TITLE:- TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TIMING OF SHIFTS

OVER SLEEP QUALITY,GEHERAL HEALTH,POSITIVE

AFFECT,NEGATIVE AFFECT,LIFE-
SATISFACTION,STRESS,MENTAL HEALTH AND FATIGUE.

Submitted by Submitted to
Ranapartap singh Dr. Rohini thapar
MA-II Assistant professor
33825
Department of psychology
DAV college sector 10, Chandigarh.
TITLE:- TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TIMING OF SHIFTS OVER
SLEEP QUALITY,GEHERAL HEALTH,POSITIVE
AFFECT,NEGATIVE AFFECT,LIFE-
SATISFACTION,STRESS,MENTAL HEALTH AND FATIGUE .

Abstract

The study is conducted to study the impact of shifts of work on sleep

quality, general health, positive affect, negative affect, stress, fatigue, life
satisfaction and mental health. The sample consisted of 60 people who
are in police services between the age group of 28-45 years. Participants
volunteered to complete the test and each one administered the test
individually. The years of service are minimum 5 years. The subject is
working in a particular shift either day or night from past 6 months
atleast. It is found that there is no significant difference between the two
groups .
Introduction
Mental health
Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we
handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is
important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through
adulthood.

Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems,
your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors
contribute to mental health problems, including:

 Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry

 Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse

 Family history of mental health problems

Mental health is a level of psychological well-being or an absence

of mental- illness - the state of someone who is "functioning at a
satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment". From the
perspectives of positive psychology or of holism, mental health may include
an individual's ability to enjoy life, and to create a balance between life
activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. According to
the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health includes "subjective
well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, inter-
generational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and
emotional potential, among others." The WHO further states that the well-
being of an individual is encompassed in the realization of their abilities,
coping with normal stresses of life, productive work and contribution to
their community. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and
competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health".

History

In the mid-19th century, William Sweetser was the first to coin the term
"mental hygiene", which can be seen as the precursor to contemporary
approaches to work on promoting positive mental health. Isaac Ray, one of
the founders and the fourth president of the American Psychiatric
Association, further defined mental hygiene as "the art of preserving the
mind against all incidents and influences calculated to deteriorate its
qualities, impair its energies, or derange its movements."

Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) was an important figure in the development of

the "mental hygiene" movement. Dix was a school teacher who
endeavored throughout her life to help people with mental disorders, and
to bring to light the deplorable conditions into which they were put. This
was known as the "mental hygiene movement". Before this movement, it
was not uncommon that people affected by mental illness in the 19th
century would be considerably neglected, often left alone in deplorable
conditions, barely even having sufficient clothing. Dix's efforts were so
great that there was a rise in the number of patients in mental health
facilities, which sadly resulted in these patients receiving less attention and
care, as these institutions were largely understaffed.

Emil Kraepelin in 1896 developed the taxonomy of mental disorders which

has dominated the field for nearly 80 years. Later the proposed disease
model of abnormality was subjected to analysis and considered normality
to be relative to the physical, geographical and cultural aspects of the
defining group.
 At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Beers founded "Mental
Health America – National Committee for Mental Hygiene", after
publication of his accounts from lived experience in lunatic asylums, A Mind
That Found Itself, in 1908 and opened the first outpatient mental
health clinic in the United States.

The mental hygiene movement, related to the social hygiene movement,

had at times been associated with advocating eugenics and sterilisation of
those considered too mentally deficient to be assisted into productive work
and contented family life. In the post-WWII years, references to mental
hygiene were gradually replaced by the term 'mental health' due to its
positive aspect that evolves from the treatment of illness to preventive and
promotive areas of healthcare.

Marie Jahoda described six major, fundamental categories that can be used

to categorize mentally healthy individuals: a positive attitude towards the
self, personal growth, integration, autonomy, a true perception of reality,
and environmental mastery, which include adaptability and healthy
interpersonal relationships.

GENERAL HEALTH
Health, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is "a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity."This definition has been subject to
controversy, as it may have limited value for implementation. Health may
be defined as the ability to adapt and manage physical, mental and social
challenges throughout life.

Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for both
his health status and quality of their life It is increasingly recognized that health is
maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application
of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of
the individual and society. According to the World Health Organization, the main
 determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical
environment and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.
More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether people
are healthy or unhealthy include the following:
 Income and social status
 Social support networks
 Education and literacy
 Employment/working conditions
 Social environments
 Physical environments

 Personal health pratice

 Healthy child development
 Biology and genetics
 Health care services
 Gender

An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and

contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, including
lifestyles, environments, health care organization and health policy, one specific
health policy brought into many countries in recent years was the introduction of
the sugar tax. Beverage taxes came into light with increasing concerns about
obesity, particularly among youth. Sugar-sweetened beverages have become a
target of anti-obesity initiatives with increasing evidence of their link to obesity.–
such as the 1974 Lalonde report from Canada; the Alameda County Study in
California; and the series of World Health Reports of the World Health
Organization, which focuses on global health issues including access to health
care and improving public health outcomes, especially in developing countries.
The concept of the "health field," as distinct from medical care, emerged from the
Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as
key determinants of an individual's health. These are:
 Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the
individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or
death;
 Environmental: all matters related to health external to the human body
and over which the individual has little or no control;
 Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the
human body as influenced by genetic make-up.
The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different
combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, together sometimes
referred to as the "health triangle." The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health
Promotion further stated that health is not just a state, but also "a resource for
everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing
social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."
Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health,
data from the Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their
health via exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy body weight,
limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking. Health and illness can co-exist, as even
people with multiple chronic diseases or terminal illnesses can consider
themselves healthy.
The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health
status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the natural environment,
the built environment and the social environment. Factors such as
clean water and air, adequate housing, and safe communities and roads all have
been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and
children. Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational
spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal
satisfaction and higher levels of obesity, linked to lower overall health and well
being. This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban
neighborhoods should be taken into account in public policy and land use.
Genetics, or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the
health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both
the predisposition to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits
and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their families. For
example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with stress,
either mental, emotional or physical. For example, obesity is a significant problem
in the United States that contributes to bad mental health and causes stress in
the lives of great numbers of people. (One difficulty is the issue raised by
the debate over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions
between genetics and environment may be of particular importance).

Sleep quality
The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) recently released the key indicators of good
sleep quality, as established by a panel of experts.
Given the precipitous increase in the use of sleep technology devices, the key
findings are timely and relevant. This information complements the data these
devices provide, helping millions of consumers interpret their sleep patterns. The
report comes as the first step in NSF’s effort to spearhead defining the key
indicators of good sleep quality. The key determinants of quality sleep are
included in a report published in Sleep Health. They include:
 Sleeping more time while in bed (at least 85 percent of the total time)
 Falling asleep in 30 minutes or less
 Waking up no more than once per night; and
 Being awake for 20 minutes or less after initially falling asleep.
Multiple rounds of consensus voting on the determinants led to the key findings,
which have since been endorsed by the American Association of Anatomists,
American Academy of Neurology, American Physiological Society, Gerontological
Society of America, Human Anatomy and Physiology Society, Society for Research
on Biological Rhythms, Society for Research of Human Development, and Society
for Women’s Health Research.
Max Hirshkowitz, PhD, DABSM, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the NSF
stated, “Millions of Americans are sleep technology users. These devices provide
a glimpse into one’s sleep universe, which is otherwise unknown. The National
Sleep Foundation’s guidelines on sleep duration, and now quality, make sense of
it all—providing consumers with the resources needed to understand their sleep.
These efforts help to make sleep science and technology more accessible to the
general public that is eager to learn more about its health in bold new ways.”
Good sleep is commonly associated with good health and a sense of well being.
Measures of overall functional status have been known to be significantly
correlated with both subjective and objective measures of daytime sleepiness.
Other studies have shown that sleep disordered breathing is associated with
lower general health status, with appropriate controls for body mass index, age,
smoking status, and a history of cardiovascular conditions. Even very mild degrees
of sleep disordered breathing have been shown to be associated with subjective
decrements in measures of health status which are comparable to those
individuals with chronic disease such as diabetes, arthritis, and hypertension

Positive affect
Positive affect is associated with other characteristics of people who tend to be
happier, like optimism, extraversion, and success. However, positive affect isn’t
just another by-product of a happy, less stressful life; it’s an influencing factor. In
other words, it’s not just that those who are optimistic and successful extraverts
experience positive affect because they have so much to be happy about, and
they just happen to be less stressed because of all that’s great in their lives; their
positive affect can bring lower levels of stress on its own. Those with less-perfect
lives can experience greater resilience toward stress simply by cultivating positive
affect or taking steps to get themselves into better moods more often. Here’s
why.

The Broaden and Build Theory

Psychologist Barbara Fredrickson has extensively researched the effects of

positive affect on stress and has come up with a model of how positive affect
interacts with resilience, known as the "broaden and build" theory of positive
psychology. Fredrickson and others have found that when we give ourselves a lift
in mood, this can expand (or broaden)  our perspective so that we notice more
possibilities in our lives, and this enables us to more easily take advantage of
(to build upon) these resources. These resources include the following:

 Physical Resources: This includes energy, stamina, fitness, health, and

overall wellness. For example, if you’re in a good mood, you may have
more motivation to go to the gym and build your physical resources.

 Psychological Resources: This includes the ability to choose more optimistic

perspectives, pull yourself out of rumination, or withstand hectic schedules
 without experiencing burnout, for example. If you’re experiencing more
positive affect, for example, you might be less prone to dwelling on the
negative and may focus on possibilities in your life.

 Social Resources: This means more supportive relationships, friends who

will give great advice if you ask, lend you a shoulder to cry on, or bring you
a casserole if you are going through a difficult time. If you’re chronically
upset, you may drive away those who could be supportive in your life,
whereas if you’re exuding positive affect, you may become more of an
appealing friend.

These increased resources can lead to greater resilience toward stress. Basically,
it can work as an "upward spiral" of positivity where positive affect begets more
resilience toward stress and more positive affect. Unfortunately, negative affect
can work in the same way. This is why it really helps to cultivate positive moods
and pleasure in life; it's not just something that will lead to some good feelings in
the moment, but it can be a path to less stress and a happier life in general. This is
well worth the effort of increasing behaviors that lead to positive affect, and
fortunately, increasing positive affect is quite simple if you make the effort.

Negative affect
Negative affect is a broad concept that can be summarized as feelings of
emotional distress (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988); more specifically, it is a
construct that is defined by the common variance between anxiety, sadness,
fear, anger, guilt and shame, irritability, and other unpleasant emotions. A
variety of converging evidence suggests that negative affect is largely statistically
independent from positive affect (e.g., Watson, 1988), but it is also clear that
there exists a dimension called pleasantness-unpleasantness that has relations
to both negative and positive mood terms (e.g., happiness and sadness). Some
workers (e.g., Russell & Carroll, 1999) take the existence of the bipolar
pleasantness-unpleasantness factor as evidence that negative affect and positive
affect form a single dimension.

Life-satisfaction
Many explanations and definitions of Life satisfaction can be observed as it is not
a very easy to understand notion. Neugarten at al.(1961) calls Life Sati8sfaction
“an operational definition of ‘successful aging’. Life satisfaction for Sumner (1966)
is "A positive evaluation of the conditions of your life, a judgment that at least on
balance, it measures up favorably against your standards or expectations."
Andrew (1974) states life satisfaction symbolizing an overarching criterion or
ultimate outcome of human experience. Life satisfaction is an overall assessment
of feelings and attitudes about one’s life at a particular point in time ranging from
negative to positive. It is one of three major indicators of well-being: life
satisfaction, positive effect, and negative effect (Diener, 1984). Life satisfaction is
characterized, in agreement with the cognitive theory, as “individual’s cognitive
judgment about comparisons based on the compatibility of their own living
conditions with the standards” (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffen, 19 85). Life
satisfaction is believed to have antecedents in the work domain, family domain,
and personality traits Ruut Veenhoven ( 1993 ) has best summarized Life
Satisfaction; “Life satisfaction is the degree to which a person positively evaluates
the overall quality of his/her life as-a-whole.”.Diener, suh, lucas, & Smith (1999)
also included the following under life satisfaction: desire to change one’s life;
satisfaction with past; satisfaction with future; and significant other’s views of
one’s life." life-satisfaction is one of the pointers of ‘apparent’ quality of life along
with other indicators of mental and physical health. It is referred as an
assessment of the overall conditions of existence as derived from a comparison of
one's aspiration to one's actual achievement (Cribb, 2000). It is assumed that the
less the incongruity between the individual’s desires and achievements, the more
life satisfaction he/she has (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2003). The Affective theory, on
the contrary feels life satisfaction to be an individual’s conscious experience as to
the dominance of their positive emotions over their negative emotions. In recent
research conducted life satisfaction is assessed as the degree of the positive
emotions experienced (Frish, 2006; as cited in Simsek, 2011).

Constituents of Life Satisfaction:- In the 1970's, life-satisfaction was a central

theme in several American Social Indicator studies. Analysis of the development
of life-satisfaction and economic growth in the post-war decades in the USA was
done by Easterlin (1974) . With economic slowdown various studies in life
satisfaction showed that there was discrepancy in job and life satisfaction
associated with work-related and extra-workplace (Rice, R. W., Near,J. P., &Hunt,
R. G. ( 1979). With expanding society in terms of money and power and new
trends setting in due to globalization there was a rise in materialism and
consumerism leading to various studies on Loneliness. It was observed that
Loneliness was a hindrance to Life satisfaction . Russell, D., Peplau, L.A.,
&Cutrona, C.E. (1980). The Satisfaction With Life Scale was a defined in detail by
Diener, E., R. A. Emmons, R. J. Larsen and S. Griffin (1985) . Outside the United
States of America, Glatzer and Zapf (1984) reported studies from the Nordic
countries by Allardt (1975). Heady and Wearing (1992 performed one of the first
large-scale longitudinal survey on life-satisfaction in Australia.Review studies on
cross-national differences in happiness, cultural bias or societal quality were
published by Veenhoven (1984), Argyle (1987) and Meyers (1992). “Bottom-up”
theories of life satisfaction (e.g., Brief, Butcher, George, & Link, 1993) recommend
that life satisfaction represents an overall attitude, composed of components of
satisfaction in various domains of life . Andrews & Withey, (1976) state that
importance of any one specific life domain of life satisfaction varies by
population . The relations between Income and Life Satisfaction became an
important area of study in the early nineties. The relationship between income
and subjective well-being whether relative or absolute was a subject of study by
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L., &Diener, M. (1993). Richard A. 1995 also saw
income and Individual happiness as a vital component of Life Satisfaction in the
study on Utility Income, Aging, Health and Well-Being. Along with income health
also became associated with life satisfaction Kim, O (1997) in his study on older
Korean immigrants observed that Loneliness was a deterrent to life satisfaction
and also a predictor of health perceptions . The subjective evaluation of different
aspects of life is known to correlate fairly strongly with life satisfaction (Ateca-
Amestoy, Serrano-del-Rosal, & Vera-Toscano, 2008; Lloyd & Auld, 2002; Van
Praag & Ferrer-i-Carbonell, 2004: Van Praag et al, 2003). Evaluations of finance,
health, and job satisfaction, together with leisure satisfaction are the four most
important correlates (Van Praag et al., 2003). Ateca-Amestoy et al. (2008) and
Spiers and Walker (2009) find positive associations between leisure satisfaction
and life satisfaction. Neal et al. (1999) constructed a model based on the
assumption that "life satisfaction is functionally related to satisfaction with all of
life's domains and subdomains" (Neal, Sirgy, & Uysal, 1999, p. 154).In 2004. Neal
and Sirgy (2004) further validated this model by LIFE SATISFACTION: A
LITERATURE REVIEW The Researcher- International Journal of Management
Humanities and Social Sciences July-Dec 2016, 1(2) 29 demonstrating that there is
a correlation between satisfaction with leisure life and satisfaction with life in
general. Sirgy, Rahtz, Cicic, and Underwood (2000) developed a similar model and
included leisure as part of the "global satisfaction with other life domains" (Sirgy
& Comwell. 2001: Sirgy et al., 2000). Rode, Joseph Charles (2002) examined a job
and life satisfaction model that included both environmental conditions and
personality measures within a longitudinal framework and national
representative sample to better understand the relationship of job satisfaction
and life satisfaction over time. Satisfaction with Life Index was created calculating,
subjective well being on the basis of health, wealth and access to basic education
(White, Adrian (2007). Life Cycle Happiness and its Sources was tried to be found
out Easterlin, Richard A. 2006; Van Praag, Bernard M.S., and Ada Ferrer-i-
Carbonell (2008) and relation-ships among stressful life events, temperament,
problem behavior was also tried to be studied McKnight, C. G., Huebner, E. S.,
&Suldo, S. M. (2002). Reschly, A. L., Huebner, E. S., Appleton, J. J., &Antaramian,
S. (2008). Life satisfaction was studied amongst the below poverty line in India ,
Biswas-Diener, R., &Diener, E. (2001). Satisfaction with Life Index was created
calculating, subjective well being on the basis of health wealth , and access to
basic education .White, Adrian (2007). Tremblay et al. (2006) examined the role of
subjective vitality and the perception of stress as mediators between general life
satisfaction and post-traumatic physiological and psychological health. They
found that satisfaction with life optimistically predict subjective vitality and
negatively predicted perceived stress. Both resilience as well as perceived positive
stress are positively related to life satisfaction (Abolghasemi & Varaniyab, 2010).
This demonstrates that life satisfaction increases with an increase in resilience
and a decrease of stress. Other conditions that influence life satisfaction include
demographic, environmental, and interpersonal factors (Koohsar & Bonab, 2011).
Saari and Judge (2004) add that factors such as taking pleasure in life, finding life
meaningful, consistency at the matter of reaching goal satisfaction, positive
individual identity, physical fitness, economical security, and social relationships
are all important life satisfaction indicators. The twenty first century ushered in
specific studies on Life Satisfaction. AshleyD.Lewis,E.Scott Huebner, Patrick
S.Malone&RobertF.Valois (2011) tried to find out the various components of Life
Satisfaction in particular age groups such as adolescents Kohler et al. (2005), The
authors analyze the effects of partnerships and having children on Their results
show that the first child increases happiness for women but not for men, and that
the magnitude of the effect is considerable (half or more the size of the effect of
being in a partnership). Additional children are found to lower female happiness
(and do not affect men). Gender and Life Satisfaction also is an important study
on life satisfaction stating the reasons of Life satisfaction among women . The
study depicts that women have average level of life LIFE SATISFACTION: A
LITERATURE REVIEW The Researcher- International Journal of Management
Humanities and Social Sciences July-Dec 2016, 1(2) 30 satisfaction at all age levels.
It is found that with an increase in age, the overall life satisfaction decreases;
whereas, with an increase in personal income, the overall life satisfaction
increases. Moreover, with an increase in family income, the overa ll life
satisfaction of women also increases. Calasanti, T. M. (2009); CarmeTraid, W.
(2009); Machinov and Fernandez (2012). Muzamil Jan* and TasiaMasood(2008);
Saundra HS, Hughey AW 2003. African American Women; Kousha M, Moheen N
2004; KhannaShipra(2015) . The direction of this relationship continues to be a
source of debate. Dispositional explanations, for example, propose a ‘spillover’
(Schmitt & Mellon, 1980) of general affective states of life satisfaction to the job
situation (Judge & Locke, 1993; Staw, Bell, & Clausen, 1986). Conversely,
Rousseau (1978) and Chacko (1983) contend that job satisfaction had a greater
influence on life or non-work satisfaction than vice versa. They argued that this
was explained by the valence or value individuals place on work in general.
Recent empirical studies by Adams et al. (1996) and Judge et al. (1998) affirm this
underlying sequence. Likewise, Wright and Staw (1999) reviewed expectancy
theory, goal-setting theory, and attribution theory, and concluded that each
theory predicts that positive mood is related to motivation across a wide range of
situations. Empirically, several studies have found a relationship between
subjective well-being and individual performance in the work domain
(Cropanzano & Wright, 1999; Staw & Barsade, 1993; Staw, Sutton, & Pelled, 1994;
Wright & Cropanzano, 1997,2000). However, in their study of CEO life satisfac-
tion and firm performance in small entrepreneurial firms, Daily and Near (2000)
found no significant relationship.

Stress
Stress is the body's reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or
response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional
responses. Stress is a normal part of life. You can experience stress from your
environment, your body, and your thoughts. Even positive life changes such as a
promotion, a mortgage, or the birth of a child produce stress.

How does stress affect health?

The human body is designed to experience stress and react to it. Stress can be
positive, keeping us alert, motivated, and ready to avoid danger. Stress becomes
negative when a person faces continuous challenges without relief or relaxation
between stressors. As a result, the person becomes overworked, and stress-
related tension builds. The body's autonomic nervous system has a built-in stress
response that causes physiological changes to allow the body to combat stressful
situations. This stress response, also known as the "fight or flight response", is
activated in case of an emergency. However, this response can become
chronically activated during prolonged periods of stress. Prolonged activation of
the stress response causes wear and tear on the body – both physical and
emotional.
Stress that continues without relief can lead to a condition called distress – a
negative stress reaction. Distress can disturb the body's internal balance or
equilibrium, leading to physical symptoms such as headaches an upset
stomach, elevated blood pressure, chest pain, sexual dysfunction, and problems
sleeping. Emotional problems can also result from distress. These problems
include depression, panic attacks, or other forms of anxiety and worry. Research
suggests that stress also can bring on or worsen certain symptoms or diseases.
Stress is linked to 6 of the leading causes of death: heart disease, cancer, lung
ailments, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide.

Stress also becomes harmful when people engage in the compulsive use of
substances or behaviors to try to relieve their stress. These substances or
behaviors include food, alcohol, tobacco, drugs, gambling, sex, shopping, and the
Internet. Rather than relieving the stress and returning the body to a relaxed
state, these substances and compulsive behaviors tend to keep the body in a
stressed state and cause more problems. The distressed person becomes trapped
in a vicious circle.

What are the warning signs of stress?

Chronic stress can wear down the body's natural defenses, leading to a variety of
physical symptoms, including the following:

 Dizziness or a general feeling of "being out of it."

 General aches and pains.

 Grinding teeth, clenched jaw.

 Headaches.

 Indigestion or acid reflux symptoms.

 Increase in or loss of appetite.

 Muscle tension in neck, face or shoulders.

 Problems sleeping.
  Racing heart.

 Cold and sweaty palms.

 Tiredness, exhaustion.

 Trembling/shaking.

 Weight gain or loss.

 Upset stomach, diarrhea.

 Sexual difficulties.

Fatigue
Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset.
Unlike weakness, fatigue can be alleviated by periods of rest. Fatigue can have
physical or mental causes. Physical fatigue is the transient inability of a muscle to
maintain optimal physical performance, and is made more severe by
intense physical exercise. Mental fatigue is a transient decrease in maximal
cognitive performance resulting from prolonged periods of cognitive activity. It
can manifest as somnolence, lethargy, or directed attention fatigue.

Medically, fatigue is a non-specific symptom, which means that it has many

possible causes and accompanies many different conditions. Fatigue is considered
a symptom, rather than a sign, because it is a subjective feeling reported by the
patient, rather than an objective one that can be observed by others. Fatigue and
'feelings of fatigue' are often confused.

Physical fatigue

Physical fatigue, or muscle fatigue, is the temporary physical inability of a muscle

to perform optimally. The onset of muscle fatigue during physical activity is
gradual, and depends upon an individual's level of physical fitness, and also upon
other factors, such as sleep deprivation and overall health. It can be reversed by
rest. Physical fatigue can be caused by a lack of energy in the muscle, by a
decrease of the efficiency of the neuromuscular junction or by a reduction of the
drive originating from the central nervous system. The central component of
fatigue is triggered by an increase of the level of serotonin in the central nervous
system. During motor activity, serotonin released in synapses that
contact motoneurons promotes muscle contraction. During high level of motor
activity, the amount of serotonin released increases and a spillover occurs.
Serotonin binds to extrasynaptic receptors located on the axon initial segment
of motoneurons with the result that nerve impulse initiation and thereby muscle
contraction are inhibited.

Muscle strength testing can be used to determine the presence of

a neuromuscular disease, but cannot determine its cause. Additional testing, such
as electromyography, can provide diagnostic information, but information gained
from muscle strength testing alone is not enough to diagnose most
neuromuscular disorders.

People with multiple sclerosis experience a form of overwhelming lassitude or

tiredness that can occur at any time of the day, for any duration, and that does
not necessarily recur in a recognizable pattern for any given patient, referred to as
"neurological fatigue".

Mental fatigue

Mental fatigue is a temporary inability to maintain optimal cognitive

performance. The onset of mental fatigue during any cognitive activity is gradual,
and depends upon an individual's cognitive ability, and also upon other factors,
such as sleep deprivation and overall health. Mental fatigue has also been shown
to decrease physical performance. It can manifest as somnolence, lethargy
or directed attention fatigue. Decreased attention may also be described as a
more or less decreased level of consciousness. In any case, this can be dangerous
when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as operating
large vehicles. For instance, a person who is sufficiently somnolent may
experience microsleep. However, objective cognitive testing can be used to
differentiate the neurocognitive deficits of brain disease from those attributable
to tiredness.

METHODOLOGY
Participants and procedure
The sample consisted of 60 people who are in police services between the
age group of 28-45 years. Participants volunteered to complete the test and
each one administered the test individually. The years of service are
minimum 5 years. The subject is working in a particular shift either day or
night from past 6 months atleast.

Measures

 Mental health inventory

 Physiological symptoms of stress scale
 General health questionnaire (12 items scale)
 Modified Fatigue impact scale
 Life satisfaction scale
 Positive and negative affect scale
 Sleep quality scale.

The scales are attached in the end.

RESULTS

T-ratio

Std. Std. Error

N Mean Deviation Mean
SQ morning 30 18.7667 6.92165 1.26371
night 30 20.1000 6.18870 1.12990
GHQ morning 30 41.3000 3.45563 0.63091
night 30 40.5667 3.09263 0.56463
PA morning 30 43.8667 3.47139 0.63379
night 30 43.9000 2.69546 0.49212
NA morning 30 13.2333 1.92414 0.35130
night 30 13.2667 2.19613 0.40096
LS morning 30 30.9333 1.91065 0.34883
night 30 30.8667 1.81437 0.33126
STRESS morning 30 13.9000 3.64219 0.66497
night 30 15.1000 3.99439 0.72927
MH morning 30 81.8000 4.35811 0.79568
night 30 82.3667 5.05476 0.92287
FATIGUE morning 30 16.7667 3.55919 0.64982
night 30 18.1667 4.29180 0.78357
 Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error Interval of the
F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
SQ Equal 1.294 0.260 -0.787 58 0.435 -1.33333 1.69518 -4.72661 2.05994
variances
assumed
Equal -0.787 57.288 0.435 -1.33333 1.69518 -4.72751 2.06084
variances
not
assumed
GHQ Equal 0.753 0.389 0.866 58 0.390 0.73333 0.84667 -0.96147 2.42814
variances
assumed
Equal 0.866 57.300 0.390 0.73333 0.84667 -0.96191 2.42858
variances
not
assumed
PA Equal 2.004 0.162 -0.042 58 0.967 -0.03333 0.80241 -1.63954 1.57287
variances
assumed
Equal -0.042 54.647 0.967 -0.03333 0.80241 -1.64164 1.57498
variances
not
assumed
NA Equal 0.283 0.597 -0.063 58 0.950 -0.03333 0.53308 -1.10041 1.03375
variances
assumed
Equal -0.063 57.015 0.950 -0.03333 0.53308 -1.10081 1.03414
variances
not
assumed
LS Equal 0.342 0.561 0.139 58 0.890 0.06667 0.48106 -0.89628 1.02961
variances
assumed
Equal 0.139 57.846 0.890 0.06667 0.48106 -0.89633 1.02967
variances
not
assumed
STRESS Equal 0.009 0.926 -1.216 58 0.229 -1.20000 0.98693 -3.17555 0.77555
variances
assumed
Equal -1.216 57.513 0.229 -1.20000 0.98693 -3.17590 0.77590
variances
not
assumed
MH Equal 1.783 0.187 -0.465 58 0.644 -0.56667 1.21852 -3.00580 1.87246
variances
assumed
Equal -0.465 56.770 0.644 -0.56667 1.21852 -3.00692 1.87359
variances
not
assumed
FATIGUE Equal 1.184 0.281 -1.375 58 0.174 -1.40000 1.01796 -3.43767 0.63767
variances
assumed
Equal -1.375 56.080 0.175 -1.40000 1.01796 -3.43916 0.63916
variances
not
assumed
Correlation among morning shift subjects
SQ GHQ PA NA LS STRESS MH FATIGUE
SQ Pearson 1 -.595 ** -0.141 -0.332 0.074 0.096 -.434 *
-.372*
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.001 0.459 0.073 0.696 0.613 0.017 0.043
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
GHQ Pearson -.595 ** 1 .394 * 0.119 -0.117 0.000 0.167 0.194
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.001 0.031 0.532 0.538 0.999 0.379 0.305
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
PA Pearson -0.141 .394 * 1 0.180 0.129 -0.080 0.044 -0.117
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.459 0.031 0.340 0.498 0.674 0.818 0.538
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
NA Pearson -0.332 0.119 0.180 1 0.239 0.107 0.067 0.038
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.073 0.532 0.340 0.204 0.574 0.723 0.840
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
LS Pearson 0.074 -0.117 0.129 0.239 1 0.034 0.056 -0.276
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.696 0.538 0.498 0.204 0.860 0.768 0.140
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
STRESS Pearson 0.096 0.000 -0.080 0.107 0.034 1 -0.021 0.006
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.613 0.999 0.674 0.574 0.860 0.913 0.974
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
MH Pearson * 0.167 0.044 0.067 0.056 -0.021 1 -0.054
-.434
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.017 0.379 0.818 0.723 0.768 0.913 0.776
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
FATIGUE Pearson -.372 * 0.194 -0.117 0.038 -0.276 0.006 -0.054 1
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.043 0.305 0.538 0.840 0.140 0.974 0.776
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Correlation among night shift subjects
SQ GHQ PA NA LS STRESS MH FATIGUE
SQ Pearson 1 -.538 ** 0.183 0.120 0.060 -0.126 -0.092 0.360
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.002 0.334 0.528 0.754 0.507 0.630 0.051
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
GHQ Pearson -.538 ** 1 -0.101 -0.069 0.026 0.185 0.086 -0.116
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.002 0.597 0.718 0.891 0.328 0.653 0.540
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
PA Pearson 0.183 -0.101 1 -0.158 0.075 -0.095 -.529 ** -0.130
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.334 0.597 0.403 0.695 0.617 0.003 0.495
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
NA Pearson 0.120 -0.069 -0.158 1 -0.095 0.245 -0.109 0.346
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.528 0.718 0.403 0.619 0.193 0.568 0.061
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
LS Pearson 0.060 0.026 0.075 -0.095 1 -0.255 -0.152 -0.170
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.754 0.891 0.695 0.619 0.174 0.421 0.370
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
STRESS Pearson -0.126 0.185 -0.095 0.245 -0.255 1 -0.060 .367*
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.507 0.328 0.617 0.193 0.174 0.753 0.046
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
MH Pearson -0.092 0.086 ** -0.109 -0.152 -0.060 1 0.092
-.529
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.630 0.653 0.003 0.568 0.421 0.753 0.627
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
FATIGUE Pearson 0.360 -0.116 -0.130 0.346 -0.170 .367 * 0.092 1
Correlatio
n
Sig. (2- 0.051 0.540 0.495 0.061 0.370 0.046 0.627
tailed)
N 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Discussion
 The t-ratio is not significant among both the groups which means that there
is no significant difference between the shift during which they work on
sleep quality, health, positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction, stress,
mental health and fatigue.
 Negative and significant correlation is seen between sleep quality and
general health. Which means if sleep quality is low general health will be
low in both the groups
 There is a negative correlation between sleep quality and fatigue. Which
means if sleep quality is low fatigue will be high.
 Mental health and positive affect are significantly correlated if mental
health is high positive affect will be high in night shift group.
 Sleep quality and mental health and negatively correlated. Which means if
sleep quality is low mental health will be high.

Implications

Sub scales for mental health inventory and fatigue scale can be considered
for further studies.

Conclusions
There is no significant difference between the time of shifts over health,
sleep quality, mental health, positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction,
stress and fatigue.
Subjects are average on mental health. Good in general health. Average for
stress. Highly satisfied on life satisfaction and average on fatigue.

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