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Air Conditioning Systems Vapor Compressi PDF
Air Conditioning Systems Vapor Compressi PDF
Professor Holmes
AET 241
February 25,2015
Air Conditioning Systems:
Vapor Compression Refrigeration and Free Cooling
An air conditioning system as a whole is comprised of three smaller subunits, which
work together in order to keep a building cool. Firstly there is the chilled water system that
circulates water throughout a building in order to cool it down. Next there is the main
refrigerative system, which uses refrigerants in order to remove the heat acquired by the water.
And finally there is the cooling system, which removes the heat from the refrigerant.
1
In order to directly remove heat from an indoor environment chilled water is passed
through a series of coils as fans blow the warmer indoor air over them, this is known as a fan coil
unit (Rabeet Sajid, M.). The water within these coils then absorbs the heat from the surrounding
air via the use of a heat exchanger, cooling the air down while the water itself gets warmer. In
order to optimize this process the coils are made thin and long (Rabeet Sajid, M.). This allows it
to have a large the surface area in comparison to the volume of water within the pipes at anytime.
Since the thermal capacity of water is “62.0 Btu/h ft °F”, it makes it nearly 3100 times more
conductive than air which only has a conductance of “0.02 Btu/h ft °F” this allows it to be a good
medium to remove the heat from the air (Kwok, page 196). After some time the water absorbs so
much heat that it undergoes a phase change and evaporates. The vapor is then sent to a heat
exchanger. This heat exchanger is connected to the evaporator of the vapor compression
refrigeration system. Within it the heat from the water vapor is then passed onto the refrigerant in
the vapor compression system (Delano). This allows the water to cool down which causes it to
revert back to a chilled liquid (Delano). This chilled water is then sent back to the series of coils
to begin the process all over again.
1
Image Cited:
Fan coil unit (indoor unit). (2008, January 1). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
http://www.homeair.com.au/images/fan coil.gif
Vapor compression refrigeration is the most common form of air conditioning found in
many built structures throughout many climates (McQuiston, page 608). In it’s most basic form
the mechanical system consist of four components; an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser and
an expansion valve ( The Vapour Compression Cycle ). These four parts work together in a
continuous refrigeration cycle to cool down buildings as well as cars and buses. This done by
allowing the refrigerant to flow through a cycle where it evaporates as it absorbs large amounts
of heat and give up heat as it condenses ( The Vapour Compression Cycle ). The vapor
compression system begins as the refrigerant is sent to a heat exchanger via the evaporator as the
water used to cool down the building is channeled back there as well. That is where the water
then passes on it’s heat to the liquidvapor refrigerant (Delano). This causes the liquidvapor
refrigerant to undergo a phase change due to the heat it absorbs from the water; it then becomes a
“dry saturated vapor” (McQuiston, page 611). Next it passes into the compressor, “a vapor
pump”, where the pressure is increased, which causes the saturated vapor to become superheated
(Havrella, page 21). This is due to GuyLussac's law, which states that pressure and temperature
are directly related (Havrella, page 33). Therefore increasing pressure in the compressor will also
increase the temperature of the refrigerant as well. This is done to increase the enthalpy of the
system, which will cause the rate of refrigerant flow to increase (Baglione). Due to this the
cooling capacity of the system is increased and the refrigerant cycle is able to cool down larger
amounts of water at the evaporator (Baglione). After moving through the compressor the
superheated gas is passed onto the condenser. The condenser then removes the heat from the
refrigerant by rejecting “heat to the surroundings” (Brokowski, M. E.). In most vapor
compression systems this often entails allowing cool water in a chiller to absorb it through the
use of another heat exchanger (Havrella, page 70). This causes the gaseous refrigerant to
become cooler and therefore more saturated (McQuiston, page 612). Overtime as the gas as it
becomes more saturated turns into a “liquidvapor mix” and then undergoes a phase change and
becomes a liquid (Brokowski, M. E.). In this way the condenser in the refrigerant system is the
opposite of the evaporator. Whereas the liquidvapor refrigerant absorbs heat from water vapor
in the evaporator, here in the condenser the liquid water absorbs heat from the vapor refrigerant
instead (Baglione). After the heat is removed from the refrigerant it moves into the expansion
valve, also known as the throttle. It’s “main purpose is to keep the evaporator as full of liquid as
possible” and to make sure that none of it flows back into the compressor (Havrella, page 21).
Inside the throttle the saturated liquid is turned back into a liquidvapor mix (Baglione). Then it
finally reaches the evaporator where the refrigerant absorbs heat from the water, starting the
cycle all over again.
2
The main problem with the refrigerative system comes from the refrigerants that they use.
Chlorodifluoromethane also known as R22 is one of the most common refrigerants (Binetti,
Roberto). It belongs to a group of chemicals known as ferons or chlorofluorocarbons which is
often abbreviated as CFCs. Chemically they are very stable, nonflammable and nontoxic
allowing them to be used widely as a refrigerant (Binetti, Roberto). However, even though it is
widely used it is still a very hazardous material. In regards to health, if someone comes into
shortterm contact with R22 they will begin to experience “dizziness, disorientation,
incoordination, narcosis, nausea, vomiting, heart palpitations, tightness in the chest, and
difficulty breathing” ( Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Chlorodifluoromethane ).
Longterm contact can cause “an irregular heart” in individuals ( Occupational Safety and Health
Guideline for Chlorodifluoromethane ). R22 is also an extremely powerful greenhouse gas. Ever
since “the 1970’s studies showed that when CFCs were emitted into the atmosphere, they
destroyed the ozone layer in the stratosphere” (Leyk, M.). Chlorodifluoromethane “after carbon
dioxide and methane is the third most important anthropogenic caused greenhouse gas” (Leyk,
M.). Also, in order to manufacture this gas it creates the chemical trifluoromethane or
fluoroform, CHF3, as a byproduct ( What You Should Know about Refrigerants ). It is also a
greenhouse gas, which is “11,700 times more potent than carbon dioxide” (Jia, Hepeng). Due to
these factors “the Montreal Protocol, an international agreement adopted in 1997” by all
members of the United Nations accepted that the production of chlorodifluoromethane should
end “by 2020 in developed countries, and by 2030 in developing countries” (Leyk, M.). Now
other chemicals known as Hydrofluorocarbons, abbreviated as HFCFs, are now being produced
to replace them. This is due to the fact that they have a “98% less ozone depleting potential and
have 80% shorter atmospheric lifetimes” ( What Is HCFC? ). This has caused the rate of emission
of HFCFs to increase “about 50 percent above the 19902000 average” (U.S. Department of
2
Image cited:
Newman, D. (n.d.). The Vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Retrieved
February 24, 2015, from
http://ffden2.phys.uaf.edu/212_spring2007.web.dir/sedona_price/images/refrig_pv_diagram.gif
Commerce). However, as greenhouse gases they are even worse. Whereas R22 is nearly 2000
thousands times stronger than carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons “are 3,830 times more potent”
(
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) ). At the current rate of emission, over the next century “one pound
of HFC23 released into the atmosphere (will trap) heat 14,800 times more effectively than one
pound of carbon dioxide” (U.S. Department of Commerce). The image below shows how the
concentration of ozone in the atmosphere would have been affected if the widespread use of
chlorodifluoromethane had continued. In the image the relation to the measure of the
concentration of ozone, one Dobson unit is equal to a thickness of 0.01 millimeters of ozone in
the atmosphere at standard, temperature and pressure (Jones, R.).
3
A new approach to airconditioning in recent years has been the free cooling system. Free
cooling involves the use of water economizers where the “air of a cooling system is cooled
indirectly with water that is itself cooled by heat or mass transfer to the environment” (
"Free"
cooling using Water Economizers, page 1). One form of free cooling know as the strainer system
involves connecting the chiller in the refrigeration system and the chilled water system with a
3
Image cited:
Schindler, T. (2009, March 17). What Would have Happened to the Ozone Layer
if Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been Regulated? Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgibin/details.cgi?aid=3586
cooling tower on the roof of the building ( "Free" cooling using Water Economizers , page 2). The
cooling tower allows the water to cool down via the colder air around the tower itself as well as
by evaporation. This can best be done when the “outdoor air temperatures are below ~55 °F and
above 32°F, the cooling towers can be used to supply primary chilled water” (Baglione). The
water once cooled is then sent back to the chiller, which then uses it to cool down the refrigerant.
If the exterior temperature is cold enough the “water from the cooling tower is routed directly
into the chilledwater loop” ( "Free" cooling using Water Economizers , page 2). This lowers the
cost of removing the heating from the building, allowing free cooling to often be a cheaper
alternative to the vapor compression system. This is because removing the heat from a chiller
requires a lot of energy, which can make them very expensive, especially if they are used in
largescale buildings. One problem with cooling towers is that they have the potential to freeze
when it gets too cold. Ice can form naturally if the exterior temperature falls below 32 degrees
Fahrenheit in the winter for example ( Operating Cooling Towers In Freezing Weather ). If one
were to reduce the flow of water to the cooling tower or increase the necessary heat load for the
build this would increase the chance of ice forming within the cooling tower as well ( Operating
Cooling Towers In Freezing Weather ). Ice formation is dangerous for it could block the flow of
air and “its weight alone can overload affected members” of the building’s rooftop ( Operating
Cooling Towers In Freezing Weather ). Another problem that can arise from the cooling tower is
that over time the water itself can become contaminated ( "Free" cooling using Water
Economizers, page 1). It is also more climate specific than the vapor compression system as it is
dependent on the exterior temperature to be cold in order to provide the cooling for the water.
Therefore the free cooling system is confined to climates that experience cold winters or nights
on a regular basis. In warmer climates the heat wouldn't be removed from the water, which
would render the free cooling air conditioning system ineffective.
4
4
Image cited:
Free Cooling. (2013, January 1). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
http://c03.apogee.net/contentplayer/templates/ces/images/c00120.jpg
Works Cited:
Baglione, M. (n.d.). Waterside Free Cooling. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from
https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/416
Binetti, Roberto, and Leonello Attias. "European Union Risk Assessment Report
Chlorodifluoromethane." European Chemicals Agency . European Chemicals Agency, 1 Sept.
2008. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
<http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/fc013b8c716840a1948f33d3567b9641>.
Brokowski, M. E. "Design of VaporCompression Refrigeration Cycles." Design of
VaporCompression Refrigeration Cycles . Qualitative Reasoning Group Northwestern
University, 1 Jan. 1997. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/thermo/designlibrary/refrig/refrig.html>.
Delano, A. (1998, June 1). The Vapor Compression Cycle. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from
http://wwwold.me.gatech.edu/energy/andy_phd/one.htm#IA
"Free" cooling using Water Economizers. (2008, January 1). Retrieved February 10, 2015, from
http://www.trane.com/Commercial/Uploads/PDF/11598/News Free Cooling using Water
Economizers.pdf
Havrella, R. (1981).
Heating, Ventilating, and Airconditioning fundamentals (2 nd. ed., p. 496).
New York: Gregg Division, McGrawHill.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)." Think Global Green . Thinkglobalgreen.org, 1 Jan. 2008. Web. 23
Feb. 2015. <http://www.thinkglobalgreen.org/hfc.html>.
Jia, Hepeng. "Uncertainties for UN Clean Energy Programme in China." Uncertainties for UN
Clean Energy Programme in China . Royal Society of Chemistry, 1 Jan. 2015. Web. 23 Feb.
2015. <http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2010/March/31031001.asp>.
Jones, R. (2009).
Compendium of Chemical Terminology the Gold Book . Cambridge:
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Kwok, A., Grondzik, W., Reynolds, J., & Stein, B. (2009). Chapter 7 Heat Flow. In Mechanical
and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Eleventh Edition (11th ed., p. 196). Hoboken, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Leyk, M. (n.d.). Greenhouse Gases. Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB4QFjAA&ur
l=http://www.golsonmedia.com/energy%201/G/Greenhouse%20Gases.doc&ei=uPnrVKy7MuOI
sQTux4DYBA&usg=AFQjCNHHcWWOKLkDiS07xn4H0MudX0oag&sig2=kcBQppCHOgF
M3RKgeOakWQ&bv
McQuiston, F., & Parker, J. (1982). Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning: Analysis and design
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"Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Chlorodifluoromethane." Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention . The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S.
Department of Labor, 1 Jan. 1995. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81123/pdfs/0124.pdf>.
Operating Cooling Towers In Freezing Weather. (2014, January 1). Retrieved February 23, 2015,
from
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB4QFjAA&ur
l=http://spxcooling.com/pdf/H003B.pdf&ei=WmTrVOv9IdKjyASk2oDgAw&usg=AFQjCNF1
btaC4TLE9rPuFbUiKBsxDU_KA&sig2=sWu7yv3hLDOEC0Up64NV_A&bvm=bv.86475890,
d.aWw&cad=rja
Rabeet Sajid, M. (2013, December 13). Fan coil unit & Air handling unit. Retrieved February 24,
2015, from https://www.feta.co.uk/uploaded_images/files/HEVAC/Why FCU 2011_04_11.pdf
De Leon, N. (n.d.). Specific Heat and Heat Capacity. Retrieved February 23, 2015, from
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matterandenergy/specificheat.html
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National Ozone Unit Ministry of Environment Sri Lanka, 1 Jan. 2015. Web. 11 Feb. 2015.
<http://ozone.unep.org/Events/ozone_day_2011/HCFC Leaflet.pdf>.
Images Cited:
Fan coil unit (indoor unit). (2008, January 1). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
http://www.homeair.com.au/images/fan coil.gif
Free Cooling. (2013, January 1). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
http://c03.apogee.net/contentplayer/templates/ces/images/c00120.jpg
Newman, D. (n.d.). The Vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Retrieved February 24, 2015,
from
http://ffden2.phys.uaf.edu/212_spring2007.web.dir/sedona_price/images/refrig_pv_diagram.gif
Schindler, T. (2009, March 17). What Would have Happened to the Ozone Layer if
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been Regulated? Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgibin/details.cgi?aid=3586