Professional Documents
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• Question 1: What is the source of knowledge?
• 1.Every day experience (Common sense )
• This method of knowing offers an improvement over acceptance based on
tenacity, authority, or reason because it appeals to direct experience. Common
sense is based on our own past experiences and our perceptions of the world. It
originates from our day-to-day practical experiences and in turn guides our daily
interaction with our surrounding.
2. Science
• Science is a body of systematized knowledge. In scientific method ideas are
evaluated and corrected through dispassionately observing by means of our
bodily senses or measuring devices - in this case science can be seen as a
systematic and controlled extension of common sense - and using reason to
compare various theoretical conceptualization based on experience – which
represents a direct application of the principles of logic. It must be possible for
different people in different places and at different times using the same method
to obtain comparable results.
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• Question 2: what is the difference between common sense knowledge and
science?
Science and common sense differ in terms of:
• The use of conceptual schemes and theoretical structures
• The notion of control
• The explanations of different observed phenomena.
• The difference between common sense and science revolves around the
concepts systematic and controlled. Scientists systematically build
theoretical structure; test them for internal consistency, and subject aspects of
them to empirical test. The scientific method of knowing is the scientific
research, and its goal is the discovery of regularities of nature and their
representation in theories from which predictions can be made.
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1.1.What is Business research?
• Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of
generating information for aid in making business decisions.
• Business research can be described as a systematic and organized effort to
investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting that needs a
solution. It comprises a series of steps designed and executed, with the goal of
finding answers to the issues that are of concern to the manager in the work
environment. This means that the first step in research is to know where the
problem areas exist in the organization, and to identify as clearly and
specifically as possible the problems that need to be studied and resolved. Once
the problem that needs attention is clearly defined, then steps can be taken to
gather information, analyze the data, and determine the factors that are
associated with the problem and solve it by taking the necessary corrective
measures.
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• Research thus encompasses the processes of inquiry, investigation,
examination, and experimentation. These processes have to be carried
out systematically, diligently, critically, objectively, and logically. The
expected end results would be the discovery that will help the
manager to deal with the problem situation.
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1.3. Motivation in research
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In addition to what has been stated above, the significance of research can also be
understood keeping in view the following points:
(a) To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may
mean careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure;
(b) To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of
livelihood;
(c) To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and
insights;
(d) To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new
styles and creative work;
(e) To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalizations of new
theories. Thus, research is the fountain of knowledge for the sake of
knowledge and an important source of providing guidelines for solving
different business, governmental and social problems. It is a sort of formal
training which enables one to understand the new developments in one’s field
in a better way.
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1.4. Characteristics of a Good Research
• Whatever may be the types of research works and studies, one thing that is
important is that they all meet on the common ground of scientific method
employed by them. One expects scientific research to satisfy the following
criteria:
1. The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts be
used.
2. The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit
another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the
continuity of what has already been attained.
3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results
that are as objective as possible.
4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural design
and estimate their effects upon the findings.
5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and
the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability
of the data should be checked carefully.
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6. Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research and
limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis.
7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a
good reputation in research and is a person of integrity.
In other words, we can state the qualities of a good research as under:
1. Good research is systematic: It means that research is structured with specified
steps to be taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the well defined set
of rules. Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out creative
thinking but it certainly does reject the use of guessing and intuition in arriving
at conclusions.
2. Good research is logical: This implies that research is guided by the rules of
logical reasoning and the logical process of induction and deduction are of great
value in carrying out research. Induction is the process of reasoning from a part
to the whole whereas deduction is the process of reasoning from some premise
to a conclusion which follows from that very premise. In fact, logical reasoning
makes research more meaningful in the context of decision making.
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3. Good research is empirical: It implies that research is related basically to one or
more aspects of a real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis
for external validity to research results.
4. Good research is replicable: This characteristic allows research results to be
verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for decisions.
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1.5. Kinds & Classification of Research
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• In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their
source, and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate
the production of desired information. Empirical research is
appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other
variables in some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or
empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful
support possible for a given hypothesis.
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• Research can be classified in terms of:
1. Goal of research
1.basic research
2.Applied Research
Basic research (also called fundamental or pure research) has as its primary objective the
advancement of knowledge and the theoretical understanding of the relations among
variables. It is basically concerned with the formulation of a theory or a contribution to the
existing body of knowledge. That is, basic research is designed to add to an organized
body of scientific knowledge and does not necessarily produce results of immediate
practical value.
The major aims of basic research include:
• Obtaining and using empirical data to formulate, expand, or
• evaluate theory; and
• Discovery of knowledge solely for the sake of knowledge.
In general, basic research:
• Represents a rigorous and structured type of analysis;
• Employs careful sampling procedures in order to extend the findings beyond the group or
situation;
• Has little concern for the application of the findings or social usefulness of the findings.18
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2.Applied Scientific Research
• Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world,
rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. One might say that the
goal of the applied scientist is to improve the human condition. It is
undertaken to solve immediate practical problem and the goal of adding to the
scientific knowledge is secondary.
Applied research:
• Is conducted in relation to actual problems and under the conditions in which
they are found in practice;
• Employs methodology that is not as rigorous as that of basic research;
• Yields findings that can be evaluated in terms of local applicability and not in
terms of universal validity.
Note :Basic research lays down the foundation for the applied research.
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As said earlier, the goal of descriptive research is to describe some aspect of a
phenomenon, i.e., the status of a given phenomenon. It can help understand
a topic and lead to causal analysis. Descriptive research, therefore,
involves a variety of research methods to achieve its goal.
The methods that come under descriptive research are:
• Surveys
• Correlation studies
• Observation studies
• Case studies
Note :
Surveys gather data at a particular point in time with the intention of
describing the nature of existing conditions, or identifying standards
against which existing conditions can be compared, or determining
the relationships that exist between specific events.
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Correlational studies trace relationships among two or more variables in order
to gain greater situational insight. We may wish to know, for example,
whether there is relationship between sex and choice of field of study;
whether criminal behavior is related to social class background; or whether
an association exists between the number of years spent in full-time
education and subsequent annual income. In this case we conduct
correlational study- where researchers measure a number of variables for
each participant, with the aim of studying the associations among these
variables.
The purpose of correlational studies is not to establish cause-effect relationship
among variables but to determine whether the variables under study have
some kind of association or not. Variables being studied may have positive
or negative relationship or they may not have relationship at all.
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• Quantitative research is the systematic and scientific investigation of quantitative
properties and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative
research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses
pertaining to natural phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative
research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation
and mathematical expression of an attribute.
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1.6.Research Process
• Before embarking on the details of research methodology and techniques, it
seems appropriate to present a brief overview of the research process.
Research process consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively
carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps.
The Research Process an Overview
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End of chapter I
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