buildings

Article
HBIM and Virtual Tools: A New Chance to Preserve
Architectural Heritage
Anna Osello 1, *, Greta Lucibello 1, * ID
and Francesco Morgagni 2, *
1 Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering (DISEG), Politecnico di Torino,
Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
2 Manital Spa, Via Giuseppe di Vittorio, 29, 10015 Ivrea, Italy
* Correspondence: anna.osello@polito.it (A.O.); greta.lucibello@polito.it (G.L.);
morgagni.francesco@manital.it (F.M.)

Received: 30 November 2017; Accepted: 17 January 2018; Published: 19 January 2018

Abstract: Nowadays, architectural heritage is increasingly exposed to dangers due to natural disasters
or human invasive actions. However, management and conservation represent crucial phases within
the life cycle of historical buildings. Unfortunately, the complexity of conservation practices and the
lack of knowledge of historic buildings are the cause of an inefficient recovering process in case of
emergencies. To overcome this problem, this research aims to ensure the preservation of relevant
information through the use of building information modeling (BIM) methodology. By developing
historic building information models (HBIMs), it is possible to enhance the architectural heritage.
This represents an opportunity to incorporate digital media into the global heritage conservation
field. To achieve this goal, a historical castle was selected as a case study; this unique piece of
architecture is located in the Piedmont Region, close to city of Turin (Italy). The results show a direct
relation between a historical digital model, finalized to the management of architectural and system
components, and visualization tools. To conclude, the adoption of this strategy is an effective way to
preserve and consult information using advanced visualization techniques based on augmented and
virtual reality (AR and VR).

Keywords: architectural heritage; enhancement; management

1. Introduction
Conservation of architectural heritage is a process of knowledge, maintenance, management and
enhancement aimed at preserving data of complex systems, such as historical buildings, which are the
result of historical events, different architectural influences, changes in ownership, and transformations
over time. Keeping alive these historical relics respects the past and the value acquired over centuries.
Nature challenges the identity of architectural heritage through earthquakes, seaquakes, floods
and other natural catastrophes every day. Even man-made disasters put these buildings at risk: wars,
neglect, or pollution are often the cause of irreparable damages to architecture. These events highlight
serious problems in the reconstruction process and in the safeguard of the historical heritage. In fact,
in emergencies, information availability concerning historical buildings is complex and there is risk of
incorrect and disrespectful processes of recovery.
Knowledge is a main concern of historical buildings conservation, especially as far as unexpected
events are concerned. An efficient strategy to preserve historical data is the well-known building
information modeling (BIM), through the creation of a “building model containing any information
about the construction” [1]. Within the heritage conservation field, BIM methodology is developing
in “a new system of modeling historic structures” [2], giving rise to historic building information
modeling (HBIM). The key objectives of this study are as follows: (1) data collection aimed at the

Buildings 2018, 8, 12; doi:10.3390/buildings8010012 www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings

Buildings 8, 128, 12
2018,2018,
Buildings 2 of 12
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aimed at the management, maintenance, understanding, enhancement, and knowledge of a

management, maintenance, understanding, enhancement, and knowledge of a historical building;
historical building; (2) creation of an as-built model to manage architectural and systems
(2) creation of an as-built model to manage architectural and systems components; (3) data visualization
components; (3) data visualization tools based on augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR) to
tools based on augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR) to optimize and speed up the conservation
optimize and speed up the conservation practices and the recovery process in emergency. The
practices and the recovery process in emergency. The proposed strategy is applied to a case study of
proposed strategy is applied to a case study of a historical castle located in the Turin Province (Italy).
a historical castle located in the Turin Province (Italy).
2. Case
2. Case Study
Study

2.1. 2.1. Territorial

Territorial Framework
Framework
The The
castlecastle rises
rises in in aclose
a town town close
to the citytoofthe city(Figure
Turin of Turin (Figure
1). The 1).ofThe
context the context of the castle is
castle is surrounded
surrounded
by green areas andbyisgreen areas andbyisacharacterized
characterized low concentration by a of
low concentration
buildings. of buildings.
Exceptionally, Exceptionally,
only the eastern
only the eastern area is characterized by many residential buildings of average height.
area is characterized by many residential buildings of average height. The ground is slightly inclined, The ground is
slightly
affecting theinclined,
footprint affecting the The
of the castle. footprint
interiorof distribution
the castle. The
of theinterior
castle isdistribution of the castle
structured around four is
structured
atriums, aroundcalled
historically four atriums, historically
Cortile d’Onore, Cortecalled Cortile
Carrozze, d’Onore,
Corte Corte
Rustica, andCarrozze, Corte Rustica,
Corte Panoramica on and
different floors. The different parts of the castle present different features and heights, based on crucial and
Corte Panoramica on different floors. The different parts of the castle present different features
heights, based
transformations onhave
that crucial transformations
occurred over time.that have occurred over time.

Figure
Figure 1. The
1. The location
location ofcastle.
of the the castle.

2.2. 2.2. Historical

Historical Framework
Framework
Nowadays,
Nowadays, the the
castlecastle is owned
is owned by Manital
by Manital (Ivrea,
(Ivrea, Italy),
Italy), one one
of the of most
the most renowned
renowned solution
solution
providers
providers specialized
specialized in design,
in design, management,
management, and provision
and provision of management
of facility facility managementservices inservices
Italy. in
The Italy. The company
company aims at the
aims at restoring restoring
castle,the castle,acreating
creating a multifunctional
multifunctional building that building that
acts as acts as a
a hotel,
hotel, arestaurant,
a gourmet gourmet restaurant,
a spa, and aa shopping
spa, and acenter
shopping center with
with several shopsseveral
for theshopssale offor the sale
typical of typical
products.
Before becoming a reference point in the Canavese area, the castle was affected by significant changes. by
products. Before becoming a reference point in the Canavese area, the castle was affected
significant changes.
Its transformation Its transformation
is documented only byisarchival
documented
documentsonly byand archival
paintingsdocuments and paintings
of the heritage site. of
The the heritage
origins of thesite.
castleThedateorigins
back to ofthe
the16th
castle date back
century, whento the 16th
it was century,
defined when or
as “shelter” it “casa
was defined
forte”, as
an old farmhouse [3]. The shelter was turned into a building through a project developed by Carlo and a
“shelter” or “casa forte”, an old farmhouse [3]. The shelter was turned into a building through
project
Amedeo di developed
Castellamonte by Carlo
in the and Amedeo
following di Castellamonte
century. in the following
The modern structure century.
of the castle, The modern
as shared by
structure
the Catasto of the castle,
Piemontese as shared
(1778), is due by the Catasto
to several Piemontese
renovations (1778), isindue
that occurred theto several
18th renovations
century and to anthat
occurred
important in theby18th
restyling century Giacomo
the architect and to an important
Antonio Paracca.restyling by restoration
After the the architect Giacomo
of the Antonio
decorations
and Paracca. After the
the renovations of restoration
the interiorofspaces
the decorations and the
in the following renovations
century, the castle of the
hasinterior spaces in the
been maintained
following century, the castle has been maintained in good condition until
in good condition until the owners decided to sell it. The building then remained in a condition of the owners decided to sell
it. The building then remained in a condition
spoliation and abandonment until recent renovations were made. of spoliation and abandonment until recent
renovations were made.
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 3 of 12

2.3. The Research Project

Buildings 2018, 8, 12 3 of 12
One of the most innovative aspects of the project is the application of the BIM methodology into its
2.3. The
operation Research Projectphase (O&M); this was possible through a research project with a university,
& maintenance
financed by Manital
One (Ivrea,
of the most Italy). This
innovative strategy
aspects of the is based
project is on
thethe creationofofthe
application anBIM
HBIM as-built model
methodology into by
defining the level of
its operation detail and development
& maintenance phase (O&M);(LOD) of the
this was main through
possible components, a specific
a research projectsetwith
of shared
a
university,
parameters, financed by system
an appropriate Manital of (Ivrea,
codingItaly).
andThis strategy is and
classification, based on the creation
work-sharing of an
tools. The HBIM
strength
of theas-built model
parametric by defining
model consiststheinlevel of detail and
the possibility of development
promoting the (LOD) of the main
management components,
and conservationa of
specific set of shared parameters, an appropriate system of coding and
heterogeneous information; furthermore, digital objects are linked to alphanumeric data through their classification, and
work-sharing tools. The strength of the parametric model consists in the possibility of promoting the
tridimensional and scheduled representations, not only within the BIM software environment but also
management and conservation of heterogeneous information; furthermore, digital objects are linked to
based on the data interoperability properties.
alphanumeric data through their tridimensional and scheduled representations, not only within the
Therefore,
BIM software the aim of this
environment research
but also based project
on the was the development
data interoperability of this case study as a “best
properties.
practice” for future building
Therefore, the aim ofmanagement
this researchand maintenance.
project In this test,ofthe
was the development experimentation
this case study as a of the VR
“best
and AR use aims
practice” to optimize
for future buildingdata communication
management for different
and maintenance. typologies
In this of end-users and
test, the experimentation contexts.
of the VR
and AR use aims to optimize data communication for different typologies of end-users and contexts.
3. Results and Discussion
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Data Collection
3.1. Data Collection
The first result of this research is the processing of information related to the historical building
analyzed. The
Thefirst
dataresult of this step
collection research
takesis the processing
several of information
datasets into account.related
Theto the historical
cadaster building
documents prove
the historical evolution of the building over time, allowing for the historical reconstruction prove
analyzed. The data collection step takes several datasets into account. The cadaster documents described
the historical evolution of the building over time, allowing for the historical reconstruction described
above. Another source of input is the analysis of 3D images from a stereoscopic camera, originating
above. Another source of input is the analysis of 3D images from a stereoscopic camera, originating
from point clouds, available through visualization software. These images have been very useful in
from point clouds, available through visualization software. These images have been very useful in
visualizing the state
visualizing of the
the state castle
of the before
castle beforethe therestoration. Finally,the
restoration. Finally, thecomputer-aided
computer-aided design
design (CAD)
(CAD)
drawings provided
drawings the as-built
provided statestate
the as-built as regards thethe
as regards architectural
architecturaland
andsystem
systemcomponent,
component, divided
divided into
their sub-disciplines (Figure (Figure
into their sub-disciplines 2). 2).

Figure 2. Datasets taken into account in data collection step.

Figure 2. Datasets taken into account in data collection step.

The aim achieved in this first step is data optimization, creating a hierarchy of information
The aim achieved
according to the BIMin this goals.
model first step is the
In fact, data optimization,
amount creating
of data available has a hierarchy
been of information
filtered according to
according to the BIMuseful
the parameters modelforgoals.
spaceInmanagement
fact, the amount of datamaintenance.
and system available hasAtbeen
this filtered according
stage, the result to
the parameters
allows for useful for space
a definition of themanagement and system
level of the knowledge maintenance.
that the BIM model Atmust
this stage,
provide thetoresult
users allows
in
order to optimize
for a definition of the the conservation
level process and
of the knowledge thethe
that management
BIM model of the
musthistorical
provide building
to usersstudied.
in order to
optimize the conservation process and the management of the historical building studied.
3.2. Architectural Modeling for Space Management
3.2. Architectural Modelinginitially
BIM software, for Space Management
used to manage new building construction, may represent an
opportunity for heritage documentation and conservation management [4]. Every historical
BIM software, initially used to manage new building construction, may represent an opportunity
for heritage documentation and conservation management [4]. Every historical building has its own
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 4 of 12

architectural identity due to singular past and historical changes over time. Therefore, architectural
heritage is characterized by very complex and irregular shapes, mostly not in accordance with classical
geometrical laws. In the specific case of the castle, the great amount of walls changes thickness over
their height and length. Furthermore, some elements represent the result of their deterioration over
time, revealing complex and particular shapes. Their modeling is even harder with common software
of modeling and requires a considerable amount of time. In fact, the criticism of the current research in
this field is the loss of pre-defined libraries for modeling existing and historic buildings [5]. The key
to realizing a model that strictly follows the project aim is to find a compromise between modeling
and information. To achieve this result, many strategies of modeling have been adopted in the same
BIM model. In fact, for each complex element of the building, different solutions have been tested.
Therefore, the architectural components have LODs that depend on the project aim. This strategy is
one of the innovative aspects of this research. In fact, the focus of the modeling is not the creation
of new library objects for a historic building, such as in various projects of Baik et al. (2014) [6],
Chevrier et al. (2010) [7], or Murphy [2]. The modeling of architectural elements with high levels of
detail is not necessary in order to use the model in the O&M phase. The greater effort in this step must
be reserved for the information linked to the BIM objects.

3.3. Mechanical Electrical Plumbing (MEP) Modeling for Maintenance Systems

Maintenance systems make working and living environments comfortable and safe. Architecture
and maintenance systems must be equally considered not only in the planning practice but also in
the construction phase. In historical buildings, this balance is even more complex, because there are
many architectural constraints. In the case of the castle, the core of the project is the effort made to
integrate plants and architectural components, such that the existing structures are respected. In fact,
the technical rooms are located in the attic, in the basement, or in rooms without architectural value [3].
Therefore, the spaces for technological sections are compact and tight, complicating the realization
and the modeling of the project. The understanding of systems design is fundamental to building
knowledge. Especially in emergencies, it becomes the key to having a safe building and optimizing
interventions of recovery. In this phase of the project, the main goal was the inclusion of information
about maintenance system components. The geometrical and alphanumerical data, i.e., the coding of
system elements or rooms, were planned in agreement with the management system traditionally used
by the company. The management software is sufficiently interoperable with a BIM model: it retains all
parametric properties, updates the changes made in the model, and visualizes its three-dimensionality.
Therefore, the interoperability between an as-built model and specific software for the building
management and maintenance ensures the durability of the datasets, achieving an important result for
the O&M phase.

3.4. Visualization Tools for Building Management and Conservation

In recent years, economic and cultural challenges have sparked interest in smart technologies
for the building life cycle, in particular the O&M phase. In this step, BIM plays a fundamental role.
In emergency contexts, the need to preserve policies and sustainable management, conservation,
cost-effective maintenance, and restoration techniques can benefit from HBIM. In fact, the historic
building information model can be used in immersive and interactive environments to extract and
visualize useful information for specialists in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC)
industries and for cultural heritage documentation. This process plays an essential role in the creation
of knowledge and the preservation of cultural heritage [8].
The research tests the cutting-edge technologies in the historic building information model,
which has been transformed into a model for mobile apps based on AR and VR. The first result
on data visualization is the interaction with data contained in the model, allowing different teams
to work together in different places. This interaction was possible through an online workspace
such as Autodesk A360 (San Rafael, CA, USA), where users can share the BIM model, communicate,
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 5 of 12

and Buildings
receive2018,
feedback
8, 12 in real time (Figure 3). The possibility of locating the faults simultaneously 5 of 12 in
the reality and in the model allows for immediate, located, and specific communication. In addition,
the and
use in
of the model allows
applications forfor immediate,
mobile deviceslocated, and reports
enables specific communication. In addition, the
in case of malfunctioning use of
everywhere,
applications
offline too. for mobile devices enables reports in case of malfunctioning everywhere, offline too.

Figure 3. Comment to report malfunctioning.

Figure 3. Comment to report malfunctioning.

The use of technologies based on VR allows one to interact with the building and to schedule
The use
repair of technologies
operations withoutbasedbeingonon-site.
VR allows Thisone to interactiswith
opportunity the building
fundamental, and to schedule
especially in case of repair
operations without being on-site. This opportunity is fundamental, especially
emergency, because it allows one to identify criticisms and program-specific interventions. Another in case of emergency,
because
plus itof allows one to identify
this technology criticisms
is the updating and in
of data program-specific
the virtual model, interventions.
because there Another
is no lossplusof of
this parametric
technologyproprieties.
is the updating
In fact, of
thedata
BIMin the virtual
model model, because
can be reloaded thereplatform,
on the online is no lossallowing
of parametric
for
the updating
proprieties. of modified
In fact, the BIM data modelin real
can time.
be reloaded on the online platform, allowing for the updating
of modifiedOnedataof theinobjectives
real time.of this research is to optimize and speed up the conservation practices and
the recovery process
One of the objectives during emergency.
of this research Toisachieve this goal,
to optimize andtwo of theup
speed technologies tested are
the conservation the
practices
headsets Oculus Rift (Oculus VR, Menlo Park, CA, USA) and HTC
and the recovery process during emergency. To achieve this goal, two of the technologies tested areVive (HTC, New Taipei City,
Taiwan). After the BIM model was exported into Filmbox (.fbx) (San Rafael, CA, USA), a proprietary
the headsets Oculus Rift (Oculus VR, Menlo Park, CA, USA) and HTC Vive (HTC, New Taipei City,
file format for exchanging data between digital content applications, the three-dimensional model was
Taiwan). After the BIM model was exported into Filmbox (.fbx) (San Rafael, CA, USA), a proprietary
imported in several VR software. Moving within the virtual models and approaching the elements, it
file format for exchanging data between digital content applications, the three-dimensional model
is possible to visualize the relative properties, attached here as images of the virtual environment
was(Figures
imported 4 andin several VR software.
5). Furthermore, Moving
the greatest withinofthe
advantage BIM virtual
is the models and approaching
precise location of systems the
elements, it is possible to visualize the relative properties, attached
within the building, which helps in reducing further damage due to uncoordinated and unconscioushere as images of the virtual
environment (Figures 4 and 5). Furthermore, the greatest advantage
interventions. From an economic point of view, the opportunities explained above represent of BIM is the precise location
a
of systems
remarkablewithin the building,
advantage: a deepwhich
knowledgehelpsofinthe reducing
buildingfurther
allows damage
for a smart due usetoofuncoordinated
resources. The and
main criticism
unconscious found in the
interventions. Fromuse anof economic
these technologies
point ofisview,represented by the loss explained
the opportunities of parametric above
properties of BIM objects. “Smart objects” are transformed into
represent a remarkable advantage: a deep knowledge of the building allows for a smart use of shapes and surfaces, and all
parameters
resources. Theare mainmissing. Despite
criticism foundthisincriticism,
the usethe of versatility of BIM leads
these technologies to successful by
is represented results. In of
the loss
fact, the same three-dimensional parametric model created for building
parametric properties of BIM objects. “Smart objects” are transformed into shapes and surfaces, management and system
and maintenance
all parameters is also used for data visualization. The open file formats, such as the industry
are missing. Despite this criticism, the versatility of BIM leads to successful
foundation classes (IFCs), would certainly be a better solution to involve the AR and VR in the BIM
results. In fact, the same three-dimensional parametric model created for building management and
process. Nowadays, however, the use of open file formats causes a considerable loss of data,
system maintenance is also used for data visualization. The open file formats, such as the industry
achieving results not already successful. Future research will improve the efficiency of neutral data
foundation
formats andclasses (IFCs), would
accordingly certainly beprocess
the interoperability a betterbetween
solution to involve
modeling andthe AR and VR
visualization in the BIM
software.
process. Finally,
Nowadays, however, the use of open file formats causes a considerable
the last result concerning data visualization is based on AR applications. The loss of data, achieving
test
results not already
applied for thissuccessful.
research aimed Future toresearch
promotewill improve
historical the efficiency
building of neutral
conservation, data formats
appending virtual and
accordingly
information the tointeroperability
the real worldprocess[9]. In between
fact, this modeling
AR technique and visualization
allows one to software.
localize the system
Finally, the hidden
components last result concerning
behind pieces of data visualization
furniture is based barriers
or architectural on AR applications.
within a castle The test The
room. applied
virtual model overlaps its real position in real time (Figure 6). The marker
for this research aimed to promote historical building conservation, appending virtual information to visualize the content in
ARreal
to the is world
the georeferencing
[9]. In fact, this of AR
the technique
virtual model allows itself. Then,
one to the the
localize maintainers can work inhidden
system components a
non-invasive
behind pieces of way, preventing
furniture damage tobarriers
or architectural architectural
within elements.
a castle room. The virtual model overlaps its
real position in real time (Figure 6). The marker to visualize the content in AR is the georeferencing of
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 6 of 12

the virtual model itself. Then, the maintainers can work in a non-invasive way, preventing damage to
architectural elements.
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 6 of 12
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 6 of 12
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 6 of 12

Figure
4.4. Roomproperties
properties visualization with
withOculus Rift.
Figure
Figure 4.Room
Room properties visualization
visualization with Oculus
Oculus Rift.
Rift.
Figure 4. Room properties visualization with Oculus Rift.

Figure 5. Lamp properties visualization with HTC Vive.

Figure
Figure 5.5.Lamp
Lampproperties
properties visualization
visualization with
withHTC
HTCVive.
Vive.
Figure 5. Lamp properties visualization with HTC Vive.

Figure 6. Systems visualization with an augmented reality (AR) media app.

Figure 6. Systems visualization with an augmented reality (AR) media app.
Figure 6. Systems visualization with an augmented reality (AR) media app.
Figure
4. Materials and 6. Systems visualization with an augmented reality (AR) media app.
Methods
4. Materials and Methods
4. Materials andthe
To achieve Methods
above results, different proceedings and interoperability processes were tested
To achieve the above results, different proceedings and interoperability processes were tested
on the
Tocase study.
achieve the In fact, results,
above the modeling and
different visualization
proceedings andtools are focused processes
interoperability on the management,
were tested
on the case study. In fact, the modeling and visualization tools are focused on the management,
maintenance, and
on the case study. conservation
In fact, the ofof the historical
modeling building, in
and visualization order to
tools to find
are successful
focused strategies
on the in case
management,
maintenance, and conservation the historical building, in order find successful strategies in case
of emergency.
maintenance,
of emergency.and conservation of the historical building, in order to find successful strategies in case
of emergency.
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 7 of 12

4. Materials and Methods

To achieve the above results, different proceedings and interoperability processes were tested
on the case study. In fact, the modeling and visualization tools are focused on the management,
maintenance, and conservation of the historical building, in order to find successful strategies in case
of emergency.
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 7 of 12
One of the project
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 results is the architectural and Mechanical Electrical Plumbing (MEP) modeling,
7 of 12
accordingOne to theof LOD
the project
necessary results is the architectural
to achieve the model goal. and A Mechanical Electrical Plumbing
three-dimensional model was(MEP) designed
usingmodeling,
the One
BIM of according
the project
software to the
Autodesk LOD
results necessary
is
Revit the(.rvt). to achieve
architectural
The the model
and
modeling goal. A
Mechanical three-dimensional
Electrical
of architectural Plumbing
elements model
was (MEP)
simplified,
was designed
modeling, using the
according to BIM
the thesoftware
LOD Autodesk
necessary Revit (.rvt).
to achieve The modeling
the model goal.and of architectural elements
A three-dimensional model
without significantly altering values related to the management maintenance of the spaces,
was
was simplified,
designed usingwithout
the BIM significantly
software altering
Autodesk the
Revit values
(.rvt). Therelated
modeling to the
of management
architectural and
elements
such as the calculation of the rooms and the materials areas. For this reason, each BIM object was
maintenance
was simplified,of the spaces, significantly
without such as the calculation
altering the of the rooms
values and the
related to materials areas. For and
the management this
described
reason, toeach
a proper
BIM LOD, was
object depending
described ontothea specificLOD,
proper strategy of modeling
depending on the too. Referring
specific strategy to
of AIA
maintenance of the spaces, such as the calculation of the rooms and the materials areas. For this
Document
modeling G202-2013
too.BIM (ProjecttoBuilding
Referring Information Modeling Protocol Form), the Figure 7 shows the
reason, each object wasAIA Document
described G202-2013
to a proper LOD, (Project Building
depending Information
on the Modeling
specific strategy of
different LODs
Protocol of
Form), BIMthe objects.
Figure 7 shows the different LODs of BIM objects.
modeling too. Referring to AIA Document G202-2013 (Project Building Information Modeling
Protocol Form), the Figure 7 shows the different LODs of BIM objects.

7. Different
Figure
Figure strategies
7. Different adopted
strategies adoptedfor
forarchitectural buildinginformation
architectural building information modeling
modeling (BIM)
(BIM) objects.
objects.
Figure 7. Different strategies adopted for architectural building information modeling (BIM) objects.
As shown in the figure below, the irregular shapes of the castle walls have raised criticisms;
As shown in the figure below, the irregular shapes of the castle walls have raised criticisms;
specific
As strategies
shown in are
the being
figureadopted in airregular
below, the timely fashion
shapesandof analyzed
the castle case byhave
walls case.raised
The use of three
criticisms;
specific strategies
different are for
solutions beingthe adoptedofin
creation a same
the timely fashion
object and
helped us analyzed
to meet ourcase
BIM by case.
model The
goal use of
(Figure 8).three
specific strategies are being adopted in a timely fashion and analyzed case by case. The use of three
different solutions
In fact, the for the
area offor creation
thethe
rooms of the
in the same
model object
differs helped us to meet our BIM model goal (Figure 8).
different solutions creation of the same objectby less than
helped us to2% compared
meet our BIM to the real
model goalarea of the
(Figure 8).
In fact,
In the In
locals.
fact, area ofcase,
thethis
areathe rooms
therooms
of the in in
LODs the
themodel
changed differs
within
model the by
differs lessobject
same
by less than2%
than 2%compared
compared
family, according totothe
to the the real
real areaarea
strategy of the
of
of the
locals.
locals. In this case, the LODs changed within the same object family, according to the strategy of of
In this
modeling case, the
adopted. LODs changed within the same object family, according to the strategy
modeling adopted.
modeling adopted.

Figure 8. Different strategies adopted for wall Revit family.

Figure
Figure 8. 8. Differentstrategies
Different strategies adopted
adopted for
forwall
wallRevit
Revitfamily.
family.
The MEP objects, as do architectural elements, have different LODs. Each plant component has
different criteria
The MEP of representation
objects, depending
as do architectural on have
elements, the detail levelLODs.
different of the view.
Each The
plant elements has
component are
visualized with a two-dimensional symbol at a coarse level of detail—at a medium and
different criteria of representation depending on the detail level of the view. The elements arefine detail
visualized with a two-dimensional symbol at a coarse level of detail—at a medium and fine detail
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 8 of 12

The MEP objects, as do architectural elements, have different LODs. Each plant component
hasBuildings
different
2018,criteria
8, 12 of representation depending on the detail level of the view. The elements 8 of 12are
visualized with a two-dimensional symbol at a coarse level of detail—at a medium and fine
Buildings 2018, 8, 12
detail
8 of 12
level,
level, theythey
areare visualizedwith
visualized witha athree-dimensional
three-dimensional object.
object. This
Thisrepresentation
representationallows
allowsthe maintainers
the maintainers
to find
to findlevel,a they
correspondence
are visualized
a correspondence with
with
with standardized symbolism
a three-dimensional
standardized (Figure
object.
symbolism 9).
This representation
(Figure allows the maintainers
to find a correspondence with standardized symbolism (Figure 9).

Figure
Figure 9.9.Different
Figure 9.Different detail
Differentdetail levels
levels for
detaillevels system
for system objects.
systemobjects.
objects.

TheTheproperties
properties ofofMEPMEPobjects
objects were
were entered
entered within the
the model
model mainly
mainly throughshared shared
The properties of MEP objects were entered within within
the model mainly throughthrough
shared parameters.
parameters. These data are divided by geometrical information, mechanical or electrical
parameters. These data are divided by geometrical information, mechanical or electrical data, and data, and
These data are divided by geometrical information, mechanical or electrical data, and indications about
indications
indications about the product. The properties of the elements include external links as well, forfor
about the product. The properties of the elements include external links as well,
the product. The properties of the elements include external links as well, for example on a technical
example
example onon a technical
a technical datasheetororwebsite
datasheet websiteof ofthe
the manufacturer.
manufacturer.
datasheet The
or website of therequired
resultthat
that manufacturer.
greater effort
effort was
was the
the definition
definition of
The result required greater of the
the methods
methodsusedusedforfordata
data
The result that
visualization.
visualization. required to
According
According greater effort
toFigure
Figure 10,was
10, the the
the definition
interaction
interaction of the methods
between
between the BIMused
the BIM modelforand
model data visualization.
andthe
thevirtual
virtual
According to Figure
environment
environment 10, the
requires
requires interaction
fragmented
fragmented between
steps.
steps. theresearch
For this
For this BIM model
research andan
project,
project, theinteroperability
an virtual environment
interoperability process
process requires
waswas
fragmented
tested steps.
to For
achieve this
the research
results.
tested to achieve the results. project, an interoperability process was tested to achieve the results.

Figure 10. Interoperability

Figure tests
10. Interoperability for
tests fordata
datavisualization inAR
visualization in ARand
andvirtual
virtual reality
reality (VR).
(VR).
Figure 10. Interoperability tests for data visualization in AR and virtual reality (VR).
The first test was carried out on the online platform Autodesk A360. The BIM-oriented software
The first test was carried out on the online platform Autodesk A360. The BIM-oriented software
was accessed
The first with
test wasancarried
Autodeskout account, then the
on the online program
platform was loaded
Autodesk in native
A360. format (.rvt); software
finally
was accessed with
a new project an
was Autodesk account,
created. This ensuredthen
that the program
the BIM was loaded
properties inThe BIM-oriented
native
were retained. Theformat
project (.rvt);
could befinally
was accessed with an Autodesk account, then the program was loaded in native format (.rvt); finally
a newshared
project wasother
with created.
users This ensured
inserting that the
their e-mail BIM properties were retained. The project could be
address.
a new project was created. This ensured that the BIM properties were retained. The project could be
shared withAllother
views, users inserting
sheets, theirand
schedules, e-mail address.
elements properties included in the BIM model could be
shared with other users inserting their e-mail address.
All views, once
visualized sheets, schedules,
the model and elements
was opened. properties
In fact, each included
architectural or MEP inobject
the BIM model could
was searchable. In be
All views, sheets, schedules, and elements properties included in the BIM model could be
addition,
visualized once it the
was model
possiblewas
to walk virtually
opened. within
In fact, the architectural
each building. In this way, the
or MEP insertion
object of any
was searchable.
visualized once the model was opened. In fact, each architectural or MEP object was searchable. In
comments
In addition, or notes
it was was facilitated.
possible In fact, the
to walk virtually virtualthe
within person could approach
building. In this way,the the
failed equipment
insertion of any
addition, it was
and insert a textpossible to walk
in proximity virtually
to the elementwithin
in orderthe building.
to report In this
the fault. Theway, thesharing
project insertion of any
allowed
comments or notes was facilitated. In fact, the virtual person could approach the failed equipment
and insert a text in proximity to the element in order to report the fault. The project sharing allowed
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 9 of 12

comments or notes was facilitated. In fact, the virtual person could approach the failed equipment and
insert a text in proximity to the element in order to report the fault. The project sharing allowed for
Buildingsbetween
interaction 2018, 8, 12 different users involved in the process. In fact, comment insertion was reported 9 of 12 to
other users via notification, creating efficient interaction between stakeholders.
for interaction between different users involved in the process. In fact, comment insertion was
More advanced strategies of data visualization were tested. The BIM model was exported in .fbx
reported to other users via notification, creating efficient interaction between stakeholders.
format. The Moremajor criticism
advanced here is
strategies of the
dataloss of information
visualization linked
were tested. toBIM
The smart andwas
model parameterized
exported in .fbx objects.
In fact, after exportation, these objects became three-dimensional surfaces, losing
format. The major criticism here is the loss of information linked to smart and parameterized objects. the BIM benefits.
UnityIn3Dfact,(Unity Technologies,
after exportation, San
these Francisco,
objects becameCA, USA) was used
three-dimensional to navigate
surfaces, theBIM
losing the model with the
benefits.
headset Oculus
Unity Rift. In
3D (Unity order to better
Technologies, San control
Francisco,theCA,
model
USA)and
wasmaterials in Unitythe
used to navigate 3D,model
it is recommended
with the
headset
that the file isOculus
imported Rift.inIn order to3ds
Autodesk better
Max. control the model and
This importation couldmaterials
be doneinthrough
Unity 3D, the it is or
Import
recommended that the file is imported in Autodesk 3ds Max. This importation
Link commands: in this specific case, it was done via a link connection. 3ds Max provides options for could be done
through
combining the Import
Revit and .fbxor entities.
Link commands:
In orderintothis specific
assign thecase, it wasin
materials done
the via
mosta link connection.
complete 3ds
way possible,
Max provides options for combining Revit and .fbx entities. In order to assign the materials in the
the Revit model was combined by Family Type.
most complete way possible, the Revit model was combined by Family Type.
After exporting the .fbx file from 3ds Max, the model was loaded in Unity 3D. To start the virtual
After exporting the .fbx file from 3ds Max, the model was loaded in Unity 3D. To start the
model navigation,
virtual the model the
model navigation, propriety
model “Generate Colliders”
propriety “Generate was set; was
Colliders” this set;
is useful
this isfor defining
useful for the
shapedefining
of an object for the
the shape of anpurposes
object forof physical
the purposes collisions (Figure
of physical 11).(Figure 11).
collisions

Figure 11. Setting of model properties in Unity 3D.

Figure 11. Setting of model properties in Unity 3D.

The next step was the input of scripts in order to link information to a model shape and to
The nextthem
visualize stepinwas the input
a specific of scripts
location. The firstinscript
orderwastoplaced
link information to a (UI)
in a User Interface model shape
object, calledand to
visualize them inItaisspecific
the canvas. location.
a framework thatThe firstone
allows script was placed
to insert in avirtual
different User Interface (UI)such
information, object, called the
as texts,
images,
canvas. It is aorframework
videos inside Canvas.
that allowsTheonesecond script
to insert was associated
different with GameObject,
virtual information, such aswhich is images,
texts, an
invisible object that allows one to switch a particular action on or off. Therefore,
or videos inside Canvas. The second script was associated with GameObject, which is an invisible when the virtual
objectperson enters in the volume of GameObject, the information linked to the canvas appears in the
that allows one to switch a particular action on or off. Therefore, when the virtual person enters
virtual environment. In this test, the information associated with the canvas are images with BIM
in the volume of GameObject, the information linked to the canvas appears in the virtual environment.
object properties, such as room parameters or circuits linked to a specific electric board.
In this test, the information associated with the canvas are images with BIM object properties, such as
The third test in the virtual environment is based on the use of a headset HTC Vive for the daily
roommanagement
parameters or andcircuits linked of
maintenance to aa specific
building.electric board.
To create an immersive environment, numerous
The third test in the virtual environment
interoperability processes were tested. The Unreal Engine is based on thesoftware
use of awas headset
used HTC
becauseVive it for
is the
dailysufficiently
management and maintenance of a building. To create an immersive environment,
interoperable with the .fbx format exported by Revit. The next step was the input of a numerous
camera within
interoperability a castle were
processes room.tested.
The aim The was to navigate
Unreal Enginethe virtual model
software was usedto visualize
becauseinformation
it is sufficiently
linked to with
interoperable questioning
the .fbxobjects,
formatfor exampleby
exported theRevit.
technical
Thedatasheet.
next step To wasassociate
the inputthisofimage with within
a camera a
surface, the strategy adopted was to create a transparent material with glass-like
a castle room. The aim was to navigate the virtual model to visualize information linked to questioning properties and
insert the figure as a texture. The surface was located near the terminal (Figure 12).
objects, for example the technical datasheet. To associate this image with a surface, the strategy
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 10 of 12

adopted was to create a transparent material with glass-like properties and insert the figure as a texture.
The surface was8,located
Buildings 2018, 12 near the terminal (Figure 12). 10 of 12

Buildings 2018, 8, 12 10 of 12

Figure 12. Positioning of a surface close the terminal in Unreal Engine.

Figure 12. Positioning of a surface close the terminal in Unreal Engine.
In order to visualize the image of the technical datasheet, it was necessary to create a specific script.
Figure 12. Positioning of a surface close the terminal in Unreal Engine.
In order
This allowed to visualize
one to select,the image
with ofcontroller,
a laser the technical datasheet,
the surface it wasthe
and visualize necessary
associatedto create a specific
image.
The
script. This last
allowed test
one oftothis research
select, with awas
laser based on
controller,thetheuse of
surface AR.
and Different
visualize proceedings
the
In order to visualize the image of the technical datasheet, it was necessary to create a specific script. associated and image.
interoperability
The
This last
allowedtest one processes
of this research
to select, were
withwas tested
based
a laser (Figure 10).
on thethe
controller, Additionally,
use of AR.
surface the
Different
and model was
visualizeproceedings exported
the associatedand from Revit
interoperability
image.
as anThe
processes .fbx last
were file and
tested imported
test (Figure
of this 10). intoAdditionally,
Autodesk
research 3dsthe
was based Max,
model
on combining
the was of
use itAR.
withDifferent
exported the
fromtool Materials.
Revit In and
as an .fbx
proceedings this
file and
software, the
interoperability model was
processes lightened
were testedby unnecessary
(Figure 10). elements.
Additionally, The
the model
model was
was then
exported imported
from into
Revit
imported into Autodesk 3ds Max, combining it with the tool Materials. In this software, the model
Cinema
as an .fbx 4D, alwaysimported
file in .fbx format, because material proprieties areitnot transferred in the AR-media
was lightened by and into Autodesk
unnecessary elements. The3ds Max,
model combining
was then importedwith the toolCinema
into Materials. 4D,Inalways
this in
plugin
software, using
the 3ds Max.
model Through
was the
lightened AR-media
by plugin,
unnecessary the 3D
elements. model
The was
modelexported
was in
then .armedia
importedformat,
into
.fbx format,
in orderbecause
to display materialan proprieties are not transferred in the AR-media plugin using 3ds Max.
Cinema 4D, alwaysitinwith AR-media
.fbx format, becauseappmaterial
for mobile devices.
proprieties Thenot
are model was then
transferred in georeferenced
the AR-media
Through
with the
the AR-media
castle plugin,(Figure
the 3D13). model was exported .armedia format,
in smartphone in order to display
plugin using 3dscoordinates
Max. Through At this
the AR-media stage,
plugin, thewith the
3D model was exported app,in the maintainers
.armedia format,
it with an AR-media
within the building app
couldfornavigate
mobilethe devices.
virtual The model
model. After was thenthe
orienting georeferenced
virtual model with
just theincastle
like
in order to display it with an AR-media app for mobile devices. The model was then georeferenced
coordinates
the (Figure
reality, users 13).
could At this
locate stage,
the with
hidden the smartphone
terminals [10]. app, the maintainers
with the castle coordinates (Figure 13). At this stage, with the smartphone app, the maintainers within the building
couldwithin
navigate the virtual
the building model.
could After
navigate theorienting the virtual
virtual model. model just
After orienting thelike in the
virtual reality,
model justusers
like incould
locatethe
the hidden terminals [10].
reality, users could locate the hidden terminals [10].

Figure 13. Georeferencing of the model in Cinema 4D.

Figure
Figure 13.13.Georeferencing
Georeferencing of
of the
themodel
modelininCinema
Cinema4D.4D.
Buildings 2018, 8, 12 11 of 12

5. Conclusions
The goals introduced at the beginning of this study were achieved with successful results.
The application of the methodology to a real case study dealt with tangible necessities and real
users. The participation of the company in the process was crucial in the achievement of the project
aims. In fact, ensuring a constant dialogue, the compromises gained directs future efforts.
The first result based on data collection allowed for building knowledge. This step has been
proven essential for the management, maintenance, understanding, and enhancement of a building.
The architectural and system component modeling required particular attention due to building
typology. In fact, being a historical building, an appreciable amount of time was spent choosing the
best modeling strategies.
The result was an HBIM model where the architectural elements are simplified, but ensuring
the accuracy of values related to space management and component conservation. In addition, the
MEP modeling was focused on the amount of data linked to the system elements, leaving aside the
geometrical correspondence with reality. In this way, the modeling was consistent with the aim of the
project, optimizing the management and maintenance processes of the building.
The data visualization step was the last focus of this project. The conservation practices and the
renovation process in emergencies were optimized through the experimentation and development
of augmented and virtual reality tools. The proposed strategies highlight certain interoperability
problems. Further research within this field must be carried out, exploiting new visualization
techniques; only this approach will simplify the process.
These results are possible outputs retrieved from the adoption of BIM methodology in the
conservation field. Such methodology can be considered an efficient solution to preserving data and
promoting building management in emergencies.

Acknowledgments: This research was funded by a Company of Facility Management. All authors are pleased to
thank the Master students for permission to exhibit their work.
Author Contributions: Anna Osello and Francesco Morgagni conceived and designed the experiments;
Greta Lucibello performed the experiments; Greta Lucibello analyzed the data; Anna Osello and
Francesco Morgagni contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; Greta Lucibello wrote the paper.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).