WC 621.313.333.025.3:621.3.018.3.012.8.017:621.314.

572
E l e c t r i c a l Engineering i n Japan, V o l . 1 0 4 , No. 4 , 1984
Translated from Dcnki G a k k a i Ronbunshi, Vol. IMB, No. 8 , August 1384, pp. 521-526

A Study on the Reduction of Harmonic Rotor Copper Losses

of Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Driven by Inverter
KIMINORI HASUIKE
H i t a c h i Ltd.

1. Introduction

When an i n d u c t i o n motor i s d r i v e n by an
i n v e r t e r , t h e l o s s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y secondary
copper l o s s ) i s i n c r e a s e d s i g n f i c a n t l y due
t o t h e p r e s e n c e of harmonic component [ l ]
because t h e secondary r e s i s t a n c e i n c r e a s e s
with t h e harmonic o r d e r due t o t h e i n f l u e n c e
of s k i n e f f e c t . Measurement of frequency
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of secondary r e s i s t a n c e i n -
d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a c t u a l secondary r e s i s t a n c e
i s much l a r g e r than t h a t c a l c u l a t e d t a k i n g
i n t o account t h e s k i n e f f e c t of r o t o r bar.
T h i s paper shows t h a t t h e a c t u a l sec-
ondary r e s i s t a n c e a g r e e s w e l l w i t h t h e c a l -
c u l a t e d one i f both t h e s k i n e f f e c t and t h e
s h o r t - c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e between r o t o r b a r
and i r o n c o r e a r e c o n s i d e r e d . The e f f e c t of
s h o r t - c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e on t h e secondary
r e s i s t a n c e and secondary l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e
i s a l s o s t u d i e d and i t i s concluded t h a t t h e
s h o r t - c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e between r o t o r b a r
and i r o n c o r e should be i n c r e a s e d t o r e d u c e
t h e harmonic secondary copper l o s s .
E q u a t i o n (2) g i v e s t h e n t h harmonic second-
a r y i r o n l o s s W2n such t h a t
Wzn=31n2R2n1 (3)
3. Frequency C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Motor
C i r c u i t Constants
Measured f r e q u e n c y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
primary r e s i s t a n c e , secondary r e s i s t a n c e ,
and l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e are shown i n F i g . 2.
To measure f r e q u e n c y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h e
motor i s locked and t h e frequency of i n p u t
v o l t a g e i s v a r i e d u s i n g a h i g h frequency
g e n e r a t o r . Harmonic r e s i s t a n c e and react-
ance a r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g
equations:
(4)

2. R e l a t i o n between Motor C o n s t a n t s and

Harmonic Secondary Copper L o s s

A balanced three-phase d i s t o r t e d As si>.?:ill i n F i g . 2 , t h e secondary r e s i s t a n c e

voltage is expressed a s [ 2 ]
y=1/3-v,(C, cos it), 1 i-cjcos 5ws t
-c: C o S 7 W 7 t + ... -k cn CGS ?Iont )
The meanings of t h e symbols a r e i n d i c a t e d i n
t h e Appendix.
i n c r e a s e s w i t h f r e q u e n c y . The l e a k a g e re-
a c t a n c e a l s o i n c r e a s e s w i t h frequency b u t
Xn/fn d o e s n o t change much w i t h f r e q u e n c y .
(1)
Taking i n t o account t h e s k i n e f f e c t ,
t h e r e s i s t a n c e and l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e of r o t o r
b a r are g i v e n by [ 3 ]

From t h e viewpoint of harmonic v o l t -

R2b=5-
sinh2E + sin 25 R Z b o (7)
age, s l i p is n e a r l y e q u a l t o u n i t y . There- 5-
C O S ~ ~cos 2 5
f o r e t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i s given by t h e
c i r c u i t shown i n F i g . i . I t s n t h harmonic
c u r r e n t I, i s given by

124 ISSN0424-7760/84/0004-Q124$7.50/0
0 1985 S c r i p t a P u b l i s h i n g Co.
 Table 1. Motor parameters Calculated taking i n t o account t h e s k i n
e f f e c t and bar-to-bar c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e

*b ( r o t o r s l o t p i t c h )

Calculated t a k i n g i n t o account
the skin effect
- 0
0 I00 200 300 403
Harmonic f r e q u e n c y f n ( ~ r )
F i g . 3. Comparison of c a l c u l a t e d and t e s t e d
f r e q u e n c y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of r o t o r resist-
ance.

F i g . 1. E q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r harmonic v o l t -
age.

\ c
-ae .?c
w a
-
2 2
1.c 10

0.5 5

Fig. 4 . Rotor c i r c u i t .

3 01 I I I I
0 100 200 200 400
Harmonic f r e q u e n c y f n (lk) r e s i s t a n c e i n c r e a s e s with frequency, i t d i f -
f e r s g r e a t l y from t h e a c t u a l one.
Fig. 2 . Example of f r e q u e n c y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of motor p a r a m e t e r . I t i s presumed t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e
occurs because t h e r o t o r b a r c u r r e n t flows
through b o t h t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t r i n g and t h e
i r o n c o r e . The s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t flow-
i n g through t h e i r o n b a r w a s a n a l y z e d i n
(') 1930 by Rossmaier 1 4 1 . Odok a l s o measured
t h e c r o s s impedance between b a r s i n 1958 and
Equations ( 7 ) t o ( 9 ) a r e d e r i v e d assuming showed t h a t impedance i s m o s t l y r e s i s t i v e .
t h a t t h e b a r width i s c o n s t a n t . H e a l s o d i s c u s s e d t h e r e l a t i o n between c r o s s
impedance and s t r a y l o s s [ 5 ] . I n 1966,
The frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e Weppler proposed f o r m u l a s f o r e f f e c t i v e s e c -
secondary r e s i s t a n c e c a l c u l a t e d from E q . ondary r e s i s t a n c e and secondary r e s i s t a n c e
( 7 ) a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by a dashed c u r v e i n t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e bar-to-bar s h o r t -
Fig. 3. Although t h e c a l c u l a t e d secondary c i r c u i t resistance [6].

125
 I n a l l of t h e s e s t u d i e s , t h e power
s o u r c e v o l t a g e i s assumed n o t t o c o n t a i n h a r -
monic components and o n l y t h e e f f e c t of
space harmonic component i s t a k e n i n t o ac-
count. To d e a l w i t h t h e d i s t o r t e d power
s o u r c e v o l t a g e , f o r m u l a s are d e r i v e d f o r
e f f e c t i v e secondary r e s i s t a n c e and e f f e c t i v e
secondary l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e t a k i n g i n t o ac-
count o n l y t h e e f f e c t of t i m e harmonics and
n e g l e c t i n g t h e e f f e c t of space harmonics.

For t h i s purpose, a r o t o r c i r c u i t of
a x i a l l e n g t h Ay as shown i n F i g . 4 i s con-
s i d e r e d . The r e l a t i o n between v o l t a g e drop
and induced v o l t a g e a l o n g t h e l o o p ABCD i s
r e p r e s e n t e d by

where

where

-1- -1
Xmz=0.4N1 f C - x~O-'
Pd tlz The v o l t a g e e q u a t i o n of the secondary c i r -
c u i t is g i v e n by
P=-b27T
N2
sin (px / N2)
tl=
P x/N2
The boundary c o n d i t i o n s are as f o l l o w s : where

where

1 I
Rer =Rcro
4 sin2(pZ/Nz)

Xcr = X c r o 1
4 sinZ(px/Nz)J
From t h e above e q u a t i o n s , we o b t a i n

126
 5-

-
u
a 4-

a
2 3-

2-

1-

0'
w
100 200 300 400
Fig. 6 . E f f e c t of c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e on f r e -
Harmonic f r e q . f n (k) quency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e .

Fig. 5. Comparison of c a l c u l a t e d and t e s t e d

frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of leakage react-
ance.

1
Since Eq. (27) i n c l u d e s conplex-valued c i r -
c u i t c o n s t a n t s , w e rewrite i t u s i n g Eqs. 21
( 3 3 ) and ( 3 4 ) a s v

51
K

where n:

R z n ' =(Rzb+f2Rrr) a cosr+(Xu+2Xer)

6t I X.n' 300R

I I I I I
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Rd (n)
(37)
Fig. 7 . E f f e c t of c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e on r o t o r
Values of R2b and X2b are c a l c u l a t e d from r e s i s t a n c e and r e a c t a n c e .
Eqs. ( 7 ) and ( 8 ) t a k i n g i n t o account t h e s k i n
e f f e c t and are used t o c a l c u l a t e R2n' u s i n g
Eq. ( 3 6 ) . The r e s u l t t h u s o b t a i n e d , r e p r e -
s e n t e d by a dot-and-dash c u r v e i n Fig. 3 ,
a g r e e s very w e l l w i t h t h e measured one. The
value of X2n' c a l c u l a t e d from E q . ( 3 7 ) i s 4. E f f e c t of Cross R e s i s t a n c e between Bars
used t o o b t a i n Xn from
The e f f e c t of c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e between
b a r s on t h e frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
Xn=Xln+Xzn' (38) r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i s shown i n Fig. 6 . The
r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e always i n c r e a s e s with f r e -
quency b u t t h e e x t e n t of frequency depend-
The t h u s c a l c u a t e d v a l u e of X, shown i n ence v a r i e s w i t h t h e c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e be-
Fig. 5 a l s o a g r e e s v e r y w e l l w i t h t h e mea- tween b a r s . The e f f e c t of c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e
sured one. on t h e secondary r e s i s t a n c e a t 300 Hz, 6 6 0

127

I b .\/
-I
C
O0L
Harmonic f r e q . f n (HI)
Fig. 8. E f f e c t of c r o s s ’ r e s i s t a n c e on f r e -
quency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of r o t o r leakage r e a c t -
ance.
I I I I I c u r r e n t I n i s reduced by i n c r e a s i n g t h e c r o s s
0.@0001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
R d (n)
Fig. 9. E f f e c t of c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e on f r e -
quency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of harmonic copper
loss i n rotor.
Hz and 1020 Hz i s shown i n Fig. 7 . The sec-
ondary r e s i s t a n c e i s small when t h e c r o s s
r e s i s t a n c e i s very l a r g e o r very small b u t
assumes a maximum v a l u e when c r o s s resist-
ance t a k e s a medium v a l u e . The c r o s s re-
s i s t a n c e maximizing t h e secondary r e s i s t a n c e
i n c r e a s e s with frequency b u t t e n d s t o be
saturated.
The e f f e c t of c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e on t h e
frequency c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of secondary leak-
age r e a c t a n c e i s shown i n F i g . 8 . The sec-
ondary leakage r e a c t a n c e i n c r e a s e s monotonic-
a l l y with c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e a s shown i n Fig.
7 . The secondary leakage r e a c t a n c e i s a l -
most c o n s t a n t when t h e c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e i s
very small o r very l a r g e h u t i n c r e a s e s
r a p i d l y when t h e c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e t a k e s a
medium v a l u e .
5. E f f e c t on t h e Secondary Harmonic
Copper Loss
To study how t h e secondary harmonic
copper l o s s i s a f f e c t e d by t h e frequency
128
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of secondary c i r c u i t con-
s t a n t s , l e t u s s u b s t i t u t e E q . (2) i n t o Eq.
( 3 ) . Then w e o b t a i n
(39)
where
I f Cn V1 i s c o n s t a n t , t h e n W z n i s pro-
p o r t i o n a l t o R2n’/Zn2. The r e l a t i o n between
t h e c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e and R2n‘/Zn2 i s shown i n
Fig. 9. R z n ’ / Z n 2 i s almost c o n s t a n t i n t h e
low c r o s s resistance (Rd) range. R2n’/Zn2
t a k e s a maximum when Rd i s i n t h e medium r a n g e
and a g a i n becomes approximately f l a t when Rd
is large.
Because t h e c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e of an
o r d i n a r y d i e c a s t aluminum r o t o r i s i n t h e
medium range, i t should i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o reduce t h e secondary h a r -
monic copper l o s s . As i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig.
9, however, t h e secondary harmonic copper
l o s s can be reduced s l i g h t l y more by i n c r e a s -
ing t h e c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e t h a n by d e c r e a s i n g
i t because t h e secondary leakage r e a c t a n c e
i s i n c r e a s e d o r e q u i v a l e n t l y t h e harmonic
resistance.
6. Conclusions
(1) The measured frequency c h a r a c t e r -
i s t i c s of secondary r e s i s t a n c e and secondary
leakage r e a c t a n c e a g r e e w e l l w i t h t h o s e cal-
c u l a t e d t a k i n g i n t o account t h e s k i n e f f e c t
and c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e between b a r s .
(2) The secondary r e s i s t a n c e t a k e s a
maximum v a l u e when t h e c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e t a k e s
a medium v a l u e .
( 3 ) The secondary l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e
i n c r e a s e s with frequency b u t t h e rate of
i n c r e a s e i s t h e h i g h e s t when t h e c r o s s re-
s i s t a n c e is i n t h e medium range.
( 4 ) The secondary harmonic copper
l o s s i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o R2n‘/Zb2 and i t can
be reduced by i n c r e a s i n g o r d e c r e a s i n g s i g n i -
f i c a n t l y t h e c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e . Too l a r g e a
c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e r e d u c e s more e f f e c t i v e l y
t h e seconary harmonic copper l o s s t h a n t o o
small a c r o s s r e s i s t a n c e .
Acknowledgement
The a u t h o r thanks Sugai, c h i e f e n g i -
n e e r of Narashino Works of H i t a c h i Ltd.
 APPENDIX t h e secondary s i d e )
r o t o r b a r l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e a t funda-
Nomenclature mental f r e q u e n c y (0) ( v a l u e on t h e
secondary s i d e )
skewness of r o t o r s l o t secondary l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e as viewed
n t h harmonic c o n t e n t of power s o u r c e from t h e primary s i d e (a)
voltage end r i n g l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e on each
l o c k v o l t a g e (V) s i d e (0) ( v a l u e on t h e secondary s i d e )
frequency (Hz) primary e x c i t i n g r e a c t a n c e (Q)
fundamental frequency (Hz) secondary r e a c t a n c e (Q) ( v a l u e on t h e
h e i g h t of r o t o r b a r (cm) secondary s i d e )
primary c u r r e n t (A) secondary s l o t l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e (Q)
primary c u r r e n t a s viewed from t h e sec- ( v a l u e on t h e secondary s i d e )
ondary s i d e (A) r o t o r b a r impedance (Q) ( v a l u e on t h e
secondary c u r r e n t a s viewed from t h e secondary s i d e )
secondary s i d e (A) skew a n g l e of r o t o r s l o t ( r a d )
end r i n g c u r r e n t (A) e f f e c t i v e a i r - g a p l e n g t h (s)
r o t o r b a r c u r r e n t -(A) s p e c i f i c rotor bar resistance
harmonic c u r r e n t (A) p o l e i n t e r v a l s (m)
locked c u r r e n t n t h harmonic a n g u l a r frequency ( r a d / s )
s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t between b a r s (A)
winding c o e f f i c i e n t S u f f i x n s t a n d s f o r t h e n t h harmonic compo-
l a m i n a t i o n t h i c k n e s s (m) n e n t and primed symbols r e p r e s e n t t h e p r i -
number of primary p h a s e s mary and secondary s i d e v a l u e s a s viewed
number of r o t o r s l o t s from secondary and primary s i d e s , r e s p e c -
number of p o l e p a i r s tively.
primary r e s i s t a n c e (a)
secondary r e s i s t a n c e as viewed from t h e
primary s i d e (a) REFERENCES
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harmonic frequency (0) von Asynchronmotoren m i t n i c h t i s o l i e r -
r o t o r bar leakage reactance with s k i n t e m L z u f e r k a f i g . Archiv fiir E l e k t r o -
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129