3.

2 ED ENDINGS
Regular verbs in the past simple. For regular verbs in the past simple, they will get an -ed ending.
So you take the infinitive, or the base form of a verb, and you add an -ed at the end. That shows
us that we are using the past simple. Play, played. Watch, watched. Want, wanted. The Ed
ending does not change depending on the subject.

[00:00:25] It stays the same. Let's look at this a little bit more.

[00:00:28] Use of past simple. Before I tell you more about the ED past simple ending, just a
little explanation of when we use the past simple. We will focus more on this later. But for now,
let's just say that the past simple is for an action that was done and completed in the past.

[00:00:46] It happened at a specific moment and ended at a specific moment. This is the most
important meaning, and the only one you need to know right now. In a few lectures, we will also
compare it to the past continuous as well as how to use the past simple for habits.

[00:01:02] Examples. I walked to the store yesterday. We played football before lunch. She
studied at the same school. They wanted to arrive early.

[00:01:12] Pronunciation of Ed endings. There are three simple rules to follow to help with
pronouncing the Ed endings in the past simple. We will discuss them a little together, and I will
put a lot more resources to help you in the homework for this lecture. Before I explain the three
rules, I'm going to use the terms 'voiced and voiceless consonant' to help you with the Ed
endings.

[00:01:36] A consonant is any sound we make that is not a vowel, like B and P. To say a voiced
consonant like b as in boy, your vocal cords vibrate. They move quite a bit. To say an unvoiced
consonant like p as in pig, your vocal chords move very little, or not at all.

[00:02:01] Let's continue now to the 3 -ed endings. Rule one: t sound. The Ed ending is
pronounced as T after a voiceless consonant like P, F, K, SH, CH and X However, not after T. The
T sound has its own rule, and that's rule number 3! Some examples for rule number one. Ask
asked, dance danced, help helped, photograph photographed, publish published.

[00:02:37] Rule number 2, -D sounding Ed ending.

[00:02:41] The Ed ending is pronounced as -d, after a voiced consonant like

[00:02:46] B, G, J, L, M, N, R, V, Z

[00:02:50] and after vowels like A E I O U.

[00:02:52] If a word ends in d that sound, the D sound, has its own rule. For rule number 3, and
it shared with the T sound.
[00:03:05] Here are some examples for rule number two.

[00:03:08] Advise advised. Apply applied. Borrow borrowed. Perform performed. Prepare
prepared. Cool cooled.

[00:03:22] Rule number 3.

[00:03:24] -ID Sounding Ed Endings. By now you should know that rule 3 only includes words
that end in a -t sound or a -d sound, and what happens here is we add an extra syllable for this
Ed ending. It has an -id sound. So for rules one and two, we just add that sound but not the
extra syllable. Look at the following examples to see what I am talking about.

[00:03:50] Except accepted. Add added. Distribute distributed. Land landed. Last lasted. State
stated.

[00:04:05] If you want it, and I recommend you do, there are links to practice this more in the
homework. Just like the pronunciation rules we looked at, there are also some spelling rules you
must memorize with the Ed ending.

[00:04:18] Verbs that end in -y in the infinitive. When a regular verb in the infinitive ends in -y it
will change to -IED in the past .Study becomes studied. Cry becomes cried. Spy becomes spied.
Tidy tidied.

[00:04:39] Verbs in the infinitive that end in -p and -n. When a one-syllable regular verb ends in
a vowel followed by a consonant P or N, we add an extra P or P to the spelling in the Ed ending.
Chop becomes chopped. Slip becomes slipped. Plan becomes planned. Fan becomes fanned.

[00:00:13] Irregular verbs in the past simple.

[00:00:16] I've mentioned irregular verbs a few times now. This is probably one of the most
difficult things for English Learners because there are so many of them. TWo of the most
important verbs, to be and to have, are irregular. This is why it's so important to learn
vocabulary as you see it and use it, not by memorizing random lists.

[00:00:35] When you see a new verb, check to see if it is regular. A website like Word Reference
is perfect for this. And most dictionaries will tell you too. In the homework, I will put a link to
some of the most important irregular verbs as well as some popular videos with unique and
impressive ways to memorize them.