Crude

Extraction
Air Freight
Air Transport transport
Emissions
Emissions
- Heavy Oil Burning
- Emissions Natural
Generating electricity Crude
Inputs and raw Gas
consumed
materials Air Emissions
Refinery - Natural Gas Burning
- Emissions Generating
electricity consumed
Other
Gasoline Diesel
products Transport Air
Service Vehicle
and Emissions
Station Operation
Distribution
Air Vehicle
Emissions combustion
- Leaks
- Freight transport

Reservoir
Air - Land Transformation
Emissions - Biogenic Methane

Water Hydropower
Fuels Transport
Occupation and charge Vehicle
and
land transformation point Operation
Distribution
Coal Thermoelectric

Air Emissions

Coal Burning
 - Pre-harvest burning
-Aplication of Inputs and
fertilizers raw materials
- Using agricultural
Bioethanol
machinery Inputs and molasses Air Emissions
Production
Air Emissions raw materials
Fermentation
Production of Bioethanol
Sugar Sugar
molasses and
Fertilizers and Cane Self-generated electricity
sugar Bagasse
pesticides Air Emissions
Fuels Charcoal
Air Emissions Burning bagasse
Occupation and
- Freight transport and Charcoal Transport
land transformation Service Vehicle
- Freight and Air Emissions
Water Air Emissions Satation operation
transport Distribution
Capturing CO2 and Vehicle
solar energy Inputs and combustion
raw materials Inputs and Inputs and
raw materials raw materials Biodiesel
Extraction and
Oil Palm Refining of Palm Refining of Production
Bunches byproducts
Oil Palm Oil Biodiesel
Air Emissions
Air Emissions Air Emissions Air Emissions
- Combustion boiler
- Changing land use Water tretment - Water treatment
- Combustion fiber
- Application of fertilizers - Freight transport
and shell
- Using agricultural machinery
- Water tretment
- Freight transport
 Vehicles Exhaust emission factors (g km-1) Fuel Economy b
(SDA, 2010)a Design
vehicle
Vehicle Classification Energy occupancy
Category Criteria Source CO2 CO NOx PM2.5 unit

Electric car Electricity 5 km/kWh 4

Motorclycle 4- Gasoline 149.8 38.0 0.768 0.008 10.9 km/L 2
strokes, <150 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-
Gasoline 216.7 50.7 1.129 0.016 7.7 km/L 2
strokes, 150-220 c.c.
E10 car without Gasoline 312.0 69 2.2 0.003 5.4 km/L 5
TWC ; >1400 c.c.
Light Duty
E10 car with
Vehicles Gasoline 312.0 8.5 0.9 0.003 7.0 km/L 5
TWC ; >1400 c.c.
E10 car without Gasoline 218.0 58 1.2 0.003 7.4 km/L 5
TWC ; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with
Gasoline 232.0 7.2 0.73 0.003 9.4 km/L 5
TWC ; <1400 c.c.
E10 Taxi Gasoline 258.0 8.4 2 0.003 8.4 km/L 3
NG Taxi NG 241.0 13 3.7 0.003 7.2 km/m3 3
B5 16-19 passengers Diesel 367.2 3.3 5.99 0.029 7.4 km/L 19
NG 16-19 passengers NG 272.8 20.1 2.27 0.013 6.2 km/m 3
19
Public B5 19-32 passengers Diesel 561.2 5.9 9.78 0.256 4.8 km/L 32
transportation B5 35-60 passengers Diesel 787.0 9.1 15.21 1.21 3.4 km/L 60
buses BRT Electric Electricity N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.5 km/kWh 160
BRT B5 Diesel 3428.9 248.2 17.07 0.286 0.7 km/L 160
NG 120 passengers NG 1889.6 1.79 4.6E-5 3.2E-8 1.0 km/m 3
120

NG: natural gas; BRT: Bus Rapid Transit; B5: blend 5% biodiesel-diesel; E10: blend 10% bioethanol-gasoline; TWC: Three-way catalyst.
a. Exhaust emission factors for a Bus CNG 120 passengers, BRT TransMilenio B5 and motorcycles 4T (<150 cm3 and> 150 cm3) were provided by the local environmental authority
(Bogota, Colombia)
b. Fuel consumptions for each vehicle were calculated from measured exhaust emission factors, the carbon content of the fuel and a carbon mass balance (UPME, 2003).
Fuel economy for an electric car (Donateo et al., 2014); BRT Electric (BYD Motor Colombia SAS, ap. 2013).
 NG 120 passengers
B5 BRT
Public transportation
buses Electric BRT
B5 35-60 passengers
B5 19-32 passengers
NG 16-19 passengers
B5 16-19 passengers
NG Taxi
E10 Taxi
E10 car without TWC; >1400 c.c.
Light Duty Vehicle

E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c.

E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-strokes, 150-220 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-strokes, <150 c.c.
Electric car

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

kg CO2-eq/km-passenger

Eletricity production fromcoal Hydroelectric power production Bioethanol production

Gasoline production Natural Gas Production Biodiesel production
Diesel production Vehicle operation
 NG 120 passengers
Public transportation B5 BRT
Electric BRT
buses

B5 35-60 passengers
B5 19-32 passengers
B5 16-19 passengers
NG 16-19 passengers
NG Taxi
E10 Taxi
E10 car without TWC; >1400 c.c.
Light Duty Vehicle

E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c.

E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-strokes, 150-220 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-strokes, <150 c.c.
Electric car

0.00 5.0 10.0 15 20 25

mg PM2.5/km-passenger

Eletricity production from coal Hydroelectric power production Bioethanol production

Gasoline production Natural Gas Production Biodiesel production
Diesel production Vehicle operation

NG 120 passengers
B5 BRT
Public transportation

Electric BRT
buses

B5 35-60 passengers
B5 19-32 passengers
NG 16-19 passengers
B5 16-19 passengers
NG Taxi
E10 Taxi
E10 car without TWC; >1400 c.c.
Light Duty Vehicle

E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c.

E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-strokes, 150-220 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-strokes, <150 c.c.
Electric car

0.00 5.0 15 25
g CO/km-passenger

Eletricity production from coal Hydroelectric power production Bioethanol production

Gasoline production Natural Gas Production Biodiesel production
Diesel production Vehicle operation
 NG 120 passengers
B5 BRT
Public transportation

Electric BRT
buses

B5 35-60 passengers
B5 19-32 passengers
NG 16-19 passengers
B5 16-19 passengers
NG Taxi
E10 Taxi
E10 car without TWC; >1400 c.c.
Light Duty Vehicle

E10 car with TWC ; >1400 c.c.

E10 car without TWC ; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC ; <1400 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-strokes, 150-220 c.c.
Motorclycle 4-strokes, <150 c.c.
Electric car

0.00 0.5 1.0 1.5

g NOx/km-passenger

Eletricity production from coal Hydroelectric power production Bioethanol production

Gasoline production Natural Gas Production Biodiesel production
Diesel production Vehicle operation
 NG 120 passengers
B5 BRT
transportation
Electric BRT
buses
Public
B5 35-60 passengers
B5 19-32 passengers
NG 16-19 passengers
B5 16-19 passengers
NG Taxi
E10 Taxi
Light Duty Vehicle
E10 car without TWC; >1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC; >1400 c.c.
E10 car without TWC; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC; >1400 c.c.
Motorcycle 4-strokes.150-220 c.c.
Motorcycle 4-strokes,150 c.c.
Electric car
0.001
NG 120 passengers
B5 BRT
transportation
Electric BRT
buses
Public
B5 35-60 passengers
B5 19-32 passengers
NG 16-19 passengers
B5 16-19 passengers
NG Taxi
E10 Taxi
Light Duty Vehicle
E10 car without TWC; >1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC; >1400 c.c.
E10 car without TWC; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC; >1400 c.c.
Motorcycle 4-strokes.150-220 c.c.
Motorcycle 4-strokes,150 c.c.
Electric car
0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
NG 120 passengers
B5 BRT
transportation
Electric BRT
buses
Public
B5 35-60 passengers
B5 19-32 passengers
NG 16-19 passengers
B5 16-19 passengers
NG Taxi
E10 Taxi
Light Duty Vehicle
E10 car without TWC; >1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC; >1400 c.c.
E10 car without TWC; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC; >1400 c.c.
Motorcycle 4-strokes.150-220 c.c.
Motorcycle 4-strokes,150 c.c.
Electric car
0.01 0.1 1 0.1 1 10 100
Kg CO2-eq/km-passenger mg PM2.5/km-passenger
NG 120 passengers
B5 BRT
transportation
Electric BRT
buses
Public
B5 35-60 passengers
B5 19-32 passengers
NG 16-19 passengers
B5 16-19 passengers
NG Taxi
E10 Taxi
Light Duty Vehicle
E10 car without TWC; >1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC; >1400 c.c.
E10 car without TWC; <1400 c.c.
E10 car with TWC; >1400 c.c.
Motorcycle 4-strokes.150-220 c.c.
Motorcycle 4-strokes,150 c.c.
Electric car
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
g CO/km-passenger g NOx/km-passenger