Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Geography
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeog

Unraveling Hong Kong Geopark experience with visitor-employed

photography method
Charmaine K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim*
Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Geoparks have been established around the world with the major objective of protecting significant
Received 8 April 2015 geoheritage features and reinforcing geoconservation ideas and support through educating visitors.
Received in revised form Understanding visitors' perception of geoheritage can inform educational and conservation endeavors.
28 May 2015
This study used the visitor-employed photography (VEP) method to unravel visitor perception of geo-
Accepted 28 May 2015
heritage and associated natural and cultural features in the recently designated Hong Kong Global
Available online 7 June 2015
Geopark of China (HKGP). Participants were asked to take photographs of scenes with an effect on their
experience in the HKGP and to elaborate in a logbook the chosen subject, reason of choice, and effect on
Keywords:
Geopark
their travel experience. Aimed at capturing real-time and organic experiences, it was found that geo-
Geoconservation heritage plays a major role in HKGP visits. Visitors develop strong emotional connections with nature
Visitor-employed photography through appreciating and learning about prominent features of both small and landscape scales.
Geoheritage interpretation However, a mismatch was found between visitor belief or incorrect geological or geomorphological
Nature appreciation knowledge with inherently strong enthusiasm in deciphering the science behind geoheritage. The
Nature-based education findings permit development of a new approach of geopark interpretation, commencing with
aesthetic and emotional connections with geoheritage features. Modification of fixed on-site pro-
visions and guiding services directed at visitor interests can better spread geoheritage knowledge and
reinforce geoconservation ideas. Modeling after overseas practices, a park ranger system, audio guide
devices and smart phone applications are essential to achieve meritorious geopark management,
appreciation, and enjoyment.
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
1.1. Study context
Geotourism is a form of nature-based tourism where people
travel to admire and learn about notable geological (Dowling, 2011)
and geomorphological features. Its unique conglomeration of
tourism, cultural, economic and educational elements, and human
interactions with local geology and landform, warrants the devel-
opment of a dedicated field of knowledge (Farsani, Coelho, Costa, &
Amrikazemi, 2014; Fung & Jim, 2015). Extending beyond the basic
notion of tourist satisfaction through geological appreciation,
geotourism denotes an encompassing vision of economic and
environmental sustainability, geological education and the safe-
guarding and enhancement of local culture and livelihood
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hragjcy@hku.hk (C.Y. Jim).
(Dowling, 2011; Farsani et al., 2014). These ideas are elaborated and
reinforced in the guidelines to application for membership to the
Global Network of National Geoparks (GGN). The initiative is sup-
ported by the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) for knowledge exchange and collaboration
(GGN, 2010) among a growing number of geoparks around the
world.
In recent years, geoconservation has been accorded priorities
(Farsani et al., 2014) to enhance geological awareness (Eder &
Patzak, 2004). High incidences of international and regional geo-
park conferences (European Geoparks Network, 2014; GGN, 2014;
HKSAR Government, 2014a) also reinforce geotourism as a global
agenda. As geotourism activities can promote socio-economic
development (Zhao & Zhao, 2003) and raise awareness for geo-
conservation (Necheş & Erdeli, 2015), the endowed regions are
earnest to join this fledging market (Newsome & Johnson, 2013).
This is reflected by the vast amount of literature on geotourism
potentials, such as recent studies in Western Australia (Pforr,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.05.014
0143-6228/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
302 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313
Dowling, & Newsome, 2014), Nigeria (Anifowose & Kolawole,
2014), Poland (Nita & Myga-Pia˛ tek, 2014) and Romania (Necheş &
Erdeli, 2015). Geotourism may impose visitor impacts to conflict
with the cardinal goal of geoconservation. Visitors equipped with
adequate geological knowledge are more likely to protect the
environment and avoid negative activities and behaviors (Fung &
Jim, 2015). Geopark management invariably includes an appre-
ciable educational component to influence visitor behavior. Un-
derstanding visitor expectation and perception of geological
features provides a basis to implement this endeavor.
After initial setting up of the geoparks, nature and visitor
management strategies are often based on the perceptions and
visions of scientists and managers who tend to assume user pref-
erences. Subsequently, the management strategies could be refined
after gleaning responses from visitors, whose preferences may
differ from the original management assumptions. The manage-
ment approach is expected to be continually developed and
modified according to user preferences regarding way-finding,
visitation control and on-site management. In the long run, user
inputs into guidelines are highly-valued to improve the quality of
visit experiences (Lynn & Brown, 2003), to satisfy users, promote
repeat visitation and cultivate goodwill. On-site questionnaire
surveys and interviews are popular and conventional methods to
gather data on visitor perception and expectation. As a new
approach to geotourism research, this study utilizes the visitor-
employed photography (VEP) method to investigate visitor expe-
rience in the Hong Kong Geopark (HKGP). The analysis focuses on
how geoheritage features are perceived and experienced. Based on
real-time and instinctual responses of participant attitudes and
interests in geoheritage, the value of HKGP features and protection
efforts are ascertained. From the findings, alternative interpretive
educational approaches can be developed to foster geoconservation
and contribute to the literature in geotourism, nature-based rec-
reation and related management strategy.
1.2. Geotourism and geoconservation
Geotourism definitions presented by Newsome and Dowling
(2010) and in the Arouca Declaration (Anonymous, 2011) agree
that the activity is based on one's travel to a site with a specific
geological aspect. Most definitions further acknowledge the
requirement of learning through interpretative provisions at the
geological site. However, the prerequisite element of appreciating
or merely looking at the geological features was overlooked,
mentioned by less than half of the researchers in a summary of
geotourism definitions by Fung and Jim (2015). Apparent trends in
geotourism research show accentuation of the core issues of geol-
ogy and geomorphology e collectively referred to as geoheritage in
this study. Studies in key areas such as geological interpretation
(Hose, 2000), marketing (Gerner, Ryba r, Engel, & Domaracka , 2009)
and local economic, social and cultural sustainability (Farsani,
Coelho, & Costa, 2012) have remained strong. Peripheral studies
of the historical relationship between humans and unique local
landscapes were also conducted (Go  mez-Ortiz, Oliva, Salv a-
Catarineu, & Salvador-Franch, 2013; Migon  & Latocha, 2013). It is
equally important for this fledging form of tourism to comprehend
how visitors make contact with the site and what they think and
feel. Such knowledge can inform the development of related
tourism, interpretative and managerial provisions for greater
achievement of geoconservation as a key geotourism objective.
The main idea of geoconservation is to protect geological fea-
tures (e.g. rock columns, fossils) (Partin, Robinson, & Meade, 2006)
and to maintain the geodiversity and geological representativeness
of a region (Hose and Vasiljevi c, 2012). Positive perception of
geological values is a cornerstone to public support for
conservation and management of these protected areas. Education
is the core strategy to achieve this end (Xu, Cui, Ballantyne, &
Packer, 2012) and fundamental to the sustainable development of
geoparks (Farsani et al., 2014). Efforts such as establishing and
operating visitor centers, field guiding services (Newsome &
Dowling, 2010), workshops and interpretative provisions (e.g.
signs, featured walks) aim at equipping visitors with the correct
scientific information, attitudes and awareness to fuel geo-
conservation. Geological education begins with visitors making
actual contact with the site (Thrower, 1984). It allows visitors to
understand different earth processes involved in creating the
geological wonder (Eder & Patzak, 2004). Knowledge acquirement
has the immediate effect of increasing trip satisfaction (Thrower,
1984); if appropriately administered, on-site interpretation can
maximize the former benefit while upholding high wilderness
levels of sites (van Riper, Kyle, Sutton, Barnes, & Sherrouse, 2012).
Furthermore, long lasting memories of the knowledge and expe-
rience can be created through connecting geoheritage with visitors'
personal lives (Walker & Moscardo, 2014).
The ideal for geoconservation should stem from visitor aware-
ness and discipline through education (Fung & Jim, 2015). In turn,
the imbibed knowledge can be transformed into appropriate
behavior to minimize destructive acts (e.g. clambering on rock
columns) that threaten the completeness and quality of geological
features. As a result, excessive site hardening (e.g. fences or bar-
riers) that creates distance between visitors and geological features
could be avoided. Photographs with better image construction (e.g.
with proximity to the feature and free from artificial barriers) can
be created for more joyous memories and extensive sharing with
friends to promote geotourism. Since a lasting nature-based
experience is constructed through experiences with a broad
“sensescape” (Prazeres & Donohoe, 2014), close contact with
geological features can allow aesthetic appreciation beyond the
sense of sight (Kirillova, Fu, Lehto, & Cai, 2014). Expanding the
tactile dimension of geotourism experiences deepens the experi-
ence as visitors can feel the rock textures and difference in mineral
sizes with their hands. This dimension can also be developed into
accessible tours (e.g. for the blind) (Farsani et al., 2014), spreading
the geoconservation message to a broader audience.
As geotourism transcends into a global phenomenon involving
more international travelers, education has become more impor-
tant in molding thinking and behavior. In 2014, mainland Chinese
tourists visiting the HKGP were observed to be digging around
coastal areas and taking away rock souvenirs (Yahoo! News Hong
Kong, 2014). These damaging actions were against the Visitor
Code displayed on-site and broadcasted on free-to-air Hong Kong
television channels. Suchlike behaviors in geoparks call for
augmented efforts on geoconservation, especially global endeavors
in knowledge exchange to promote appropriate behavior, similar
values of global resources, and civic responsibility. As emphasized
by Boley, Nickerson, and Bosak (2011), the promotion of local values
as a core geotourism objective should be observed by visitors, who
should learn and incorporate appropriate behavior in their travel,
and not to expect the destination to change to accommodate them.
This should apply to both cultural, behavioral, geoconservation and
civic values in geotourism. Global agreement on geotourism values
and relevant actions are necessary to achieve harmonious geopark
ambiance with top priority to geoheritage protection.
2. Study area
2.1. The Hong Kong Geopark
The Hong Kong Geopark covers 50 km2 of land and sea in the
East and Northeast New Territories of Hong Kong (Fig. 1). The HKGP
 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313 303

Fig. 1. Map of the Hong Kong Global Geopark and the field sampling and data collection sites. Sampled footpaths include (A) Ping Chau Country Trail, (B) Lai Chi Wo Nature Trail, (C)
Ma Shi Chau Nature Trail, (D) Lai Chi Chong Nature Trail, (E) Tai Long Wan Hiking Trail, (F) High Island Geotrail, (G) Sharp Island Geotrail and (H) Kat O Nature Trail. Specific sites of
geological interest are labeled (a)e(h): (a) Tung Ping Chau, (b) Lai Chi Wo, (c) Double Haven (d) Port Island, (e) Ma Shi Chau, (f) Tai Long Wan, (g) Sharp Island, (h) Po Pin Chau, (i)
Ung Kong Group and (j) Ninepin Group.

was donned with National Geopark status of China before its official
opening in 2009, and was subsequently accorded membership to
the Global Geoparks Network in 2011 (to be reviewed and renewed
in 2015). The park was established for geoconservation and also as a
backdrop for quality nature-based education to promote the idea
and related geological science (HKSAR Government, 2014b). Visi-
tation reached around 1.5 million in 2011e12, with a slight drop of
0.1 million in 2012e2013 (HKSAR Government, 2014b).
Two distinct zones of sedimentary and volcanic rock formations
are designated. The Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock
Region hosts Permian sedimentary rock outcrops and Hong Kong's
oldest stratum of Devonian sedimentary rock that forms the feature
‘the Devil's Fist’. The coastal location is characterized by marine
erosional processes which formed the scenic Tung Ping Chau with
304 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313

well-formed wave-cut platforms and sea stacks from clear-bedded

shale. The area is also steeped in the millennium-old Hakka culture
at Kat O, which is often experienced alongside HKGP tours. A
Jurassic volcanic eruption in the Sai Kung Volcanic Region formed
the remote Ninepin Group with hexagonal columns in the south. In
the same region, the High Island Reservoir hosts the magnificent
sea stack of Po Pin Chau backdropped by the vast ocean (Fig. 2) and
a close view of twisted rock columns (Fig. 3). Both regions are
bestowed with outstanding coastal scenic beauty and landforms
such as tombolos and beaches.
Most sites are accessible by public land and sea transport and
are frequented mainly by locals for day-trips on both self-guided
and commercial tours. Furthermore, paved trails have been
installed at the above sites for convenient access to geoheritage
sights. Interpretation and directional signage are dotted along the
trails to help unprepared or less informed visitors (Fung & Jim,
2015). Exceptions apply to Port Island, the Ung Kong Group and
the Ninepin Group which do not have public ferry services or
proper docking facilities. Often, personal boat arrangements are
required and visitors have to transit into a small speedboat to reach
the islands, and it is only possible on days with less daring waves.
Despite intermittent tracks around the islands, the terrain is rela-
tively challenging and is only recommended as destinations for
more experienced hikers.

2.2. Interpretation and visitation

To promote high-quality geological interpretation on tours with

low visitor-guide ratio, the certification program of Recommended
Geopark Guides (R2G) was established by the Association for
Geoconservation and supported by the government's Agricultural,
Fisheries and Conservation Department (i.e. the HKGP authority). In
order to uphold public confidence and professionalism of R2G, the
terms of probation and reassessment are strictly set. Apart from
completing a syllabus of geo- and eco-tourism, >40 h of geotour
guiding experience is a basic requirement (Recommended Geopark
Guide System, 2015).
The HKSAR Government (2014b) estimated the proportion of
overseas visitors (referring to all non-local visitors) to the HKGP at
merely 1e2%, while a recent HKGP study saw a higher proportion at
4.3% (Fung & Jim, 2015). Nonetheless, there is potential to increase
Fig. 3. An outstanding geological landscape feature, the folded hexagonal columns at
the High Island Reservoir, is a popular spot that attracts responses querying its for-
mation. Other interpretation signs (e.g. Fig. 6) are located at vantage points for visitors
to learn about the feature. Photo credits: Dede Man.
overseas visitation, and the Hong Kong Tourism Board is actively
promoting the HKGP through channels such as online social media
(HKSAR Government, 2014b) to expand the international market.
Furthermore, ancillary improvements to main roads to the Geopark
region (e.g. the Hiram's Highway) are being planned to relieve
traffic congestion into the Sai Kung area (Highways Department,
2014).

2.3. Other notable local geological features

Hong Kong has a warm and humid subtropical climate, with

Fig. 2. The sea stack named Po Pin Chau (yellow arrow) is an example of an attractive
geological landscape feature. This photo was shot by a participant standing at the East
Dam of the High Island Reservoir. The participant imagined the landscape as a turtle
with the sea stack as the head and the adjacent land as the turtle's back. (For inter-
pretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the
web version of this article.)
granite covering most parts of the territory. Under favorable con-
ditions for weathering, many highly figurative tors are created in
countryside areas. Although they fall short of strict geopark re-
quirements of being rare and significant, they are backed by well-
known folklores and significant local cultural symbolism. Their
sites are popular choices for day-trips, hikes and excursions.
Southeast of Hong Kong Island, Po Poi Island features erosional
outcrops mimicking a large turtle, a monk and a coffin. The Amah
Rock in the New Territories resembles a woman carry a baby on her
back. It is connected with the folklore that she turned into a rock
after years of waiting forlornly for her seafaring husband to return.
The Lion Rock presents a lion's lateral silhouette that is clearly
visible from far across the Victoria Harbour. Since the economic
hardship in the 1970s and creation of the renowned song ‘Under
the Lion Rock’, the hill has been deeply etched in local culture as a
long-standing symbol of people's indomitable spirit to soldier on
despite the odds.
 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313
3. Methods
3.1. Visitor-employed photography (VEP) method
A strongly experiential research method (Dakin, 2003), VEP
makes use of the entrenched tourist habit of photo-taking to cap-
ture visitor perceptions in-situ. It is also a form of public engage-
ment for constructive contribution to planning and management of
natural resources (Beilin, 2005). As beneficiaries of the HKGP, it is
suggested the public should be involved in decision-making
regarding the management of the area (Castro et al., 2015).
Commonly used in nature-based recreation or tourism contexts,
each participant is given a camera before their trip to create
snapshots according to preset guidelines and to complete soon
afterward corresponding log records in a booklet. The cameraelog
combination allows visitors to keep an image as well as its on-the-
spur written records, and other things that strike their minds
during the whole trip. This arrangement can avoid limitations of
common post-experience methods (e.g. interviews) such as mem-
ory decay and altered perceptions of displacement from the expe-
rience's setting (e.g. the trail) (Taylor, Fletcher, & Calbaugh, 1993).
Furthermore, participants are conferred a ‘leading role’ (Loeffler,
2004) in the study as they are given a high degree of freedom to
generate data within broadly defined research boundaries. Unlike
traditional methods (e.g. questionnaire survey), VEP data is dy-
namic, intuitive, organic, real-time and free from expert redefini-
tion (Dorwart, Moore, & Leung, 2010; Heyman, 2012; Taylor,
Czarnowski, & Flick, 1995). Studies generally cover one-time and
spontaneous recreational visitor experiences in natural settings
(e.g. urban forest, national park or mountain trail) (Dorwart et al.,
2010; Heyman, 2012; Taylor et al., 1995) or at tourist spots (e.g.
historic or world heritage site) (MacKay & Couldwell, 2004).
As conveyors of multi-dimensional and manifold meanings,
photographs capture broad dynamics of the visitor experience.
Participants are required to record the photographed subject,
reason of choice and the subject's effect on their experience right
after each photograph is taken. This permits accurate analysis and
minimizes disagreements among specialists (Dorwart et al., 2010)
or problematic inference of importance to elements incidentally
occurring in frames (Taylor et al., 1995).
First conducted in the 1970s (Heyman, 2012), the VEP method
has been applied to nature-based recreation studies mainly to
decipher visitor experiences and preferences for advising man-
agement and conservation actions. The flexible and rather open-
ended VEP method can yield a wide range of results from which
researchers can perform both general and selective analysis ac-
cording to study objectives.
In VEP studies by Dorwart et al. (2010) and Heyman (2012), it
was found that nature-oriented details and picturesque views had
extremely strong positive influence on visitor experience (Jim,
2000). Dorwart et al. (2010) required visitors at the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park to record both positive and negative as-
pects encountered along the trail. Heyman (2012) conducted a
more structured study in which participants were instructed to
take a fixed number of photographs of urban forest settings equally
distributed between liked and disliked scenes. VEP records of
natural and anthropogenic elements, vistas, fellow hikers (Dorwart
et al., 2010) and forest landscapes (Heyman, 2012) were enjoyed.
However, traces of destructive human influence were often dis-
liked. Evidence of depreciative behaviors (e.g. litter, damaged tree)
(Dorwart et al., 2010) and artificial or human-modified objects (e.g.
a golf course and construction work) (Heyman, 2012) were largely
disliked.
As a study of the role of aquatic resources on visitor experience,
participants were invited to photograph elements that significantly
305
affected their visit at the Rocky Mountain National Park (Taylor
et al., 1995). The results included notable variations of subjects,
and the proportion of photographs with water-related themes to all
images was used to determine a resource's importance. As a di-
rection for managerial consideration, the presence of water (e.g.
riparian features) was found to be highly important to visitors. This
also renders visitors' support and willingness to pay for protection
of the resource. Conservation advice from VEP studies also includes
suggestions for maintenance of natural forest settings (i.e. both
open and with dense understory) and minimizing managerial in-
fluence to create more likable urban woodlands (Heyman, 2012).
VEP studies may be extended with semi-structured interviews
(Heyman, 2012) or focus group interviews, using VEP-generated
photographs as elicitation (Oku & Fukamachi, 2006) to induce
deeper visitor responses. Often, broader research directions could
be developed from the results and VEP as a site management tool is
advocated (Dorwart et al., 2010).
3.2. Data collection and response rate
Data collection was conducted on 24 days between July and
October 2011, of which 20 days were public holidays or weekends.
The summer weather was generally fine. The five field sampling
sites (Fig. 1) included three intra-park and two pier locations from
which the respondents started their journey: Ma Shi Chau (MSC),
High Island Reservoir (HIR), Tai Long Wan, Ma Liu Shui Pier and Sai
Kung Pier (SKP). Pier sites are chosen to capture responses from
visitors to HKGP's island sites. The response rate was 50.0%,
denoting collection of 163 usable VEP sets. Complication and
burden of the exercise (39.7%), lack of time (14.3%), and lack of
interest (13.5%) were the main refusal reasons offered by partici-
pants. Time intervals and ratios of VEP distribution were strictly
controlled to minimize modification of the geopark environment
and mutual influence of VEP participants. Due to different travel
patterns at intra-park and pier locations, the sampling approach
varied at different sites. Visitors passing by intra-park sites and
headed for Sharp Island (i.e. island site accessible from SKP) were
approached at intervals throughout the day of data collection due
to their constant flow. As visitors at pier sites usually gather in the
morning in large groups (i.e. over 100 visitors) and depart by boat
for a full-day trip, an approximate ratio of one VEP to 15 visitors in a
group were distributed. Designed as an individual exercise, par-
ticipants traveling in small, acquainted groups were chosen using
the “next birthday” method.
After obtaining agreement to participate, trained research as-
sistants would brief the participants on the VEP procedures. With
the camera provided, participants were required to take a
maximum of 15 photographs of ‘anything with an effect on their
experience in the HKGP’, and both positive and negative elements
could be recorded. They were free to decide what and when to
record the images. After taking each photograph, they were
required to fill in the corresponding log page to record: (i) the
photograph subject; (ii) the subject's effect on their trip on a 4-
point Likert scale (1 for very positive, 2 for positive, 3 for nega-
tive, and 4 for very negative); and (iii) the main reason for taking
the photograph and other feelings and thoughts. To allow
maximum available data for analysis, participants were encouraged
to provide information at least on items (i) and (ii). Lastly, they were
reminded that the research was based on individual perceptions
and they should not let others affect their photo-taking decisions
and logbook contents. Participants' basic demographics are recor-
ded at the end of the logbook, they were free to provide a email
address to receive the photographs.
Single-use cameras with 24 exposures (35 mm film of ISO 400)
with a waterproof case were used. Each participant was provided
306 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313

with a A5-size logbook with 15 pages for making records and a pen.
Cameras and logbooks were pre-numbered to ensure that they are
matched. Participants were invited to leave their mobile phone
numbers to ensure return of VEP sets. Loop-walk park designs and
out-and-return itineraries were common among participants, for
which the VEP sets were collected on the sampling day in the field.
However, to enable the VEP study to cover large HKGP areas and
time spans, stamped and addressed envelopes were provided to
participants with one-way itineraries or on overnight camping
trips.
3.3. Data analysis
A total of 200 VEP sets were distributed and 163 usable VEP sets
(81.5% rate of cooperation) were retrieved (11.0% by post). The
majority of VEP logs (82.2%) were written in Chinese and the rest
were in English. A total of 1748 photographs and 1769 usable log
entries were collected; the 28 entries without accompanying
photographs were still coded as log descriptions were clear. Only
35.0% of respondents used all 15 exposures, but VEP sets of all
lengths were analyzed to include short trips and participants who
were oblivious to their surroundings. On average, each participant
took 10.7 photographs and made 10.9 subject-entries. Not all en-
tries were accompanied by photo-taking reasons; on average, each
participant provided 9.8 response entries.
As preparation for content analysis, all log entries were trans-
lated into English by taking the closest meaning, with retention of
personal touches, punctuations and vocabulary (Vining & Merrick,
2012) to ensure data originality. The data were classified and coded
to identify prominent categories of photographed subjects and
responses. Coding was based mainly on log entries; ambiguous
entries were clarified or confirmed with reference to photographs.
To ascertain consistency, all entries were categorized by the re-
searchers. To improve reliability of the data set (Weber, 1990), the
initial coding was reviewed and refined twice by us in a three-
month period.
Taking an inductive approach, six subject categories and 12
main response categories were condensed from the VEP results
(Table 1). The sixth subject category accommodated comments on
the VEP method or the research per se. Despite limited number of
items, some response categories were retained due to distinctive
characteristics. The categories included both positive and negative
aspects. Double-counting was avoided. Response phrases and vo-
cabulary are presented in double quotation marks to highlight
participant responses.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Basic demographics
Nearly all (94.0%) respondents were Hong Kong residents (lo-
cals) and the rest were overseas tourists (6.0%) (i.e. from Mainland
China and other countries). Young adults (21e30) formed a sizeable
age group of 44.3%, followed by 22.7% of 31e40 year-olds. Male
composition was larger (59.1%) and 73.3% of respondents have
received higher education. The majority (80.0%) of respondents was
working full-time and 12.7% were students. ANOVA, t- and chi-
square tests confirmed that demographics had no impact on the
number of photographs taken and overall impact of photographed
subjects.
4.2. VEP categories and general results
Similar to previous VEP studies with a natural backdrop, our
results confirmed the importance accorded to nature-based ele-
ments of the HKGP trips. Over 60% of the entries were nature-
related, of which, 32.2% were categorized as ‘geoheritage’
(N ¼ 569) and 28.6% ‘nature’ (N ¼ 505) (Table 2). Nearly all re-
spondents included one photograph each of ‘nature’ (91.4% of re-
spondents) and geoheritage (92.6%). The remaining entries were
related to experience (9.0%), human impacts (17.3%) and manage-
ment issues (12.2%). Some 14 photographs (0.8%) recorded VEP
equipment or the research, and thoughts on the exercise were
given. The share of a range of subcategories within each of the
above groups is presented in Table 3, and Table 4 provides key
examples of verbal and qualitative comments for some response
categories.
The ‘nature’ category, including natural sceneries (e.g. mountain
views), vegetation, animals, water bodies (e.g. streams), and
weather elements (e.g. the sun), was well enjoyed. This category
received 86.7% of positive responses with a mean score of 1.87,
signifying a largely positive effect on participant experiences. Na-
ture's details are often intriguing and add to visit experiences
(Dorwart et al., 2010); in this study, 20.8% of entries were attributed

Table 1
Explanations of the six subject categories and 12 main response categories condensed from the VEP results.

Subject category Main theme

Geoheritage Geoheritage features of landscape and small scale; elements relating to geology.
Nature All natural elements without an expressed or implied relationship with geology.
Experience Human subjects and activities.
Human impacts Traces of human influence or previous presence.
Management issues Way-finding, interpretative or site-hardening provisions.
The research VEP equipment, the researcher and research assistants.

Response category Definition

Extraordinary Subject was rare, beautiful or different from those encountered in daily life.
Enjoying Nature General descriptions or feelings relating to the enjoyment of Nature. Thoughts about Nature's power or its impact on human life.
Curiosity and discovery Discoveries and the desire to know more about the subject or related aspects.
Feelings Responses that reveal or are connected with emotions.
Humaneland relationship Conservation or development that reflects the relationship between humans and Nature.
Imagination Metaphor and other figurative comparison.
Detailed account Detailed account of the chosen subject.
Geological knowledge Records of knowledge or questions about rocks, geological formations and processes.
Convenience Convenience, safety and other practical issues.
Deep thoughts Memories, cultural history and thoughts about life.
Physical Physical benefits or hardships.
Factual record Factual record of parts of the trip, first encounters or memorable moments.
 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313 307

Table 2
Summary of VEP responses in relation to the six subject and 12 response categories.

Subject category Geoheritage Nature Experience Human impacts Management issues The research

Response frequency (%) 32.2 28.6 9.0 17.3 12.2 0.8

Response frequency (N) 569 505 160 305 215 14
Positive responses (%) 93.2 86.7 81.7 48.8 72.8 83.3
Mean impact scorea 1.69 1.87 1.92 2.63 2.03 1.69

Response category Response rate within each category (%)

Extraordinary 26.8 19.1 2.6 12.7 2.0 0.0

Enjoying Nature 11.0 11.6 10.4 1.5 3.9 25.0
Curiosity and discovery 4.2 8.4 7.1 5.6 2.9 0.0
Feelings 6.6 9.2 16.9 4.1 6.4 50.0
Humaneland relationship 3.6 7.9 7.8 46.4 10.8 16.7
Imagination 12.6 4.9 1.9 3.4 2.9 0.0
Detailed account 11.6 20.8 6.5 12.4 8.8 0.0
Geological knowledge 16.8 1.3 1.9 0.0 0.5 0.0
Convenience 2.2 1.7 6.5 5.6 30.9 0.0
Deep thoughts 1.0 6.9 5.8 6.4 7.4 0.0
Physical 1.4 5.8 22.1 0.4 16.2 8.3
Factual record 2.2 2.4 10.4 1.5 7.4 0.0

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

a
Impact scores range from 1 (very positive) to 4 (very negative).

Table 3
Distribution of respondents (%) by subcategories under the six subject categories.

Subject category

Geoheritage Nature Experience Human impacts Management issues The research

Subcategory Small-scale 51.1 Vegetation 26.2 Unacquainted human 36.3 Litter and graffiti 41.3 Transport 35.3 Equipment 28.6
(%) features subjects
Landscape 40.9 Scenery 21.8 Companions 18.8 Houses, temples and 16.7 Food 9.3 Researcher or 71.4
features churches assistants
Guide 1.4 Animals 18.6 Sports activities 14.4 Other constructions 20.7 Shop 7.4
Signage 1.6 Water 21.4 Other leisure activities 13.8 Culture 3.0 Trails and 40
bodies signage
Others 5.0 Meteorology 8.7 Others 16.9 Others 18.4 Other Facilities 7.9
Others 3.4

to such key observations. Some 19.1% described nature as extraor-
dinary (i.e. beautiful and rare), and 11.6% were explicit wordings of
‘enjoyment’ of nature. Adding up these responses, it is undeniable
that the living ingredients, the green and the blue of the HKGP, have
captured and touched the hearts of many participants (>50%).
Encounters with countryside plants and animals stimulated
feelings of “curiosity and discovery” (8.4% of category entries). For
some participants, seeing corals, sea cucumbers and the screw pine
were novelties or breakthroughs, whereas the inquisitives showed
interest in “why can they (grass growing on the coastline) survive in
the sea water (!)” and “why is the water (in the lake) clear”. Sub-
merged in nature, participants mainly expressed ‘feelings’ (9.2% of
category) of freedom, happiness, comfort, relaxation and tran-
quility. Whereas some dog lovers were happy with canine company
in the HKGP, isolated entries (N ¼ 4) reflected uneasiness and
insecurity upon encountering unfamiliar fauna (i.e. a bee and a feral
dog) and animal excretion (e.g. cow dung) in their path. ‘Nature’
entries of beautiful and pristine sceneries prompted responses
relating to humaneland relationship. A well-educated participant
attributed high awareness to the fragility of nature and human
responsibility to “add more green to the Earth”, “upkeep the
ecological environment” and “reduce… pollution”. These anti-
nature features reflect visitors' perception of dissatisfaction and
distraction from appreciation of the keystone geoheritage
endowment.
Despite being part of nature, the ‘geoheritage’ entries are cate-
gorized separately under the objective of the study; as it was also
extensively recorded on its own (Heyman, 2012). Small-scale
geological features (51.1%) and landscape geological features
(40.9% of category) dominated this category; vistas of geopark areas
took up 5% of the category. Geological signage and tour guides were
included in 1.6% and 1.4% of category responses.
As the main feature of the HKGP, geoheritage was the most
recorded subject category (32.2% of all entries) and received the
best impact score of 1.69, with 93.2% of positive responses (Table 2).
Participants were able to access and identify key site features at
both terrestrial and coastal geopark sites. Large landscape features
such as sea stacks (Fig. 2), beaches and rows of hexagonal columns
(Fig. 3) were recorded. Small-scale features comprised rock details
(e.g. quartz veins) (Fig. 4) and intriguing individual rocks (Fig. 5).
The ‘experience’ category mainly includes recreational activities
and human subjects which held active roles in each visit. Traces of
human influence or presence (e.g. litter), however, were catego-
rized as ‘human impacts’ which includes other human-made fea-
tures. Enjoying nature and sharing common goals (i.e. under the
‘experience’ category) with friends and family members (18.8% of
category) were occasions of sustained communication that accen-
tuated trip satisfaction. Participants were ready to share nature
with unacquainted persons (36.3% of category). Fellow visitors who
were rule-abiding were preferred over those who exhibited
depreciative behavior (e.g. collecting shells, climbing on rocks); the
latter were disliked and detracted from participants' experiences.
Common at coastal sites, litter and graffiti (41.3% of category)
contributed most to the negative rating (48.8% of positive re-
sponses) of the category of ‘human impacts’ (17.3% of all entries).
Large constructions (20.7% of category) recorded included the
308 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313

Table 4
VEP records of notable verbal or qualitative thoughts and comments in relation to response categories under six subject categories.

Response category VEP records

Geoheritage (sample subject: sea cave)

Extraordinary The cave is very special.
Enjoying Nature Stunning and shocking. Do not underestimate Nature!
Imagination Like a bamboo fan.
Detailed account Looking into the cave from a distance.
Geological knowledge The direction of how the cave was formed does not seem to align with the waves' direction.
Nature (general sample subject: vegetation)
Extraordinary Amazing.
Enjoying Nature Nature replenishes itself.
Curiosity and discovery Often heard about it (the screw pine), but it's my first time seeing it.
Feelings Feel thankful. The old tree is unaffected by environmental deterioration, still standing firmly.
Humaneland It is impossible to have such forests near the urban area, hope people would treasure it.
relationship
Detailed account The mangrove forest seems to be withering.
Experience (general sample subject: humans)
Enjoying Nature People enjoying the beach in various ways and making use of nature in a positive manner.
Feelings It is a very hot day, and it was painful to see my friend so uncomfortably hot.
Humaneland They (visitors collecting shells) need education through the media.
relationship
Physical Higher health awareness of Hong Kong people sees popularization of hiking.
Human impacts
Extraordinary (The East Dam is)… a grand sight. Magnificent work.
Detailed account (The East Dam is) very big.
Humaneland (The rubbish) damages the ecological environment.
relationship
Management issues (sample subject: ferry pier)
Humaneland Too many people, brings pollution.
relationship
Convenience The connection between the park and people.
The research (subject: the researcher and assistants)
Enjoying Nature Thought of coming for a look, (the researcher) introduced to us this research. We can look more seriously at the scenery, and concentrate more.
Feelings Happy to see good students studying the parks and their social impact.
Humaneland Knowing that someone is caring about the beauty of Nature.
relationship

reservoir dam, whereas localized constructions (16.7% of category)
were represented by village houses, temples and churches. Mainly
city inhabitants, participants were attracted to village houses
regardless whether they were intact, old or dilapidated ruins. To
them, they represented a simple rustic lifestyle hugely different
from fast-paced city living. Old village houses symbolized a trea-
sured and cherished reminder of traditional agrarian culture and
 mez-Ortiz et al., 2013) embodied in the HKGP.
history (Go
Responses to management and accessibility issues (12.2% of all
entries) were mixed. Transportation provisions (35.3% of category)
were greatly liked for the convenience, but only low-level in-
trusions were acceptable at pristine surroundings (e.g. Tai Long
Wan). Records of trails and signage (40.0% of category) also re-
flected important opinions. Open, wide, well-paved and shaded
trails were preferred. Warning signs (e.g. landslip warning symbol
at HIR) were appreciated for their practical purposes but were
disliked for “destroying natural views”.
The VEP logbook, the researcher and research assistants were
also recorded and categorized as ‘the research’ (N ¼ 14) (Table 2).
Responses were largely positive with the mean score of 1.69. Par-
ticipants mainly liked the VEP exercise as it allowed them to pay
more attention to the HKGP and reflect on the experience. Some
even expressed appreciation for a pro-environment research that
could contribute to the future of Hong Kong and “her beautiful
nature”.
The rest of this paper is focused on results in this category to
explore ‘geotourism’ as reflected through VEP in the aspects of
visitor enjoyment and geoconservation and geo-education.

4.3. Appreciation and enjoyment of geological features

Visual enjoyment of geological features dominated the results

Fig. 4. Quartz veins crisscrossing individual rock boulders present a popular small-
scale geological feature taken by a VEP participant at Ma Shi Chau. These intriguing
rock patterns lead participants to imagine and propose vivid descriptions, such as
“blood veins”, “veins on a leaf”, and “cheese on a pizza slice”.
(31.2% of landscape features, 27.1% of small-scale features) as par-
ticipants came across “nature's works of wonder”. Reflective of a
strong “aesthetic value” (van Riper et al., 2012, p. 167) of geo-
heritage, the most popular portrayals were “beautiful”, “special”
and “rare”, whereas a large proportion of participants appreciated
geological features for that fact that they were “natural scenery”.
Visitors traveling by boat around the Sai Kung seas marveled at
sea arches and sea caves of Bluff Island, and those touring the North
 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313
Fig. 5. The cracks and the rounded shape of quartz monozite (left, photo taken by VEP participant) on Sharp Island bears resemblance to the palm-sized pineapple bun with a crispy
crust (right) which is a popular local delicacy.
Eastern islands of Wong Chuk Kok Tsui and Tung Ping Chau iden-
tified the ‘Devil's Fist’, ‘Watchtower Rock’ and ‘Beheaded Island’ as
“highlight(s) of the park”. Folded hexagonal columns (Fig. 3) as
evidence of previous tectonic movements were “eye-opening”.
Voted as the “Favorite Geosite in Hong Kong” (Hongkong Post,
2014), the rather pristine and magnificent beach of Tai Long Wan
also appealed greatly to participants as it dominated a third of
“beautiful” landscape feature records. At the terrestrial site of Ma
Shi Chau, outstanding colors of red (in web version) siltstones
patterned with quartz veins (Fig. 4) collectively took up nearly a
third of small-scale features recorded for the reasons of rarity and
novelty.
Participants established strong connection with nature through
contact with geological features which allowed them “to see the
truth about nature”. These “magnificent”, “stunning” and “spec-
tacular” sights enabled enjoyment of nature away from the crow-
ded city, as they generated positive feelings and enabled relaxation
(11.7% of landscape responses). Vistas of beaches and coastlines
provided peace and tranquility. Participants' sensescapes of con-
necting with the HKGP were broadened as they enjoyed the sea
breeze and the fresh air. One participant captured the view of Sai
Wan Beach while she looked back from swimming in the sea and
remarked that it was “worth the hike”. The countryside location
and quietude of the HKGP provided some with escape from the
crowded city areas of Hong Kong. Participants were also eager to
share the area and suggested government promotion to attract
more visitors to the HKGP.
As a result of deep immersion in the surroundings of the HKGP,
both broad landscape (10.2% of responses) and small-scale features
(17.3% of responses) stimulated imaginations; truncated islands
were likened to turtles (Fig. 2), and stratified rocks were layered
cakes. A result of differential erosion, the exposed coastal feature of
Lung Lok Shui (“dragon entering the water”) at Tung Ping Chau was
described as majestically “dividing the ground in two”. At MSC,
quartz veins (Fig. 4) were compared to “blood vessels on rocks”,
“giving the rock life and vitality”. As metaphors are “derived from
the human body and its affective experiences” (Modell, 2003, p.16),
it is fair to say that visitors have an underlying passion for geo-
heritage and that the HKGP has the power to create touching ex-
periences and conjure up their imagination.
4.4. General understanding of geoheritage features and processes
Evident through 24.7% of small-scale rock records and 12.7% of
landscape records, participants demonstrated basic understanding
309
of origins of landforms. They were able to tell that features were the
results of prolonged weathering and erosion, and occasionally the
erosional element (e.g. waves) were identified. Additionally, inter-
est was expressed in 6.8% of landscape records and 2.7% of small-
scale geological records. The descriptive terms “new discovery”
and “interesting” were commonly used, but further elaboration was
scarce.
For landscape records, participants recorded sea caves, arches
and truncated islands (i.e. Po Pin Chau at HIR) (Fig. 2), and they
deeply felt “nature's power” and human insignificance. Although
only one explicitly recorded that waves created these coastal fea-
tures, participants' expression of awe indicated their awareness
that powerful nature created the coastal erosional features over
millions of years. Comments that these spectacles were “naturally
created” and “unattainable by human efforts” reinforce this
deduction. Admiration of large-scale landform features was sig-
nificant in connecting participants with nature, and provided them
with a broad perspective of the HKGP. Small-scale features, on the
other hand, captured participants' attention with reference to their
underlying geological science.
While only 3.9% of landscape feature responses were explicit
records with geological jargons, participants had more in-depth
understanding of small-scale features (24.7% of categorical re-
sponses). Records of close observation of small-scale features re-
flected that participants were knowledgeable and aware of rock age
and type. Sample responses include “formed by sedimentation a
few million years ago” (i.e. referring to sedimentary rocks at MSC),
“the special appearance comes after the weathering process” (i.e.
‘pineapple bun rocks’ on Sharp Island) (Fig. 5). Participants were
able to identify various mineral compositions, colors and rock de-
tails (e.g. quartz veins). Strong curiosity was coupled with height-
ened motivations to unveil the formation processes that molded
the special features. Having gathered site information pre-trip (e.g.
doing internet research or taking HKGP pamphlets) or from hearsay
(e.g. from friends or fellow visitors), visitors often make an effort to
locate the special features during their time in HKGP.
4.5. Limited geological knowledge
Most participants could only pick up information limited to the
aforementioned domains, and were unable to convey more
advanced geological terms and cognate concepts. For example,
despite knowing that the sedimentary rocks at MSC were the oldest
in Hong Kong, as an indicator of interesting local geological
knowledge, only two gave the rock's age in numerical terms (i.e.
310 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313
approximately 280 million years), and none mentioned the
geological period (i.e. Permian). Participants with ideas of forma-
tion processes lacked confidence in their assumptions and erro-
neous records were prevalent. Nevertheless, HKGP visitors were
strongly curious in geoheritage (Fung & Jim, 2015) and this was
reflected in VEP records. Descriptions of the formation of toppled
rock columns were accurate but ended with a dubious question:
“rock columns fell down because of previous weathering by sea
water?” Another queried how the vast amount of rocks accumu-
lated at a rocky beach. One participant correctly identified some
sedimentary rocks but wrongly related the formation to volcanic
eruption; his doubt was reflected by the question mark at the end
of the entry. Another thought that the hexagonal columns at High
Island Reservoir (Fig. 3) were formed by weathering, despite that
they were created through rapid cooling of lava after a volcanic
eruption.
Participants with information acquired from formal education
or leisure reading of what the site offers eagerly looked out for
significant features. However, self-guided visitors were often un-
able to identify the correct rock or feature. Taking MSC as example,
the site is endowed with a well-known display of sedimentary rock
folds as evidence of previous tectonic moments in Hong Kong.
However, since this particular signage along the trail was removed
for renovation during the data collection period, participants were
only able to find a very small bend in the rock strata as the example
and missed the prominent and well-formed feature near the end of
the trail. Moreover, MSC is prominent for having the oldest sedi-
mentary rock outcrop (i.e. a single boulder) in Hong Kong, but
participants were mistaken that all the rocks on the island share the
same geological history. Lastly, only two participants explicitly
mentioned the joy of learning something new, reflecting room for
improving visitor satisfaction through knowledge acquirement.
5. General discussion
5.1. Visitor perceptions of geological features and visitation
concerns
This study demonstrated the attractiveness of geological and
related natural features to visitors from visual, knowledge-seeking,
emotional and sensual aspects. The appreciation and experience of
geoheritage features could widely expand visitor horizons beyond
being physically present at the HKGP. Magnificent features caused
them to contemplate their position in the world at large and their
insignificance against the power of nature. Imagination flows
through visual associations of rocks with daily objects and en-
counters. Novelty of the features interacts with curiosity to create
motivations to learn and discover the science behind these features.
As beautiful scenery can increase visitor loyalty, satisfaction and
also return motivation (Kirillova et al., 2014). Thus visitors' huge
appetite for picturesque vistas can be tapped to attract visitation.
Apparently, HKGP visits have reaped rewards in visitor satis-
faction, but the achievement of geoconservation goals is ques-
tionable. Most participants recognized that features were rare but
only a handful expressed the feeling of the difficulty or importance
of conserving these wonders. Lack of environmental commitment
is often the case for nature-seeking visitors, and improved inter-
pretation is suggested to heighten awareness levels especially for
Asian Pacific visitors (Frost, Laing, & Beeton, 2014). Appreciation
was largely confined to an aesthetic spectrum and the educational
and scientific portions of HKGP visit have room for enhancement.
An overall interpretation strategy applicable all HKGP-related
provisions (e.g. existing on-site interpretation signs, guidebooks,
audio-guides, and R2G) can be further refined to enrich these ex-
periences (Ciolfi, McLoughlin, & Bannon, 2008).
5.2. A new interpretative strategy e beginning with the aesthetics
Scenic beauty and the opportunity to enjoy nature were found
to be an important factor in several conventional nature-based
recreation studies (Boley et al., 2011; van Riper et al. 2012; Xu
et al., 2012). This study has also illustrated how geotourism is
experienced in a similar manner. An aesthetic landscape interpre-
tation approach through association with ancient poems and
philosophical ideas was suggested for Chinese visitors, as Western
scientific approaches were deemed unattractive and ineffective for
the domestic Chinese geopark visitors (Xu et al., 2012). In fact, the
destination quality of being “picturesque” was what nature-based
tourists had in mind as early as in the 17th century (Hose, 2010).
Surprisingly, a similar approach of incorporating poetry in land-
scape appreciation was advocated by Gordon (2011). In the 17th
century, literature and art were common forms of spreading in-
formation about places worth visiting (Hose, 2010). Didactic ap-
proaches common in Western geotourism are in fact most effective
on visitors with a basic geological background and interest
(Gordon, 2011). Although the approach is currently applied to HKGP
interpretation signage (Fig. 6), modifications of design including
illustrations and font type and size are required to effectively
transmit geological messages to HKGP visitors.
Similar to Mainland Chinese tour guides, commercial guides in
Hong Kong tend to introduce geological features with highly figu-
rative language. This approach is well-received by local HKGP vis-
itors from the evidence that many features were referred to by their
popular metaphors instead of more geological terms. As higher
interpretative effectiveness can be achieved through interpretative
measures relevant to local culture (Xu et al., 2012), the knowledge
of which can be rendered understandable to overseas tourists. In
the case of Australian geotourism, linkage to intriguing local
aboriginal culture was suggested (Joyce, 2010); their unique beliefs,
art and traditions could offer fitting introductions for geoheritage.
Although currently a special administrative region of the Peo-
ple's Republic of China, Hong Kong's British colonial background
sees lower levels of ancient Chinese traditional and cultural influ-
ence in domestic tourists. As reflected in the study, Hong Kong
people dominate the visitor portion with a unique and somewhat
hybrid cultural background. Showing interest in landscapes and
geoheritage features named to impress, HKGP visitors share similar
interests with mainland Chinese tourists, yet they also harbor
Western traits such as strong visual concerns (Dakin, 2003), broad
sensecapes (Prazeres & Donohoe, 2014) and inquisitiveness for
scientific information. It was found that both general and nature
tourists in Hong Kong are willing to pay more for high-quality
ecotourism services (Cheung & Jim, 2013). In addition to the high
education levels of HKGP visitors and strong scientific curiosity,
there are broad potentials for development of top-tier interpreta-
tion services.
This visitor profile sees strong potentials for development of the
HKGP into a destination with interpretation provisions that appeals
and educates local and overseas tourists in the international city.
Such strategies could also be applied to other forms of nature-based
tourism and education.
5.3. Trail-side interpretative measures
A study at a Chinese nature-based destination found that <2% of
visitors stopped at interpretation signs, and stopping visitors only
glanced briefly at the photographs without digesting the contents
(Xu et al., 2012). Signage-wise, it is important to insert both visually
attractive and scientifically informative illustrations to make visi-
tors stop and imbibe information at each sign. Figurative labels can
be used for titles of signage (e.g. “the pineapple-bun rock”) to
 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313
Fig. 6. Interpretative information on the sign displayed in Fig. 3. Explanations are printed in small fonts and illustrations demonstrating geological processes are unclear. Photo
credits: Dede Man.
capture attention, however, they should be closely followed by the
scientific name of the rock type or formation process.
For grand landscape features, an aesthetic approach could be
used as a starting point to attract visitor attention. Interpretation
could begin with a focus on the beauty and grandeur of the vista
and how the geoheritage is embraced by the greater surroundings.
Emphasis on nature's power can be used as a leading point towards
explaining formation processes and geological terms such as rock
types and characteristics could come into the picture. Similarly,
vivid descriptive language of visual imageries (i.e. the watchtower
rock) should be used to commence if applicable. Given visitors'
interest in rock details, introduction of small-scale features or rock
details should begin with minerals of bright colors or distinctive
rock patterns (e.g. quartz veins in Fig. 4) and usual rock features
(e.g. folded hexogonal columns in Fig. 3) to capture attention.
An audio guide system should also be developed for self-guided
visitors so that they can receive extended information by inputting
corresponding codes at signage or vantage points. Another strategy
is to design a smartphone application to facilitate self-guided tours.
However, it was discovered that the smartphone application “Hong
Kong National Geopark” was removed from both the iOS and
Android application stores in 2015 without publicizing a reason.
With reference to overseas geopark apps, the HKGP apps should be
redeveloped with features such as basic geoheritage education, the
area's geology (Shetland Amenity Trust, 2011), in-app general
maps, geoheritage maps, and map orientation (BrooksDesigns,
2013). In view of relatively low download rates (e.g. >100 for the
Android applications of Geopark Shetland and Magma Geopark),
free-wifi points at appropriate locations could be set up to facilitate
app download. Furthermore, efforts targeted at young visitors (e.g.
<12 years old) can be developed such as animated electronic audio
books, which are necessary to spread geoconservation messages to
the younger population.
5.4. Guiding services
As each individual participant has different queries and
311
backgrounds, generalized information on interpretation
signage is insufficient to fulfill their needs. In fact, it was sug-
gested in as early as the 1980s that on-site interpretation ser-
vices should be provided at Hong Kong country parks (Thrower,
1984). Modeling after American and Australian park systems,
park rangers or on-site guides could serve a wide range of
purposes from guiding, educating to enforcing regulations
(Thrower, 1984). In Asia, the Yehliu Geopark of Taiwan opts for
maximum visitor-geoheritage proximity by opening up fragile
geoheritage areas. To complement this arrangement, duty staff
is stationed within the area to caution and prevent visitors from
touching or leaning on features with toppling chances. No
doubt, further investigation into the feasibility and imple-
mentation of on-site staff is required, but on-site interpretation
services are crucial to answer visitors' queries as reflected in the
study.
Given their fundamental role in conveying conservation
messages, R2Gs (cf. subsection on Interpretation and visitation)
should be trained to display positive emotion or even passion to
strengthen the connection between geoheritage features and
conservation messages (Wijeratne, Van Dijk, Kirk-Brown, &
Frost, 2014). This can echo visitors' feelings of nature's powers
and human inferiority to establish stronger connections and
affection for geoheritage. In fact, better guidelines on graphical
display can be developed according to contextual differences,
and this study's findings should provide hints for effective
interpretation. Furthermore, the guides should encourage in-
teractions by asking visitors questions about mineral composi-
tions or how the patterns were formed. Use of wireless audio
transmitters and receiver systems can also be used to create
more effective guiding experiences while participants can have
the freedom to walk around on their own. Promotion of the R2G
program, at present through the popular media and website, can
be improved to reach more potential visitors. It could highlight
the difference between R2G guides and untrained guides of
commercial tours who may provide faulty geoheritage and
geoconservation information.
312 C.K.W. Fung, C.Y. Jim / Applied Geography 62 (2015) 301e313
6. Conclusion
This VEP study found geoheritage and nature as major HKGP trip
components and strong connections between visitors and geo-
heritage. This warrants continual and further support and re-
sources for the development and conservation of this natural
endowment. Being strongly aware of and often identifying geo-
heritage in the HKGP, visitors have a general understanding of
features' formation and rock type but fell short of in-depth scien-
tific knowledge. It is suggested that visitors' aesthetic and
emotional appreciation of these features should be used as the
starting point for scientific interpretation in order to fully tap their
inquisitiveness for learning about this natural resource. Interpre-
tation strategies can be developed according to the above sugges-
tions, and geoconservation efforts can be more effective to create
support for geoheritage conservation in Hong Kong and around the
world. Hong Kong people's unique cultural background can be used
as reference for overseas geosites aiming at attracting international
tourists.
The wider implications of geopark management and conserva-
tion could be explored. Under the shadow of urban encroachment
and development pressure, it is of utmost importance to safeguard
natural endowments with green belts or buffer zones. HKGP
boundaries should be safeguarded to ensure an immersive expe-
rience in quality natural environment to genuinely satisfy visitors
(Frost et al., 2014; Jim, 1989). Quietude, naturalness and escape are
greatly sought as a break from city dwellers' busy lives, and the
well-protected HKGP offers an important outlet to satisfy the
earnest and growing demands. Public awareness of geoheritage
values as part of local culture can also strengthen Hong Kong
people's identity (Frost et al., 2014) as an international city with a
‘green’ side for multi-faceted lifestyles and tourism experiences
(Fung & Jim, 2015). Highly dependent on visitation levels, con-
sumption of HKGP services (e.g. village ferries and seafood cuisines)
provides important sources of income to sustain villagers and local
culture.
Lastly, geo-education should be extended beyond HKGP
boundaries to raise territory-wide geoheritage awareness. Locally
and culturally significant rock features can be incorporated into
HKGP's public-education programs. As mascots, they can help
advocate collaterally other globally significant geoheritage features
in Hong Kong's outskirts and foster a stronger sense of belonging
and local identity.
Acknowledgments
We express our gratitude to the research grants kindly provided
by the Government Matching Grant, Dr Stanley Ho Alumni Chal-
lenge Fund, and Postgraduate Studentship of our university. Sup-
port of the Geopark authority, the government's Agriculture,
Fisheries and Conservation Department, is warmly appreciated. We
thank the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments
and suggestions to improve the manuscript.
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