Process Control Systems
Piping & Instrumentation Drawing
(P&ID)
Objectives
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
Identify common symbols and abbreviations
used in piping and instrumentation drawings
(P&IDs)
Describe the operation of a system/plant given
a P&ID
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Lecture Contents
Process Control Schematics
P&ID
Connecting Lines
General Instruments Label
Tag Numbers & Identification Letters/Numbers
Process Elements
Final Control Elements
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Process Diagrams/Schematics
Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
General outline of plant processes and its feeds and
products
Piping & Instrumentation Drawing (P&ID)
Detailed diagram of the process control systems in a
plant
Instrument Loop Diagram
Detailed schematics of each measurement/control loop
together with its intermediate connection terminals
Instrument Manual
Description of a specific instrument supplied by the
manufacturer (specification, installation, maintenance,
parts number, drawing etc.) 4
What is a P&ID ?
A drawing that represent a plant and its associated
control systems.
Employs a standard set of symbols and abbreviations
to represent operating units, product flow lines,
measurement and control signal lines, sensors, final
control elements, computers and programmable logic
controllers (PLCs).
Uses letter and number designations to identify each
control and process element.
The P&ID is the most important project drawing
and is developed by all disciplines working together, taking turns working on the
drawing. It begins with the PFD to which piping process and instruments are added
until it is complete. 5
Why Do We Use P&IDs ?
Standard practice around the world
Visual
Simplified
INTERESTING FACT :
This standard is developed by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) and the Instrumentation, Systems and
Automation (ISA) Society, designated as ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984
(R1992) Instrumentation Symbols and Identification.
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(A) Connecting Lines
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Capillary: mao dẫn
(A) Connecting Lines
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(B) General Instruments Label
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(B) General Instruments Label
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(C) Tag Numbers
Basic Tag Number
readout / passive
function unit number
measured /
initiating variable
L R C – 111 - 1 0 1
loop number
output
function
THE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER FOR LOOPS WILL HAVE SIX DIGITS, THE FIRST THREE
BEING UPGRADER COMPLEX UNIT NUMBER.
THE FOLLOWING THREE DIGITS WILL PROVIDE A SINGLE SEQUENCE OF LOOP NUMBERS
FOR EACH PROCESS VARIABLE IDENTIFICATION OF EACH LOOP.
THE LOOP NUMBERING SEQUENCE WILL BEGIN WITH THE NUMBER 001 FOR EACH
PROCESS VARIABLE IDENTIFICATION FOR EACH UNIT, INCLUSIVE OF THE FOLLOWING
LOCAL INSTRUMENTS.
•The variable being measured (e.g., flow, pressure, temperature)
• The device’s function (e.g., transmitter, switch, valve, sensor, indicator) 11
• Some modifiers (e.g., high, low, multifunction)
(C) Tag Numbers
Basic Tag Number
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF HAND SWITCHES, FOR INSTRUMENTS THAT ARE LOCATED ON
IDENTICAL PARALLEL EQUIPMENT, THE IDENTICAL INSTRUMENTS ON EACH PIECE OF
EQUIPMENT SHALL BE NUMBERED XXXA, XXXB, XXXC ETC. EXAMPLE: PARALLEL
INSTRUMENTS SHALL BE NUMBERED 017A, 017B & 017C.
THE FIRST THREE DIGITS (UNIT NUMBER) WILL BE OMITTED FROM THE BALLOONS FOR
IMPROVED READABILITY OF LOOP IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS. A GENERAL NOTE ON
THE P&ID WILL REFERENCE THIS AND IDENTIFY THE OMITTED PLANT NUMBER.
THE INSTRUMENT LOOP NUMBERS WILL THEN BE THREE DIGITS, I.E. 017.
INTERLOCK NUMBERS ARE SIX DIGITS AND ARE ASSIGNED BY THE INSTRUMENT
DEPARTMENT. THE FIRST THREE DIGITS DESIGNATE
THE UNIT AND THE LATTER THREE ARE SEQUENTIAL, COMMENCING AT 001 IN EACH
UNIT. THE FIRST THREE DIGITS ARE OMITTED ON
THE P&ID.
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(C) Tag Numbers
Expanded Tag Number
unit number loop number
20 - TAH - 6A optional
prefix
A large project may require tags that identify the Area, Unit or
Plant then use a prefix number or letter for such location.
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(D) Identification Letters
First letter Succeeding letters
A Analyzer Alarm
C - Control, controller
E Voltage Sensor, primary element
F Flow rate Ratio (fraction)
H Hand (manual operation) - High
I Current Indication, readout
L Level - Low
P Pressure, vacuum Point, test point
S Speed, frequency Switch
T Temperature Transmitter
V Vibration, mechanical analysis -
Y - Relay, compute, convert 14
(D) Identification Letters
First letter Succeeding letters
A Analyzer Alarm
C - Control, controller
E Voltage Sensor, primary element
F Flow rate Ratio (fraction)
FIC
H Hand (manual - High 401
operation)
I Current Indication, readout
L Level - Low LAH
P Pressure, vacuum Point, test point 612
S Speed, frequency Switch
T Temperature Transmitter Give other
V Vibration, - examples.
mechanical analysis
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Y - Relay, compute, convert
(D) Identification Letters
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(D) Identification Letters
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(D) Identification Letters
FIC
401
LAH
612
Give other
examples.
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(D) Identification Letters
FIC
401
LAH
612
Give other
examples.
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(D) Identification Letters
Pressure Differential Indicator Control
Temperature Alarm High
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(E) Process Elements
Dạng hơi Lưu chất
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(E) Process Elements
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(F) Final Elements
Fail closed valve Fail locked valve
Fail open valve Hand valve
Angle valve Motor-powered valve
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Pump
(F) Final Elements
(G) Đường cấp năng lượng
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Example 1
Describe the operation of this plant.
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Example 2
Describe the operation of this plant.
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Example 3
Describe the operation of this plant.
Heating
fluid
Horizontal Drum
Heat Exchanger
Feed
Packed Bed
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Product
Basic Column Control
System
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Example – Batch
Reactor Control System
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Example –Schematic diagram of a crude oil fractionators
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Example –Schematic diagram of a crude oil fractionators
For example, a crude oil fractionators produces an overhead fraction called naphtha which
becomes a gasoline component after it is further processed through a catalytic hydrodesulfurizer
to remove sulfur and a catalytic reformer to reform its hydrocarbon molecules into more complex
molecules with a higher octane rating value.
The naphtha cut, as that fraction is called, contains many different hydrocarbon compounds.
Therefore it has an initial boiling point of about 35 °C and a final boiling point of about 200 °C.
Each cut produced in the crude oil fractionators has a different boiling range.
At some distance below the overhead, the next cut is withdrawn from the side of the column and
it is usually the jet fuel cut, also known as a kerosene cut. The boiling range of that cut is from an
initial boiling point of about 150 °C to a final boiling point of about 270 °C, and it also contains
many different hydrocarbons.
The next cut further down the tower is the diesel oil cut with a boiling range from about 180 °C to
about 315 °C (not shown in Figure 4 for reasons of brevity). The next cuts down the tower are
the light and heavy fuel oil cuts and finally the bottoms product.
The boiling ranges of any two successive cuts overlap because the distillation separations are
not perfectly sharp. Typically, all of the cuts from crude oil fractionators in a petroleum refinery
are processed further in subsequent refining processes.
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Review
Place equipment and its components
Connect main piping
Complete control valve loop
Place other instrument and connect signals
Indicate safety devices incl. alarm
Place piping components (Valve/Fitting) as
required
Check detail and add items required incl.
vent/drain connection
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Review
http://pipinginstrumentationdiagram.blogspot.com/2013/02/symbol
ogy.html
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