Solution

THE FINAL EXAM

Class 08 - Social Science

1. 1. England
2. (c)
Spinning Jenny

Explanation: Spinning Jenny

3. (c)
Calico Act

Explanation: Calico Act

4. (d)
Richard Arkwright

Explanation: Richard Arkwright

5. (a)
True

Explanation: True
6. (b)
Government

Explanation: Government
7. (b)
A is correct and B is incorrect

Explanation: People living in slums have to make do with less than 20 litres a day per person.
8. 1. Private
9. (b)
135 litres per day

Explanation: 135 litres per day

10. (b)
False

Explanation: Indian Oil is a company run by the government.

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11. (a) Only B

AC

Explanation: Settled plough cultivation was not possible in certain areas due to lack of sufficient land and water for irrigation.
12. (a) conversion into Christianity easier

Explanation: Britishers wanted to encourage Indians to convert into Christians. This law also allowed converted Christians to
inherit the property of their ancestors.
13. (c) Cochin

Explanation: The Dutch settlements in Cochin came up in the seventeenth century. Dutch presence in the region started with
the capture of Portuguese Quilon in 1661 and ended with the occupation of Malabar by the British in 1795.
14. (d) Rabindranath Tagore

Explanation: Rabindranath Tagore found school suffocating and oppressive. So he wanted to set up a school where the child
was able to explore his own thoughts and desires, for which he set up Santiniketan.
15. (a) William Carey

Explanation: The missionaries represented by William Carey established Serampore Mission as an institution within British-
controlled territories, in an area under the control of the Danish East India Company. He established Serampore college on the
banks of the River Hooghly near Calcutta.
16. (a) Shri Narayana Guru

Explanation: A guru from Ezhava caste, Shri Narayana Guru, proclaimed the ideals of unity for his people. He argued against
treating people unequallyon the basis of caste differences. According to him all human kind belonged to the same caste.

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17.

18. Fill in the blanks:

(i) 1. Sepoys, Peasants
(ii) 1. Indian
(iii) 1. Lakhs
(iv) 1. Ghasidas
(v) 1. Salt
19. i. William Jones - (b) Respect for ancient cultures
E
ii. Rabindranath Tagore - (d) Learning in a natural environment
iii. Thomas Macaulay - (a) Promotion of English education
AC

iv. Mahatma Gandhi - (e) Critical of English education

v. Pathshalas - (c) Gurus
20. i. Pathshalas - (b) Gurus
ii. Thomas Arnold - (d) Headmaster of a private school
iii. Shantiniketan - (a) Rabindranath Tagore
iv. Dutch painter - (c) Francois Solvyn
21. i. Fundamental Rights Abolish - (b) Untouchability
ii. Soyrabai - (d) Wife of Chokhamela
iii. Safai Karamchari Andolan - (a) Andhra Pradesh
iv. Groups challenging their marginalisation - (c) Confront
22. He died of cholera in 1900.
23. i. Many tribal groups reacted against the colonial forest laws.
ii. They disobeyed the new rules and continued with practices that were declared illegal and at times rose in open rebellion.
24. (a) First of all, the name Mughal king was removed from the coins minted by the company.

(b) In 1849, Governor – General Dalhousie announced that after the death of Bahadur shah Zafar, the family of the king would be
shifted out of the Red fort and given another place in Delhi to live in.

(c) In 1856, Governor – General canning decided that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be the last Mughal king and after his death his
descendants would be known as princes.
25. (i) (d), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (e), (v) (b)
26. Weavers often belonged to communities that specialized in weaving. Their skills were passed on from one generation to the next.
List of some communities famous for weaving includes:

(a) The tanti weavers of Bengal.

(b) The julahas or momin weavers of north India.

(c) Sale and kaikollar and devangs of south India.

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27. Textile production was concentrated in the following four regions in the early 19th century:

(a) Bengal was one of the most important centre. Located along the numerous rivers in the delta, the production centres in Bengal
could easily transport goods to distant place.

(b) Dacca in Eastern Bengal, present-day Bangladesh, was the foremost textile centre in the 18th century. It was famous for its
mulmul and jamdani weaving.

(c) Textile production was concentrated along the Coromandal coast stracting from Madras to northern Andhra Pradesh.

(d) On the western coast, there were important weaving centre in Gujarat.
28. James Mill was a severe critic of Orientalist. He thought that Europen education was essential in India because:
i. The knowledge of the East was full of errors and unscientific thoughts.
ii. The aim of education ought to be to teach what was useful and practical.
Thomas Macaulay suggested that:
i. India was an uncivilised country that needed to be civilised.
ii. No branch of Eastern knowledge could be compared to Western knowledge. Oriental learning was of no practical use.
29. There were no rules and regulations in pathshalas. Hence, the company decided to improve the entire system. It took several
measures:

(a) It appointed a number of government pandits, each in charge of looking after four five schools. The task of the pandit was to
visit the pathshalas and try and improve the standard of teaching.

(b) Each guru was asked to submit periodic reports and take classes according to a regular time table.

(c) Teaching was now to be based on textbooks and learning was to be tested through a system of annual examination.

(d) Students were asked to pay a regular fee, attend regular classes, sit on fixed seats and obey the new rules of discipline.
30. From the early nineteenth century, many British officials began to criticise the Orientalist vision of learning. They said that
knowledge of the East was full of errors and unscientific thought; Eastern literature was non-serious and light-hearted. So they
argued that it was wrong on the part of the British to spend so much effort in encouraging the study of Arabic and Sanskrit
language and literature. By the 1830s the attack on the Orientalists became sharper. Thomas Babington Macaulay saw India as an
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uncivilised country that needed to be civilised. No branch of Eastern knowledge, according to him could be compared to what
England had produced.
AC

31. Social reformers are described so because they felt that some changes were essential in society and unjust practices needed to be
rooted out.
32. They were experts at cleaning hides, tanning them for use and sewing sandals.
33. (a) Ambedkar was a dalit leader. He belonged to a Mahar family. He did a Iot for the upliftment of the condition of dalits.

(b) He wished Hindu society to be reorganised on the basis of two principles— equality and absence of casteism.
34. The British government in England sent a Commission headed by Lord Simon in the year 1927 to decide India’s political future.
As the Commission had no Indian representative, it was boycotted by all political groups. When the Commission arrived it met
with demonstrations with banners saying Simon Go Back’.
35. Ambabai came from Karnataka. She had been married at age twelve and was widowed at sixteen. Afterwards she began
participating in the Indian freedom struggle. She picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops in Udipi. She was arrested, served a
sentence and was rearrested. Between prison terms she made powerful speeches, taught spinning and organised prabhat pheris.
36. (a) The partition of Bengal enraged people all over the country. Both the Moderates and the Radicals in the Congress opposed this
action of the British.

(b) Public meetings and demonstrations began to be organised. Novel methods of mass protest were also developed. They
struggled against the partition of Bengal came to be known as Swadeshi Movement. In Bengal this movement was the strongest.
In other regions such as in deltaic Andhra the movement was called the Vande mataram Movements.
37. i. Colonial rule in Africa was dictatorial. Only the “Chiefs” were allowed to rule on behalf of the foreign powers.
ii. Africans had no decision-making powers or representation.
iii. The British forcefully took over the land from local owners or users, increased taxes that led to poor working conditions which
caused the revolt against Britishers by the Africans.
iv. In 1957 Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence.
v. The freedom movement was led by Kwame Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party through strikes, boycotts and mass rallies.
vi. In 1951, this party won a huge electoral victory and opposed the existing system of allowing the Chiefs to nominate
representatives to the legislature.
vii. In 1956, elections to the new Legislative Council were held and the Convention People’s Party won and Ghana was
proclaimed as an independent nation.
38. There are two types of mining:

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 i. Opencast mining: Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer.
ii. Shaft mining: Deep bores called shafts are made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depth.
39. Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called
biogas. The decomposition of organic waste is done by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of
methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas is an excellent fuel for cooking and lighting and produces a huge amount of organic manure
each year.

40. Subsistence Farming Intensive Farming

In this type of farming peasants cultivate a small plot of land In this type of farming the farmer cultivates a small plot of land
and uses a low level of technology. using simple tools and more labour.
41. i. In India, a typical Indian farm is about 1.5 hectares in area. The farmer takes a tractor on rent for ploughing his field, or some
farmers use old methods to plough the field by using bullocks. All the members of the farmer family help in various farm
activities. They buy HYV seeds and implements from the bank or Agricultural Co­operative Society. They sell the produced
crop in the market even at unfavourable prices.
ii. In the USA, the average size of a farm is about 250 hectares. Adequate measures are taken to control pests that can damage
the crop. Soil samples are sent to soil testing laboratory from time to time to check the nutrient contents of the soil. Tractors,
seed drills, leveller, combined harvester and thresher are used to perform various agricultural operations. A farmer in the USA
works like a businessman and not a peasant.
42. On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into private sector, state owned (public sector), joint sector and cooperative
sector.
→ Private Sector industries: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Examples: Reliance Industries

Limited and ITC Limited.

→ Public sector industries: Owned and operated by the government. Examples: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel

Authority of India Limited.

→ Joint sector industries: Owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Example: Maruti Udyog

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Limited.

→ Co-operative sector industries: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

AC

Examples: Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy.

43. People are a nation's greatest resources. Human beings use resources with their intelligence and skills and turn all-natural
resources into useful products. Health, education, motivation and skills turn the people into human resources.
44. The pyramid of Japan is narrow at the base which means low birth rate. Decreased death rates allow less number of people to
reach old age. The working population is more compared to the children and the old population.
45. ‘Scheduled Tribes’ is a term used to refer to Adivasis. This term is used by the Indian Government in official documents. There is
an official list of tribes sanctioned by the government. If the government formulates any policy or programme for Scheduled
Tribes, all the designated tribal communities become entitled to it.
46. It is a fact that there are great inequalities in water use. The supply of water per person in an urban area in India should be about
135 litres (about seven buckets) per day. It is a standard set by the Urban Water Commission. But people living in slum areas have
to do with less than 20 litres (one bucket) a day per person. At the same time people living in luxury hotels may consume as much
as 1,600 litres (80 buckets) of water per day.
47. Facilities like water, electricity, public transport, schools and colleges, healthcare, and sanitation are known as public facilities.
48. The Supreme Court of India has issued specific requirements and procedures that the police and other agencies have to follow for
the arrest, detention and interrogation of any person. These are known as the D.K. Basu Guidelines which include the following
points.
(a)The police officials who carry out the arrest or interrogation should wear clear, accurate and visible identification and name
tags with their designations.
(b)A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of arrest and should include the time and date of arrest. It should also be
attested by at least one witness who could include a family member of the person arrested. The arrest memo should be
countersigned by the person arrested.
(c) The person arrested, detained or being interrogated has a right to inform a relative, friend or well- wisher.
(d) When a friend or relative lives outside the district, the time, place of arrest and venue of custody must be notified by police
within 8 to 12 hours after arrest.
49. This Act was passed in 2006. The introduction to the final Act states that this Act is meant to undo the historical injustices meted
out to forest dwelling populations in not recognising their rights to land and resources. This Act recognizes their right to

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 homestead, cultivable and grazing land and to non-timber forest produce. The Act also mentions that the rights of forest dwellers
include conservation of forest and bio-diversity.
50. Governments across the country have their own list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and backward and most backward
castes. The central government too has its list. Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts in
government are expected to furnish proof of their caste and tribe certificates. If a particular Dalit caste or a certain tribe is on the
government list, then a candidate from that caste or tribe can avail of the benefit of reservation
51. i. The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act was framed in 1989 to protest against the
domination and violence of the powerful communities against Dalits and other tribal groups.
ii. In order to indicate to the government that untouchability was still being practised and in the most hideous manner, Dalit
groups demanded new laws that would list the various sorts of violence against Dalits and prescribe stringent punishment for
those who indulge in them.
52. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 was passed by the Central
Government for the welfare of Adivasi and other forest-dwelling communities. This Act is meant to undo the historical injustices
meted out to forest-dwelling populations in not recognising their rights to land and resources. This Act recognises their right to
homestead, cultivable and grazing land and to non-timber forest produce. The Act also points out that the rights of forest dwellers
include the conservation of forests and biodiversity.
53. In this case, the Supreme Court held that the Right to Life is a Fundamental Right under Article 21 of the Constitution and it
includes the right to the enjoyment of pollution-free water and air for full enjoyment of life.
54. Following are the advantage of foreign companies in setting up production in India:
i. They can cut costs by providing lower working conditions including lower safety measures.
ii. They get labour at a cheap price.
iii. They spend the least on housing facilities for workers.
iv. No strict safety standards to follow.
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AC

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