43 1.89
CL44 1.84
C L45 1.80
CL46 1.75
0.47 1.71
0.48 1.67
C L49 1.63
0.50 1.59
14
ASME B31G-2009
d, mm 4.8 6.4 7.9 8.7 9.5 11.1 12.7 15.9

0.8 197.4 227.6 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
1.0 114.8 227.6 254.2 267.0 278.7 No limit No limit No limit
1.3 77.7 152.3 254.2 267.0 278.7 301.2 321.9 No limit
1.5 60.8 105.4 188.2 267.0 278.7 301.2 321.9 No limit
1.8 50.7 83.2 132.9 171.4 224.5 301.2 321.9 359.8
2.0 43.8 69.9 105.8 130.6 161.2 259.5 321.9 359.8
2.3 38.7 60.8 89.3 107.7 129.1 189.1 290.8 359.8
2.5 34.7 54.1 77.9 92.8 109.3 152.4 215.4 359.8
2.8 31.4 48.8 69.6 82.1 95.7 129.5 174.8 351.8
3.0 28.6 44.5 63.0 73.9 85.6 113.6 149.1 267.5

3.3 26.2 41.0 57.8 67.5 77.8 101.8 131.1 219.8
3.6 24.1 37.9 53.4 62.2 71.4 92.7 117.7 188.7
3.8 22.2 35.3 49.7 57.8 66.2 85.3 107.3 166.7
4.1 32.9 46.4 54.0 61.7 79.1 98.9 150.1
4.3 30.8 43.6 50.7 57.9 73.9 91.9 137.1

4.6 28.9 41.1 47.7 54.5 69.5 86.0 126.6
4.8 27.1 38.8 45.1 51.5 65.6 80.9 117.9
5.1 25.5 36.7 42.8 48.9 62.1 76.4 110.5
5.3 34.8 40.6 46.4 59.0 72.5 104.2
5.6 33.0 38.6 44.2 56.2 69.0 98.6

5.8 31.4 36.8 42.2 53.7 65.8 93.7
6.1 29.9 35.1 40.3 51.3 63.0 89.4
6.4 33.5 38.6 49.2 60.3 85.5
6.6 32.0 36.9 47.2 57.9 81.9
6.9 30.6 35.4 45.4 55.7 78.7

7.1 33.9 43.6 53.6 75.7
7.4 32.5 42.0 51.7 72.9
7.6 31.2 40.4 49.9 70.4
7.9 one 39.0 48.2 68.0
8.1 37.6 46.5 65.8
8.4 36.3 45.0 63.7

8.6 35.0 43.6 61.8
8.9 33.8 42.2 60.0
9.1 40.9 58.2
9.4 39.6 56.6
9.7 38.4 55.0
9.9 37.2 53.5

10.2 36.1 52.0
10.4 50.7
10.7 49.3
10.9 48.1
11.2 46.9
11.4 45.7
11.7 44.5
11.9 43.4
12.2 42.4
12.4 41.3
12.7 40.3
15
ASME B31G-2009
d, in. 0.219 0.250 0.344 0.406 0.469 0.500 0.562 0.625
II"
IU 9.38 10.02 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
II"
IU 8.08 10.02 11.75 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
UIU II" 4.74 6.70 11.75 12.77 13.72 14.17 No limit No limit
II"
CU 3.54 4.64 11.75 12.77 13.72 14.17 15.02 No limit
UIU II" 2.88 3.66 7.54 12.77 13.72 14.17 15.02 15.84
F‘
13 13 13LI, 50<|CT\J'|-ELI) 2.46 3.08 5.75 8.86 13.72 14.17 15.02 15.84
L09 2.16 2.68 4.74 6.83 10.21 12.80 15.02 15.84
3.10
T)(T) 1.93 2.38 4.08 5.66 7.94 9.48 14.12 15.84
L11 1.75 2.15 3.61 4.89 6.61 7.69 10.61 15.49
3.12 1.60 1.96 3.26 4.34 5.73 6.56 8.67 11.77
3.13 1.47 1.80 2.97 3.92 5.09 5.77 7.42 9.67
3.14
___F) 1.36 1.67 2.74 3.58 4.60 5.18 6.54 8.31
3.15
T) 1.26 1.55 2.54 3.31 4.22 4.72 5.88 7.34
3.16 1.17 1.45 2.38 3.08 3.90 4.35 5.37 6.61
3.17 1.09 1.36 2.23 2.89 3.64 4.04 4.95 6.04
3.18 1.27 2.10 2.72 3.41 3.78 4.61 5.57
3.19 1.19 1.99 2.56 3.21 3.56 4.32 5.19
3.20 1.12 1.88 2.43 3.04 3.36 4.07 4.87
L21 1.79 2.31 2.89 3.19 3.85 4.59

3.22 1.70 2.20 2.75 3.04 3.65 4.34
3.23 1.62 2.10 2.63 2.90 3.48 4.13
3.24 1.55 2.01 2.51 2.77 3.32 3.93
3.25 1.48 1.92 2.41 2.66 3.18 3.76
¢¢¢__(3.26
_) 1.41 1.84 2.31 2.55 3.05 3.61
3.27 1.35 1.77 2.22 2.45 2.94 3.46
3.28 1.70 2.14 2.36 2.83 3.33
3.29 1.64 2.06 2.27 2.73 3.21
0.30 1.57 1.99 2.19 2.63 3.10
0.31 1.51 1.92 2.12 2.54 2.99
0.32 1.46 1.85 2.05 2.46 2.90
0.33 1.79 1.98 2.38 2.81

0.34 1.73 1.92 2.31 2.72
0.35 1.67 1.86 2.24 2.64
0.36 1.62 1.80 2.17 2.56
CL37 1.56 1.74 2.11 2.49
0.38 1.69 2.05 2.42
CL39 1.64 1.99 2.35

0.40 1.59 1.93 2.29
0.41 1.88 2.23
0.42 1.83 2.17
L43 1.78 2.12
3.44
T)
(T) 1.73 2.06
3.45 2.01
3.46 1.96
(T)(TTL47 1.91
L48 1.86
3.49
T)
(T) 1.82
(T)L50 1.78
16
ASME B31G-2009
d, mm 5.6 6.4 8.7 10.3 11.9 12.7 14.3 15.9

1.0 205.1 254.4 298.5 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
1.3 120.5 170.3 298.5 324.3 348.5 359.8 No limit No limit
1.5 89.8 117.8 298.5 324.3 348.5 359.8 381.5 No limit
1.8 73.3 93.1 191.6 324.3 348.5 359.8 381.5 402.3
2.0 62.6 78.2 146.0 225.2 348.5 359.8 381.5 402.3
2.3 54.9 68.0 120.4 173.5 259.5 325.1 381.5 402.3
2.5 49.1 60.4 103.7 143.8 201.7 240.8 358.6 402.3
2.8 44.4 54.6 91.8 124.3 168.0 195.4 269.5 393.4
3.0 40.6 49.8 82.7 110.2 145.5 166.7 220.2 299.1
3.3 37.3 45.8 75.5 99.5 129.3 146.6 188.5 245.7
3.6 34.5 42.4 69.6 91.0 116.9 131.6 166.1 211.0
3.8 32.0 39.4 64.6 84.1 107.1 119.9 149.4 186.3

4.1 29.7 36.8 60.4 78.3 99.1 110.5 136.4 167.8
4.3 27.7 34.4 56.6 73.3 92.4 102.7 125.8 153.3
4.6 32.3 53.4 69.0 86.6 96.1 117.1 141.6
4.8 30.3 50.5 65.1 81.6 90.4 109.6 131.8
5.1 28.5 47.8 61.7 77.2 85.5 103.3 123.6
5.3 45.4 58.7 73.3 81.1 97.7 116.5

5.6 43.2 55.9 69.8 77.1 92.8 110.3
5.8 41.2 53.4 66.7 73.6 88.4 104.8
6.1 39.3 51.0 63.8 70.4 84.4 99.9
6.4 37.5 48.9 61.1 67.5 80.9 95.5
6.6 35.8 46.9 58.7 64.8 77.6 91.6
6.9 34.2 45.0 56.4 62.3 74.6 88.0

7.1 43.2 54.3 60.0 71.8 84.6
7.4 41.5 52.3 57.8 69.2 81.6
7.6 39.9 50.4 55.8 66.8 78.7
7.9 38.4 48.7 53.8 64.6 76.1
8.1 37.0 47.0 52.0 62.5 73.6
8.4 45.4 50.3 60.5 71.3

8.6 43.9 48.7 58.6 69.1
8.9 42.4 47.2 56.8 67.0
9.1 41.1 45.7 55.1 65.1
9.4 39.7 44.3 53.5 63.2
9.7 42.9 52.0 61.5
9.9 41.6 50.5 59.8

10.2 40.3 49.1 58.2
10.4 47.7 56.6
10.7 46.4 55.2
10.9 45.1 53.7
11.2 43.9 52.4
11.4 51.1
11.7 49.8
11.9 48.6
12.2 47.4
12.4 46.2
12.7 45.1
17
ASME B31G-2009
d, in. 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.438 0.469 0.500 0.562 0.625
3.1.. 10.97 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

3.C 10.97 12.26 13.44 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
3.1.. 7.34 12.26 13.44 14.53 15.03 15.52 No limit No limit
3.C 5.08 9.07 13.44 14.53 15.03 15.52 16.45 No limit
0 4.01 6.41 10.83 14.53 15.03 15.52 16.45 17.35
f\
3.C
TT)TT) (:)__)
T(:) _)__)
O0
U0
O\
\I
U1-I> 3.37 5.10 7.77 12.51 15.03 15.52 16.45 17.35
3.09 2.93 4.30 6.22 9.12 11.19 14.02 16.45 17.35

3.10
_)_ 2.61 3.76 5.27 7.35 8.70 10.38 15.47 17.35
3.11 2.35 3.35 4.61 6.24 7.24 8.43 11.62 16.96
3.12 2.15 3.04 4.13 5.48 6.28 7.19 9.50 12.90
3.13 1.98 2.79 3.75 4.91 5.58 6.32 8.13 10.60
3.14 1.83 2.57 3.45 4.47 5.04 5.68 7.17 9.10
3.15
T) 1.70 2.39 3.19 4.11 4.62 5.17 6.44 8.04
3.16 1.59 2.24 2.98 3.82 4.27 4.77 5.88 7.24
3.17 1.49 2.10 2.79 3.57 3.98 4.43 5.43 6.61
3.18 1.39 1.98 2.63 3.35 3.74 4.15 5.05 6.11
3.19 1.31 1.87 2.49 3.16 3.52 3.90 4.73 5.69
3.20 1.23 1.77 2.36 2.99 3.33 3.69 4.45 5.33
L21 1.68 2.24 2.85 3.16 3.50 4.21 5.02

3.22 1.59 2.13 2.71 3.01 3.33 4.00 4.76
3.23 1.51 2.03 2.59 2.88 3.17 3.81 4.52
3.24 1.44 1.94 2.48 2.75 3.04 3.64 4.31
3.25 1.86 2.37 2.64 2.91 3.49 4.12
¢¢¢__(3.26
_) 1.78 2.28 2.53 2.79 3.35 3.95
3.27 1.71 2.19 2.43 2.69 3.22 3.79

3.28 1.64 2.10 2.34 2.59 3.10 3.65
3.29 1.57 2.02 2.26 2.49 2.99 3.52
0.30 1.51 1.95 2.17 2.40 2.88 3.39
0.31 1.88 2.10 2.32 2.78 3.28
0.32 1.81 2.03 2.24 2.69 3.17
0.33 1.75 1.96 2.17 2.61 3.07
0.34 1.69 1.89 2.10 2.53 2.98
0.35 1.63 1.83 2.03 2.45 2.89
0.36 1.77 1.97 2.38 2.81
CL37 1.71 1.91 2.31 2.73
0.38 1.85 2.24 2.65
CL39 1.79 2.18 2.58

0.40 1.74 2.12 2.51
0.41 2.06 2.44
0.42 2.00 2.38
L43 1.95 2.32
3.44
T)
(T) 1.89 2.26
3.45 2.20
3.46 2.15
3.47
A)¢¢ 2.09
L48 2.04
3.49
T)
(T) 1.99
(T)L50 1.94
18
ASME B31G-2009
d, mm 6.4 7.9 9.5 11.1 11.9 12.7 14.3 15.9
0.8 278.7 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No imit

1.0 278.7 311.4 341.4 No limit No limit No limit No limit No imit
1.3 186.5 311.4 341.4 368.9 381.8 394.2 No limit No imit
1.5 129.1 230.5 341.4 368.9 381.8 394.2 417.9 No .imit
1.8 102.0 162.8 275.0 368.9 381.8 394.2 417.9 440.7
2.0 85.6 129.6 197.4 317.8 381.8 394.2 417.9 440.7
2.3 74.5 109.3 158.1 231.6 284.2 356.2 417.9 440.7
2.5 66.2 95.5 133.9 186.7 221.0 263.8 392.9 440.7
2.8 59.8 85.2 117.2 158.6 184.0 214.1 295.2 430.9
3.0 54.5 77.2 104.9 139.1 159.4 182.6 241.2 327.6
3.3 50.2 70.8 95.3 124.7 141.6 160.6 206.5 269.1
3.6 46.4 65.4 87.5 113.5 128.1 144.2 182.0 231.1
3.8 43.2 60.8 81.1 104.4 117.3 131.4 163.7 204.1
4.1 40.3 56.9 75.6 96.9 108.5 121.1 149.4 183.8
4.3 37.7 53.4 70.9 90.6 101.2 112.5 137.8 167.9
4.6 35.4 50.3 66.8 85.1 94.9 105.3 128.2 155.1
4.8 33.2 47.5 63.1 80.3 89.4 99.1 120.1 144.4
5.1 31.2 44.9 59.8 76.1 84.6 93.6 113.1 135.4
5.3 42.6 56.9 72.3 80.4 88.8 107.0 127.6

5.6 40.5 54.2 68.8 76.5 84.5 101.6 120.8
5.8 38.5 51.7 65.7 73.0 80.6 96.8 114.8
6.1 36.6 49.4 62.9 69.9 77.1 92.5 109.5
6.4 47.2 60.3 67.0 73.9 88.6 104.7
6.6 45.2 57.8 64.3 71.0 85.0 100.3
6.9 43.3 55.5 61.8 68.2 81.7 96.3

7.1 41.5 53.4 59.5 65.7 78.7 92.7
7.4 39.9 51.4 57.3 63.3 75.8 89.3
7.6 38.3 49.5 55.2 61.1 73.2 86.2
7.9 47.7 53.3 59.0 70.7 83.3
8.1 46.1 51.5 57.0 68.4 80.6
8.4 44.4 49.7 55.1 66.2 78.1
8.6 42.9 48.1 53.3 64.2 75.7
8.9 41.4 46.5 51.7 62.2 73.4
9.1 45.0 50.0 60.4 71.3
9.4 43.5 48.5 58.6 69.3
9.7 47.0 56.9 67.3
9.9 45.6 55.3 65.5

10.2 44.2 53.7 63.7
10.4 52.2 62.0
10.7 50.8 60.4
10.9 49.4 58.9
11.2 48.1 57.4
11.4 55.9
11.7 54.5
11.9 53.2
12.2 51.9
12.4 50.6
12.7 49.4
19
ASME B31G-2009
d, in. 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.438 0.500 0.625 0.688
UIQLU
f'\
12.27 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
f'\
LL, 12.27 13.71 15.03 No limit No limit No limit No limit
3.C
f\
8.21 13.71 15.03 16.24 17.35 No limit No limit
f\
LI, 5.68 10.14 15.03 16.24 17.35 No limit No limit
T)(T3.C
f\
)T)(T)T) <|cT\J-15 : 4.49 7.17 12.10 16.24 17.35 19.40 20.35
T)3.08 3.77 5.70 8.69 13.99 17.35 19.40 L35
L09 3.28 4.81 6.96 10.19 15.68 19.40 L35
3.10 2.91 4.20 5.89 8.22 11.61 19.40 L35
3.11 2.63 3.75 5.16 6.98 9.42 18.97 L35
3.12 2.40 3.40 4.62 6.12 8.04 14.42 l\.)l\.)l\.)l\.)l\J (T)(T)(T)(T)(L35
T)
TTTT(3.13
T) 2.21 3.11 4.19 5.49 7.07 11.85 15.82
3.14 2.04 2.88 3.85 5.00 6.35 10.17 13.07

3.15 1.90 2.68 3.57 4.60 5.78 8.98 11.25
3.16 1.77 2.50 3.33 4.27 5.33 8.09 9.96
3.17 1.66 2.35 3.12 3.99 4.95 7.39 8.98
3.18 1.56 2.21 2.94 3.75 4.63 6.83 8.21
3.19 1.46 2.09 2.78 3.53 4.36 6.36 7.59
3.20 1.38 1.98 2.63 3.35 4.12 5.96 7.07

3.21 1.88 2.50 3.18 3.91 5.62 6.63
3.22
‘)‘@ 1.78 2.38 3.03 3.72 5.32 6.26
L23 1.69 2.27 2.89 3.55 5.05 5.93
"L24 1.61 2.17 2.77 3.39 4.82 5.64
L25 2.08 2.65 3.25 4.61 5.38
3.26 1.99 2.54 3.12 4.42 5.15

3.27 1.91 2.44 3.00 4.24 4.94
3.28 1.83 2.35 2.89 4.08 4.74
3.29 1.75 2.26 2.79 3.93 4.57
T T3.30
T( )(T ) 1.68 2.18 2.69 3.80 4.41
0.31 2.10 2.60 3.67 4.26
0.32 2.03 2.51 3.55 4.12

0.33 1.96 2.43 3.44 3.99
0.34 1.89 2.35 3.33 3.86
0.35 1.82 2.27 3.23 3.75
0.36 2.20 3.14 3.64
0.37 2.13 3.05 3.54
CL38 2.07 2.96 3.44
0.39 2.01 2.88 3.35
0.40 1.94 2.81 3.26
0.41 2.73 3.18
0.42 2.66 3.10
0.43 2.59 3.02
.44 2.53 2.95

..45 2.46 2.87
L46 2.40 2.81
L47 2.34 2.74
L48 2.28 2.68
1313131L49
3Q 2.23 2.62
3.50
T) 2.17 2.56
L51 2.50
L52 2.44
L53 2.39
L54 2.33
L55
(T)(T)(T)(T)(T) 2.28
ASME B31G-2009
Depth, Wall Thickness, t, mm
d, mm 6.4 7.9 9.5 11.1 12.7 15.9 17.5
0.8 311.6 No limit No limit No limit No imit No limit No limit

1.0 311.6 348.1 381.7 No limit No imit No limit No limit
1.3 208.5 348.1 381.7 412.5 440.7 No limit No limit
1.5 144.3 257.7 381.7 412.5 440.7 No limit No limit
1.8 114.0 182.0 307.4 412.5 440.7 492.7 517.0
2.0 95.7 144.9 220.7 355.3 440.7 492.7 517.12

2.3 83.2 122.2 176.8 258.9 398.2 492.7 517.12
2.5 74.0 106.7 149.7 208.7 294.9 492.7 517.12
2.8 66.8 95.3 131.0 177.3 239.3 481.8 517.12
3.0 61.0 86.3 117.2 155.6 204.1 366.3 517.12
3.3 56.1 79.1 106.5 139.4 179.5 300.9 401.9
3.6 51.9 73.1 97.8 126.9 161.2 258.4 331.9
3.8 48.3 68.0 90.6 116.8 146.9 228.2 285.8
4.1 45.1 63.6 84.6 108.4 135.4 205.5 252.9
4.3 42.2 59.7 79.3 101.3 125.8 187.8 228.1
4.6 39.6 56.2 74.7 95.1 117.7 173.4 208.6
4.8 37.1 53.1 70.6 89.8 110.8 161.5 192.8
5.1 34.9 50.3 66.9 85.0 104.7 151.3 179.6

5.3 47.7 63.6 80.8 99.3 142.7 168.5
5.6 45.2 60.6 77.0 94.5 135.1 158.9
5.8 43.0 57.8 73.5 90.2 128.4 150.6
6.1 40.9 55.2 70.3 86.2 122.4 143.2
6.4 52.8 67.4 82.6 117.0 136.6
6.6 50.6 64.6 79.3 112.2 130.7

6.9 48.4 62.1 76.3 107.7 125.4
7.1 46.5 59.7 73.4 103.6 120.5
7.4 44.6 57.5 70.8 99.9 116.0
7.6 42.8 55.4 68.3 96.4 111.9
7.9 53.4 65.9 93.2 108.1
8.1 51.5 63.7 90.1 104.5

8.4 49.7 61.6 87.3 101.2
8.6 48.0 59.6 84.6 98.1
8.9 46.3 57.7 82.1 95.2
9.1 55.9 79.7 92.5
9.4 54.2 77.4 89.8
9.7 52.5 75.3 87.4

9.9 50.9 73.2 85.0
10.2 49.4 71.3 82.8
10.4 69.4 80.7
10.7 67.6 78.6
10.9 65.8 76.7
11.2 64.2 74.8

11.4 62.5 73.0
11.7 61.0 71.3
11.9 59.5 69.6
12.2 58.0 68.0
12.4 56.6 66.4
12.7 55.2 64.9

13.0 63.5
13.2 62.0
13.5 60.6
13.7 59.3
14.0 58.0
ASME B31G-2009
d, in. 0.250 0.281 0.312 0.375 0.406 0.469 0.562 0.688
II"
IU 13.44 11.12 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit
II"
IU 13.44 14.25 15.01 16.46 No limit No limit No limit No limit
UIU II" 8.99 13.40 15.01 16.46 17.13 18.41 No limit No limit
II"
CU 6.22 8.22 11.11 16.46 17.13 18.41 20.15 No limit
)T)(T)(T) II"
T)(TUIU <|cT\J-15LI> 4.92 6.21 7.85 13.26 17.13 18.41 20.15 22.30
3.08
T) 4.13 5.09 6.25 9.52 11.89 18.41 20.15 22.312
L09 3.59 4.37 5.27 7.62 9.16 13.70 20.15 22.312
3.10
T)(T) 3.19 3.86 4.60 6.46 7.60 10.66 18.94 22.312
L11 2.88 3.47 4.11 5.65 6.56 8.87 14.23 22.312
3.12 2.63 3.15 3.72 5.06 5.82 7.69 11.63 22.312
3.13
__F) 2.42 2.90 3.41 4.59 5.26 6.83 9.95 17.33
L14 2.24 2.68 3.15 4.22 4.81 6.18 8.78 14.31
3.15
T)(T) 2.08 2.50 2.93 3.91 4.44 5.66 7.89 12.33
3.16 1.94 2.33 2.74 3.65 4.13 5.23 7.20 10.91
3.17 1.82 2.19 2.57 3.42 3.87 4.88 6.65 9.84
3.18 1.71 2.06 2.42 3.22 3.64 4.58 6.18 9.00
3.19 1.60 1.94 2.29 3.04 3.44 4.31 5.79 8.31
3.20 1.51 1.83 2.17 2.89 3.26 4.08 5.45 7.75

L21 1.73 2.06 2.74 3.10 3.87 5.16 7.27
3.22 1.64 1.95 2.61 2.95 3.69 4.90 6.85
3.23 1.85 2.49 2.82 3.52 4.67 6.49
3.24 1.76 2.38 2.70 3.37 4.46 6.18
¢¢__(3.25
_)_ 2.28 2.58 3.23 4.27 5.89
3.26 2.18 2.48 3.10 4.10 5.64

3.27 2.09 2.38 2.98 3.94 5.41
3.28 2.00 2.28 2.87 3.79 5.20
3.29 1.92 2.19 2.76 3.66 5.00
0.30 1.84 2.11 2.66 3.53 4.83
0.31 2.03 2.57 3.41 4.66
0.32 1.95 2.48 3.30 4.51

0.33 2.40 3.19 4.37
0.34 2.32 3.09 4.23
0.35 2.24 3.00 4.11
0.36 2.17 2.91 3.99
CL37 2.10 2.83 3.87
CL38 2.74 3.77

CL39 2.67 3.67
0.40 2.59 3.57
0.41 2.52 3.48
0.42 2.45 3.39
0.43 2.38 3.31
0.44 2.32 3.23
0.45 010 3.15
CL46 one 3.07
3 47 3.00
L48 2.93
3.49
T)
(T)(T 2.87
3.50 2.80
L51 2.74
L52 2.68
L53 2.62
3.54
T)
(T)(T)(T) 2.56
(T)L55 2.50
22
ASME B31G-2009
Table 3-8M Values of L for Pipe Sizes 2 914 mm and < 1 066 mm O.D.
d, mm 6.4 7.1 7.9 9.5 10.3 11.9 14.3 17.5

1.0 341.4 361.9 381.4 418.1 No limit No limit No limit No limit
1.3 228.4 340.2 381.4 418.1 435.0 467.6 No limit No limit
1.5 158.1 208.9 282.3 418.1 435.0 467.6 511.8 No limit
1.8 124.9 157.6 199.4 336.8 435.0 467.6 511.8 566.3
2.0 104.9 129.4 158.7 241.7 302.1 467.6 511.8 566.3
2.3 91.2 111.0 133.9 193.6 232.8 348.1 511.8 566.3
2.5 81.1 98.0 116.9 164.0 193.0 270.6 481.2 566.3
2.8 73.2 88.0 104.3 143.5 166.7 225.4 361.6 566.3
3.0 66.8 80.1 94.6 128.4 147.9 195.2 295.4 566.3
3.3 61.4 73.6 86.7 116.7 133.5 173.5 252.9 440.2
3.6 56.9 68.1 80.1 107.2 122.1 156.9 222.9 363.6
3.8 52.9 63.4 74.5 99.3 112.8 143.7 200.5 313.1
4.1 49.4 59.3 69.6 92.6 105.0 132.9 183.0 277.1
4.3 46.2 55.6 65.4 86.9 98.3 123.9 168.8 249.9
4.6 43.3 52.3 61.6 81.8 92.5 116.2 157.0 228.5
4.8 40.7 49.3 58.2 77.3 87.4 109.5 147.1 211.2
5.1 38.3 46.5 55.1 73.3 82.8 103.6 138.5 196.8

5.3 44.0 52.2 69.7 78.7 98.4 131.1 184.6
5.6 41.6 49.6 66.3 75.0 93.7 124.5 174.1
5.8 47.1 63.3 71.6 89.5 118.6 164.9
6.1 44.8 60.5 68.5 85.6 113.3 156.9
6.4 57.8 65.6 82.0 108.5 149.7
6.6 55.4 62.9 78.7 104.1 143.2

6.9 53.1 60.3 75.7 100.1 137.3
7.1 50.9 58.0 72.8 96.3 132.0
7.4 48.8 55.7 70.2 92.9 127.1
7.6 46.9 53.6 67.7 89.6 122.6
7.9 51.6 65.3 86.6 118.4
8.1 49.7 63.0 83.8 114.5

8.4 60.9 81.1 110.9
8.6 58.9 78.6 107.5
8.9 56.9 76.2 104.3
9.1 55.1 73.9 101.3
9.4 53.3 71.8 98.4
9.7 69.7 95.7

9.9 67.7 93.2
10.2 65.8 90.7
10.4 64.0 88.4
10.7 62.2 86.1
10.9 60.5 84.0
11.2 58.9 82.0

11.4 I00 80.0
11.7 one 78.1
11.9 76.3
12.2 74.5
12.4 72.8
12.7 71.1
13.0 69.5
13.2 68.0
13.5 66.4
13.7 65.0
14.0 63.5
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ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING, B31
Power Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . ..B31.1-2012

Fuel Gas Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .. B31.21-19
Process Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . ..B31.3-201"
Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . ..B31.4-20
Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . ..B31.5-2012
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . ..B31.8-20
Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .B31.8S-2OC
Building Services Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . ..B31.9-20
Slurry Transportation Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . ..B31.11-2012
Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . ..B31.12-20
Standard for the Seismic Design and Retrofit of Above-Ground Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . B31E-2 O
Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines: Supplement to ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping. . . .. B316-20<
Standard Test Method for Determining Stress intensification Factors (i-Factors) for Metallic Piping Components . . . . . ...... . . . . . B31]-20
Pipeline Personnel Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . B31Q-201$C)vC)_C)OC)
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NOTE:
(1) USAS B31.2-1968 was withdrawn as an American National Standard on February 18, 1988. ASME will continue to make available USAS
B31.2-1968 as a historical document for a period of time.
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ISBN-13: 978-0-7918-3261-
ISBN-101 0-7918-3261-9
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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Correspondence With the B31 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

B31 MECHANICAL DESIGN TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

MANUAL FOR DETERMINING THE REMAINING STRENGTH OF

1 INTRODUCTION (h) metal loss in pipe material having ductile fracture

For z > 50, profile defined by 11 measurements of depth of corrosion

2.3 Level 2 Evaluation 2.4 Level 3 Evaluation

Fig. 1.12-1 Corrosion Pit Interaction Distances

WEQ P ‘ILongitudinal length

Fig. 1.13-1 Helically Oriented Corrosion Pattern

Use L2 for angle

Fig. 2.1-1 Corrosion Parameters Used in Analysis

<i Measured longitudinal extent of the i>

0.01 1.99 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

0.06 0.25 0.39 0.48 0.58 0.66 0.79 0.92 1.21

0.12 0.31 0.38 0.43 0.55

0.3 50.5 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

3.0 8.0 9.6 11.0 13.9

3.32 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

U 0.54 3.73 0.82 uI.92 1.13 1.60

I.13 0.66 3.75 L85 1.04 1.46

0.3 84.4 No limit N0 limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

1.8 17.3 24.3 32.6 37.1 42.2 53.6 85.5

3.3 16.9 19.1 21.5 26.4 37.2

4.8 17.5 25.0

I_07 1.22 2.11 2.69 4.13 5.53 6.62 9.72 10.39

I.12 0.68 1.17 1.44 1.98 2.39 2.64 3.67 4.81

I.17 0.80 0.99 1.37 1.64 1.79 2.39 2.97

I.29 1.00 1.35 1.67

0.5 147.4 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

1.8 30.9 53.7 68.2 104.8 140.5 168.1 246.9 263.8

3.0 17.3 29.8 36.5 50.4 60.6 67.0 93.1 122.2

4.3 20.3 25.2 34.8 41.5 45.5 60.6 75.3

5.8 25.1 30.2 33.1 44.0 54.0

7.4 25.5 34.4 42.4

8.9 27.7 34.6

5.96 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

0.5 151.3 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

3.0 28.6 44.5 63.0 73.9 85.6 113.6 149.1 267.5

4.3 30.8 43.6 50.7 57.9 73.9 91.9 137.1

5.6 33.0 38.6 44.2 56.2 69.0 98.6

6.9 30.6 35.4 45.4 55.7 78.7

8.4 36.3 45.0 63.7

9.9 37.2 53.5

L21 1.79 2.31 2.89 3.19 3.85 4.59

0.33 1.79 1.98 2.38 2.81

CL39 1.64 1.99 2.35

0.8 238.1 254.4 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

3.8 32.0 39.4 64.6 84.1 107.1 119.9 149.4 186.3

5.3 45.4 58.7 73.3 81.1 97.7 116.5

6.9 34.2 45.0 56.4 62.3 74.6 88.0

8.4 45.4 50.3 60.5 71.3

9.9 41.6 50.5 59.8

3.1.. 10.97 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit

3.09 2.93 4.30 6.22 9.12 11.19 14.02 16.45 17.35

L21 1.68 2.24 2.85 3.16 3.50 4.21 5.02

3.27 1.71 2.19 2.43 2.69 3.22 3.79

CL39 1.79 2.18 2.58

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