Chapter – 01 History

How, When and Where

 How important are dates:

(i) History is synonymous with dates.
(ii) We compare the past with present.
(iii) We continue to associate history with a string of dates.
 Which Dates:
(i) Selection of date depends on the story of past.
(ii) Focusing on a particular set of events is important.
 How do we Periodise:
(i) James Mill divided the Indian history into three periods: Hindu, Muslim and British. (ii)
British rule represented all the forces of progress and civilization.
 What is colonial:
(i) Colonial refers to the British rule.
(ii) British rule brought about changes in values and tastes, customs and practices.
 How do we know Administration:
(i) One important source is the official records of the British administration.
(ii) The British felt all important documents and letters needed to be preserved.
(iii) Specialized institutions like archieves and museums were established to preserve important
records.
 Surveys become important:
(i) The practice of surveying became commone under colonial administration.’
(ii) Surveys like botanical zoological, archaeological, anthropological and forest survesys were in the
list of British administration.
 What do Official Records not Tell:
(i) The official records do not tell about the needs of people of India.
(ii) Many official records hide the truth and only show one aspect of the event.

 Hard Words
1. Warren Hastings
2. Lord Mountbatten
3. James Mill
4. Periodisation
5. Colonisation
6. Subjugate
7. Tahsildar
8. Calligraphist
9. Topography
10. Census operation
11. Habitat
12. Patron
13. Archive
14. Pardesi

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The first Governor-General of india was
(a) Lord Dalhousie (c)Warrwn Hastings
(b) Lord Canning (d)Lord William Bentinck
2. A history of British india was written by
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (c)Lord Mountbatten
(b) James Mill (d)DadabhaiNaoroji
3. The National Archieves of India came up in the
(a) 1920s (c)1930s
(b) 1940s (d)1950s
4. The British preserve official documents because
(a) The preserved documents reveal the progress made by country in the past.
(b) One can study the notes and reports which were prepared in the past.
(c) Their copies may be made and used in modern times.
(d) All of the above
5. Usually census operations in india are held
(a) Every five years (c)Every seven years
(b) Every ten years (d)Every twelve years
6. James Rernnel produced the first map of
(a) 1785 (c)1782
(b) 1885 (d)1830
7. The British thought surveys were important for
(a) Effective administration
(b) Effective judgement
(c) Writing history
(d) None of the above
8. Who was the last Victory of India?
(a) Lord Ripon
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Lord William Bentinck
(d) Lord welleseley
9. When New Delhi was built, the National Museum and National Archieves were
both located close to the
(a) Supreme Court
(b) Parliament House
(c) Viceregal Palace
(d) Red Fort
10.An advertisement for Lipton tea suggested that royalty all over the world was
associated with this tea.When did the advertisement appear?
(a) 1920 (c)1925
(b) 1922 (d)1932
11.A Scottish economist and political philosopher, who wrote a three volume book
‘A History of British India’ was ……
(a) James Rennel
(b) James Mill
(c) Johny Walker
(d) Lord Mountbatten
12.In the book ‘A History of British India’, writer was divided Indian history into
three periods, i.e. Hindu, Muslim and third is ………
(a) Buddhist (b) Jainism (c) British (d) Sikhism
13.Colonisation means……..
(a) Changes in political, economical aspects of the society.
(b) Changes in political, economical, social and cultural field of the society.
(c) Changes in economic and culture only of the society.
(d) Changes in accounts of the indigeneous.
14.The National Archives of India came up in the
(a)1920s (b) 1930s (c) 1940s (d) 1950s
15.The word ‘Calligrapher’ means
(a) One who is specialised in the art of painting.
(b)One who is specialised in the art of music.
(c) One who is specialised in the art of beautiful writing.
(d)One who is specialised in the art of public speaking.
16.Census operations are held
(a) every five years
(b) every seven years
(c) every ten years
(d) every twelve years
 Very Short Answer (VSA)
1. How historians have divided Indian history?
A. Historians have divided Indian history into‘ancient’,‘medieval’,‘modern’.
2. What is history?
A. History is about finding out how things were in the past and how things have changed.
3. What is colonisation?
A. Colonisation is a process in which one country subjugates another and thus brings
political,economic, social and cultural changes.
4. What was James Mill’s opinion about the Asian societies?
A. In James Mill’s opinion, all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than
Europe.

5. Why do many historians refer to modern period as colonial?

A. Under British rule, people did not have equality, freedom and liberty, thus many
historians referred this period as ‘colonial’ period.
6. Why do we try and divide histor into different periods?
A. We divide hidtory into different periods in order to capture the characteristics of a
time, its central features as they appear to us.
7. What evil practices according to James Mill dominated the Indian social life
before the British came to India?
A. According to James Mill, the evil practices that dominated to the Indian social life
were religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices.
8. Suggest one of the most important sources used by historians in writing about the
last 250 years of Indian history.
A. The official records of the British administration is one of the most important sources
used by historians in writing about the last 250 years of Indian history.
9. Who was James Mill?
A. James Mill was a Scottish economist and philosopher who wrote the famous book ‘A
History of British India’.
10.How did paintings priject the Governer-Generals of India?
A. Paintings projected the Governer-Generals of India as powerful figures.
11. Name the events for which specific dates can be determined.
A. The year a king was crowned, the year he married, the year he had a child, the year
he fought a particular battle, the year he died, etc.
12.What was an important aspect of the histories written by the British historians
in India?
Answer. The rule of each Governor-General was an important aspect.
13. Who was James Mill?
A. He was a Scottish economist and political philosopher and is known for his book A
History of British India.
14. What was Mill’s opinion about the Asian societies?
A. In Mill’s opinion all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than
Europe.
15. What evil practices, according to James Mill, dominated the Indian social life
before the British came to India?
A. According to James Mill, the evil practices that dominated to the Indian social life
were religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices.
16. How did paintings project Governor- General?
A. Paintings projected Governor-Generals as powerful figures.
17. Why do many historians refer to modem period as colonial?
A. It is because, under British rule people did not have equality, freedom or liberty—
the symbols of modernity.
18.Mention one important source used by historians in writing about the last 230
years of Indian history.
A. The official records of the British administration.
19. What is done under census?
A. It records the number of people living all the provinces of India and gathers
information on castes, religions and occupation.
20.What do official records not tell?
A. Official records do not tell what other people in the country felt, and what lay
behind their actions.
21. Why do we try and divide history into different periods?
A. We do so in order to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they
appear to us.
 Miscellaneous Questions
 Fill in the blanks.
1. James Rennel prepared the ………………in 1782.
2. James Mill divided ………………into three periods.
3. The Colonial Government gave much importance to the practice of
………….. .
4. Census operatons are held…………….. .
5. The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny started in …………… .
6. Historians have usually divided Indian history into ancient, and......
7. A History of British India is a ........ massive work.
8. Mill thought that all Asian societies were at a .......... level of civilisation
than Europe.
9. The British established specialised institutions like .............. and to preserve
important documents.
Answer. (ii) medieval- modem (iii) three-volume (iv) lower (v) archives- museums

Ans. 1. First map 2. Indian history

3. Surveying 4. Every ten years
5. February 1946 6. medieval- modem
7. three-volume 8. Lower
9. archives- museums

 True / False.
1. James Mill published a newspaper in 1817.
2. The British were very particular about. Preserving document.
3. The British came to India to know about its rich culture.
4. History deals with changes that occur over time.

5. The British were very particular about preserving official documents.

6. Printing began to spread by the middle of the 20th century.
7. The periodisation of Indian history offered by James Mill was not at all
accepted.
8. British carried out detailed surveys by the early 19th century in order to
map the entire countrtim
9. James Mill glorified India and its culture in his book A History of British
India.
Ans. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True
5. True 6. False 7. False 8. True
9. False
 Match the Columns.

Column A Column B
 i. James Mill (a) Scholar who write history
ii. Warren Hastings (b) A History of British India
iii. Historian (c) First map of India
iv. James Rennel (d) First Governor-General of India

Ans. (i)-(b), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c)

Answer. (i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (d), (iv) (b).

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Text book solution

Question.1.State whether true or false:

(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods—Hindu, Muslim, Christian.
(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.
Answer. (a) False (b) False (c) True

Question.2. What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?
Answer. James Mill divided Indian history into three periods—Hindu, Muslim and British. This
periodisation has its own problem. It is difficult to refer to any period of history as ‘Hindu’ or
‘Muslim’ because a variety of faiths existed simultaneously in these periods. It is also not justified to
characterise an age through the religion of the rulers of the time. What it suggests is that the lives and
practices of others do not really matter. It is worth-mentioning that even rulers in ancient India did not
all share the same faith.

Question.3. Why did the British preserve official documents?

Answer. The British believed that by preserving official documents, it would be easier for them or any
other persons to know about the decisions taken in the past. One can study the notes and reports that
were prepared in the past. Their copies may be prepared and used in present time if needed so.

Question.4. How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in
police reports?
Answer. The information printed in newspaper are usually affected by the views and opinions of the
reporters, news editors etc. But what historians find in police reports are usually true and realistic.

17.How did James Mill view India?

A. James Mill did not cherish any positive idea about India. He was of the opinion that
all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe. According to his
telling of history, before the British came to India, the Hindu and the Muslim despots
ruled the country. Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices
dominated social life. He felt that only British rule could civilise India. He suggested
that the British should conquer all the territories of India to ensure the enlightenment
and happiness of the Indian people. For India was not capable of progress without the
help of the British.
18. Historians divide Indian history into ancient, medieval and modem. But this
division too has its problems. What are these problems?
A. This periodisation has been borrowed from the West where the modem period was
associated with the growth of dll the forces of modernity such as science, reason,
democracy, liberty and equality. Medieval was a term used to describe a society where
these features of modem society did not exist.

It is difficult for us to accept this characterisation of the modem period. Here, it is

worthmentioning that Indians did not have equality, freedom or liberty under the
British rule. The country also lacked economic growth and progress in that period. It is
therefore many historians refer to modem period as colonial period.

19. What did the British do to preserve important official documents and letters?
A. The British felt the need to preserve all the important official documents and letters.
For this, they set up record rooms attached to all administrative institutions. The
village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, the commissioner’s office, the provincial
secretariats, the lawcourts—all had their record rooms. The British also established
specialised institutions such as archives and museums to preserve important records.
20. What do official records not tell? How do we come to know about them?
A. Official records do not always help us understand what other people in the country
felt, and what lay behind their actions. For that we have diaries of people, accounts of
pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities, and popular books,
etc. that were sold in the local bazaars. With the spread of printing press, newspapers
came to be published and issues began to be debated in public. Leaders and reformers
wrote.to spread their ideas, poets and novelists wrote to express their feelings.
21. How did the British conquer India and establish their rule?
A. The British conquered India in the following ways:
(a) They subjugated local nawabs and rajas.
(b) They established control over the economy and society collected revenue to meet
all theirexpenses, bought goods they wanted at lower prices and produced crops
they needed for export.
(c) They brought changes in rulers and tastes, customs and practices.
(d) Thus, they moulded everything in their favour and subjugated the country very
soon.