1.

DC-DC converter interval when the diode is open, we can also neg- hence its trajectory is an ellips with longer semi- proportionality coecient. Then

1) lect the presence of the diode since V0  Vmax . axis equal to RE /2.
According to the Kepler's kn
(1 pt) From the Kircho 's voltage law for
Hence, the current i in the LC -loop changes in 3/2 ∆Fm = Fm
0
(d)∆d = ∆x,
the loop consisting ofL and E , E = L dI , hence III law, the period on such an orbit is 2 dn+1
dt
time sinusoidally, starting from i = I0 and end- times shorter than the Earth's orbital period T. because ∆d = −∆x. Therefore
I = Et/L. From I0 = EτL /L we obtain
ing when i = 0 (then the diode will close discon- The travel time t is half of the period, so that

kn mg

τL = LI0 /E. necting the LC -loop). During that process, the −5/2 ∆F = − ∆x.
t=2 T ≈ 64.6 days. dn+1 l
2) (1 pts) Once the current I0 is reached, the key 1 2
magnetic energy of the inductor 2 LI0 is conver- 3) In the Sun's frame of reference, the speed At the limit case of the loss of stability (which
is opened; the current trough L cannot change ted into the electric eld energy of the capacitor, needs to be zero; hence, in the Earth's frame is described by this problem) ∆F = 0. Thus we
instantaneously and therefore is forced to ow which is later released as heat on the resistor. of reference, it is opposite to the orbital ve- have two equations with two unknowns (n and
through the resistor R. Since the characteristic When the stationary regime is achieved, the en- locity of the Earth and by modulus equal to k):
time of this current loop (consisting of L and R ergy lost by the capacitor during one period (of v0 = 29.8 km/s. k xmg kn mg
is very short (L/R  τK ), the current decays duration τL ) as the heat dissipation on the res- 4) The speed vS in the Sun's frame of reference − = 0, − = 0;
very fast and becomes essentially equal to zero 2 dn l dn+1 l
istor Q = Vav τL /R must be equal to the energy is found from the expression for the total energy, this can be rewritten as
while the key is still open. Now there is no cur- received from the inductor; so, GM m GM m GM m mvS2 k xmg kn mg
rent through the inductor, so that the key will 2
r r − =− =− + , = , = .
Vav τL 1 LR EI0 R 2a RE + rS Re 2 dn l dn+1 l
close again and the process will start repeating = LI02 ⇒ Vav = I0 = . hence If we divide the corresponding sides of the two
from the beginning. As a result we'll have a R 2 2τL 2 r
GM 2rS equations we obtain d/n = x, hence
periodic graph as shown in gure. 6) (1 pt) The charge which ows away from vS = .
I the capacitor when the diode is closed can be
R E R E + rS n = d/x = 4.
I0 found as qC = τL Vav /R (owing to RC  τLC ,
This expressing can be rewritten by using equal-
2 GM 4. Superballs
ity v0 = R as
the relative change of the capacitor's voltage rE r 1) During the collision with the oor, the
is small). Hence, the voltage drop is found as 2rS α √
 
vS = v0 = v0 2 sin ≈ v0 α. bottom-most ball will retain its speed and
t ∆V = qC /C = τL Vav /(RC). The amplitude is R E + rS 2 change the direction of the velocity; its upwards
half of the dierence between the minimal and
Numerically this yields vS ≈ 2.8 km/s; the speed speed v0 = v . Let the k-th ball move up with a
3) (1 pt) The voltage through the resistor is maximal values, so that the amplitude
in the Earth's frame of reference vE = v0 − vS ≈ velocity vk ; we'll consider the collision between
maximal when the current is maximal, which r
happens immediately after the switch is opened;
∆V τL Vav I0 L I0 27.0 km/s. this and (k + 1)-st ball, which moves down with
U0 = = = . 5) Part of the initial kinetic energy in the
the maximal current is I0 so that Vmax = RI0 . 2 2RC 2C 2RE the velocity v . In the frame of reference of the
Earth's frame of reference goes to the change vk −f v
4) (2 pts) Due to Vmax  V0 , we can neglect centre of mass, u = 1+f
; hence, after the
2. Waste project of the potential energy due to the gravitational
the eect of the diode; so we have the Kircho 's collision the upwards velocity equals to vk+1 =
GME m
dI dq
voltage law L dt = RI = R dt (here we ex-
1) The trajectory is a very elliptical ellipse, peri- pull of the Earth, ∆Π = R
= gmR hence −f v
v + 2 vk1+f 2
= 1+f vk + 1−f v . With v0 = v , we
2 1+f
helion of which is within the Sun. In order to vE 2
u 3−f


can conclude that v1 = 1+f v = 1+f − 1 v . 2)
4
pressed the current via the charge q which ows gR + 2 = 2 . Here, ME is the Earth's mass
minimize the fuel consumption, the speed near
through the resistor). Integration over a single and u is the launching speed. So, One can see that if we apply the recurrent for-
the Earth's orbit needs to be as large as pos-
cycle (when the inductor current drops from I0
p
u= 2
vE + 2gR ≈ 29.2 km/s. mula repetitively, the result at the n-th step will
sible (we need to decelerate the ship to bring n
2



down to 0) yields LI0 = R∆q , hence the charge be vn = 2 1+f − 1 v.
it to the elliptical orbit), hence the full orbital 3. Magnets
own through the resistor (and through the di- GM m 3) Now we need to relate the speeds to the jump-
energy of the ship E = − 2a needs to be as
ode) ∆q = I0 L/R. During that cycle, the diode There three forces acting on the hanging mag-
2 2
ing heights via v = 2gh0 and vn = 2ghn ; hence,
small as possible. Here, M is the mass of the
had a constant voltage V0 , so the electric eld net: the downwards directed gravity force m~g , s  n
A = V0 ∆q Sun, m  the mass of the space ship, and a  2
performed work which was released T~ ,
p
the tension force which is directed along the hn /h0 = vn /v0 = 2 − 1.
the longer semiaxis. So, a needs to be as large as
as heat in the diode. So, the average power dis-
thread, and the horizontal magnetic force ~m .
F 1+f
possible, which means that the perihelion needs
sipation
Since the thread's angle is very small, the mod- For f = 0.5 and n = 10 we obtain that the nal
to lie at the surface of the Sun, in which case
A V0 I0 L V0 E ulus of T~ is almost equal to mg , so that its height will be ca 1200 larger than the initial one.
P = = = . 2a = RE + rS , where RE is the orbital radius of
τL RτL R the Earth and rS  the radius of the Sun. The horizontal projection is expressed as −(x/l)mg ,
5. Planck's constant
5) (2 pts) Now, since the characteristic time of resulting trajectory is depicted below. where l is the length of the thread and x = 1 cm
the RC -loop is very large, the capacitor main- (the displacement from the initial position). The 1) When we connect each of the diodes to the
Earth’s o

tains its charge (and voltage) during that period net horizontal force F = Fm − (x/l)mg . At the battery, we can observe the light of the emit-
of time when the diode is closed. Once the key equilibrium point F = 0. The equilibrium point ted light; the mapping is as follows: 940 nm 
Sun
K1 opens, the diode will open, and the capacitor is stable if a small (virtual) displacement ∆x invisible (infrared), 620 nm  red, 590 nm  or-
rbit

is connected to the inductor so that a LC -loop is gives rise to a returning force ange, 525 nm  green; 470 nm  blue; 450 nm
formed. That
√ loop admits oscillations of period ∆x  violet.
TLC = 2π LC and as the current to the resistor 2) If we neglect the radius of the Sun, the space
∆F = ∆Fm − mg 2) We can measure the current I through the
l
can be neglected (since RC  TLC ), we can neg- ship needs to fall directly to the Sun, which which needs to push towards the equilibrium diode (which is also the current through the res-
lect the presence of the resistor. During the time means that its initial orbital speed must be zero, point. Let F m
= kd−n , where k is an unknown istor R), so that the voltage on the diode would
be Vd = E − IR, but we don't know the battery 3) For small values of the argument of the hy- over all the photons, the perpendicular to the those molecules which collide with the cube at
voltage. However, we do know that the diode's perbolic tangent, the last expression can be ap- surface normal components cancel out (photons low temperatures to the overall momentum re-
2
voltage equals approximately to the photon's proximated as E ≈ −N  /4kT . go to all the directions). The average value of mains still small.
energy Ep expressed in electron volts, Ep = 4) According to the denition of the heat capa- the parallel component can be estimated just as
10. Young's modulus of rubber
hc/(λe). Since we expect that IR = E − Vd , dE 2
city, C = dT = N  /4kT .
2
pk ∼ Ec .
if we plot IR versus 1/λ, we should obtain a If we want to obtain an exact result, we need 1) The setup is as follows. The rubber thread

straight line
8. Mirror interference
to integrate over all the directions while keeping is xed to the stand, and the plastic bag is xed

IR = E −
1 hc
.
1) For a position y, the arriving rays form an in mind that the light intensity is proportional to to the free end of the thread. The hex nuts are

λ e angle α = y/L (we use the small-angle approx- cos α. So, the momentumR 2 averaged over all the
added, one-by-one, into the bag, starting with
We can measure the slope of the straight line imation; the angle is in radians). Then, the op- directions p̄k = Ec 2π 1
cos αdΩ, where the solid zero and ending with 15. The laser light is dir-
A = hc/e, which allows us to calculate h = tical path dierence between the reected and angle dierential dΩ = 2π sin αdα. Therefore, p̄k = ected to the thread and the diraction pattern
eA/c. 2 is observed on the screen (which is a vertically
direct rays is ∆ = 2l cos α ≈ 2N λ − N λα . .
R π/2 R π/2 2
E
sin α cos2 αdα = E E
cos αd cos α = 3c
3) The major source of the uncertainty is not Since there is an additional phase shift for the
c 0 c 0 xed sheet of graphic paper on a support). The
Since the momentum-energy ratio is the
the instrument uncertainties, but the departure reected rays at the reection from optically diraction pattern from a wire is the same as
same for all the photons, equal to 1/c, the overall
of the real diode data from the simplistic model. denser dielectric material, the total phase shift from a single slit (the superposition of the Huy-
momentum equals to Q/c. Thus, a3 ρv ∼ Q/c,
Therefore we can try to t the data points with 2
is ϕ = 2π∆/λ = 4πN − π(2N α − 1). At the gens sources from those two cases gives a full set
hence
dierent straight lines making the slope A as maxima, this equals to 2π(2N − n), where n Q of sources on a at wave front, hence the electric
steep as possible (while still keeping a reason- v ∼ 3 ≈ 0.67 mm/s. elds from those two cases must provide equal
is an integer. Therefore, the condition for the ρa c
able t with the data points, and also as at maxima is written as 1 and opposite wave amplitudes and equal intens-
If we apply the exact factor 3 (obtained above
as possible; the uncertainty of A is found as
r r
via integration), we end up with v ≈ 0.22 mm/s.
ities). So, if we measure on the screen the dis-
n + 0.5 n + 0.5
∆A = 21 (Amax − Amin ), and ∆h = h∆A/A. α= ⇒ yn = L , 3) The heat balance at very low temperatures
tance a between such maxima which are separ-
N N 3 4 ated by n (e.g. n = 10) periods of the diraction
6. Running on ice can be written as AT dT = −σST dt, where
where n = 0, 1, . . .  N . pattern then using small-angle-approximation,
1)
A is a constant, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann con-
During the process, the velocity vector needs 2) Since the rays of a given order number n nλ/d = a/L, where L is the distance from the
stant, and S  the radiating area. This simpli-
to change its direction by 90 degrees. Let us form a xed angle with the x-axis, the max- thread to the screen and d  the thread dia-
es to
consider the this graphically using the vx − vy - ima form on the screen concentric circles; the meter. So,
dT
plane: we need to move from the point A with pitch between the neighbouring circles becomes = −Bt ⇒ T = A · e−Bt . d = nLλ/a.
coordinates (0, v) to a point B with coordinates smaller as the order number n grows (using the
T
The strain is calculated by making markings on
4) In the case of a hydrogen atmosphere, the
(v, 0) while having a constant speed. Indeed, length unit dened by the
√ smallest√radius, the the thread and measuring the distance b between
momentum is given to the cube due to the fact
the velocity of a point in the vx − vy -plane is radii
√ form a sequence 1 = 1, 3 ≈ 1.73, these in a stretched state,
that the molecules colliding with the coated
the acceleration of the body, which has here a 5 ≈ 2.23, etc). b − b0
faces bounce back with the same speed as the ε= ,
constant modulus µg . Obviously,√the fastest 3) Since the reected rays can reach the screen b0
they came, but uncoated face gives away heat where b0 is the length in a non-strained state.
path √
is a straight line of length v 2, so that only within a hemisphere, the phase shift varies
energy, and the molecules leave at higher tem- The stress is calculated as
t = v 2/µg ≈ 7.2 s. between ϕmax = 4πN + π and ϕmin = π . The
4N mg
perature. If we assume that the departing
2) Since the direction of the acceleration is con- number of maxima σ= ,
molecules have the same temperature as the πd2
stant, the trajectory is the same as for a body m = (ϕmax − ϕmin )/2π = 2N. where N is the number of hex nuts in the bag
cube (which serves us only as an estimate 
in the Earth's eld of gravity  a parabola. and m  the mass of a single nut. The data
when particles of dierent masses collide, only
9. Thermal acceleration
are plotted in a graph; linear relationship cor-
7. Spin system a part of the energy is transferred), then the
1) For the heat energy of one mole of material
momentum-to-heat ratio is estimated as 1/vT , responds to a straight line. The uncertainties
1) According to Boltzmann's distribution, p↑ =
dq = Cv dT .R There is no heat energy by T = 0, p are calculated using the rule of relative uncer-
A · e−m , where the constant A can be found T where vT = RT /MH is the thermal speed of
tainties, either using Pythagorean or simple ad-
hence q = Cv dT . Using the graph we nd
from the condition that the probability of hav- 0 the molecules after the collision with the cube
this as the area under the curve, q ≈ R·560 J/K. dition, e.g.
ing either up or down orientation is one: A· 3
for the motion along the surface normal. So we

2 1

The number of moles ν = a ρ/MA ≈ 0.117 mol, 3 ∆ε = ε∆b + ,
e−/2 + A · e/2 = 1, hence estimate a ρv ∼ Q/vT , hence
b − b0 b0
1 1 hence the total heat energyQ = qν ≈ 546 J. r where ∆b ≈ 0.5 mm is the length measurement
A = −/2kT = . 2) Each photon of frequency ν radiated by the Q MH
e + e/2kT 2 cosh(/2kT ) v∼ ≈ 180 m/s. uncertainty. Similarly,
Thus, cube carries away heat energy equal to E = hν , ρa3 RT ∆d
−/2kT and carries momentum p = h/λ = hν/c = E/c. It should be noted that in fact, one should have
∆σ = 2σ .
e d
p↑ = . If the photon departs at the angle α with re- been careful with such an estimate, because the These uncertainties are marked in the graph as
e−/2kT + e/2kT error bars.
2) The average energy is the weighted average spect to the surface normal then the compon- thermal speed is at the denominator. This will
of up- and down-state energies for a single spin,
E
ent parallel to the surface normal pk = c cos α. increase the relative contribution of the heat ra- 2) Using the plot, we need to determine such a

multiplied by the number of spins: The total momentum given by the photons to diated at low temperatures. However, the re- value of ε = ε∗ that for ε1 > ε ∗ , it is impossible
−/2kT /2kT the cube equals by modulus to the total mo- maining heat at low temperatures is propor- to draw a straight line intersecting the error bars
N e −e N
E= =− tanh(/2kT ). mentum carried by the photons; when averaged
4
tional to T , and therefore the contribution of of all the data points with ε1 < ε ∗ .
2 e−/2kT + e/2kT 2