her ler ad detains. Sly, the ano me pn ‘ota prema maybe pesado he pd kin! of ede in wheh ey perce, bat il ch of th prea mt ke wil es seg ef he uo crcl + wae ps ont nny aly epi ye oc iy 4 tere EA Jackie of Coron ART Gd) Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson POLITENESS: SOME UNIVERSALS IN LANGUAGE USAGE Assumptions: properties of interactants ps: hat compte at mbar of Se at every member wit to dl fr the Ine ce a (0 pte Ice the postive coment elinage or “pena” (Sy aa ee ibe pi (ue wtan of a’ Ja of Galina (1967 fe Chapter oe Enh fal ty nih ta up wi etn rhe ing fT ee soe Se a Mo al in Cv Me ee ep aEE ————— ta, mei or ene manly oe tat on be Ft ca anew cron. grr ole PO Tease ech erento) pang sn oh im verge e's i i hw ee tat ae hig bea rocco ae hot af ae wl ier lileen es vistors cet pray Ea i 8 TES yi sl ya tl sh Weta defen he ph wy nei om Ue eect wh gr i ‘Sober tp iy, tet were ae ere he ae ld ets rege a oto eee fo sue reat th eet tn me le ee pow sae tht an el ai oe emg eam ec esa oly oe et 5 caso lente) bt abo ove of ESE ‘ee tat othe bron of icy ily Dove sc Joo ‘Wp reacnng alles re fm elo te wie pact the "sare ere [ Intrinsic FTAS trea anyon winsiete ae eave ae te wo fy so ee TE cent a every mem at i wont ee en eeaien si ie te npn ii a re palenesy eat SOFA eienen tthe nos poten pod rand ere Cra fot recat poe ‘in bisa ern pit Moho or et Nom en ol ome tt wa rg me Sseutce relent ‘alte warm ne popenton etre peeing ten ‘Gen ae septs fhe seal ce and aay, in Wem make» rt tnion tatoo mt at then neue ead“hon mt ht prima etn he ade’ (5) sep fe svn ping sey he pe (es ot men a Inpedog seem af con, nce sme prs efor fom tg th (Galego ene te wat Ho om dmg se tA) (0) sages ace (cite ate (Se at Hd (Gh tong (Silat tt he ‘hie atone age els edo A) = on faa at ftom Nandi sn put pros spr jt he pony (fe (ees tnt te wants Ho comt Kms o whee ‘ote ants $0 soe er Ht rey aig eae deh (imi cm ee Hel) 2 Rho a tht pote sme dave oS ow Hor on, vg Hr ok th uy ane tbe eon ope he Spek se deur orgie nto ( cnplinany capone oy ether wl te ming 1). (0) expen a an oie Sen toward He he ‘fel inden pile moter oe hing ar Hs pa) Hough to ee rie (ete owe act th heen the ps fne want, by itoing ue i hs he ptr es ot eo he oe’ lg ram 1 The tht th pate (Sennen of dippron, kin, cmt orl, hon al rept ean mt (Seer he ‘io leant one or a Ws wea, pol Sete, goin, lore) (& comraticioe o¢ danse, cng (Sites dat be int weg or ped renee gt he ‘nob wrong ing scl th peo cnr an 2 Tose dat show at $ doe cares onli 0) (0) Ineaene met ab py cg he De Mot ars han (o) being fl new Seat H, a gud nw atin sa rs rion, mo Ihc ieee at od tl) eating Le yg del inrot ingly non ogame ch Sita be doer sn orp set) rhe nnly etn bth nave aod ote es fe ompliny, ‘rap, tsar apn of ements or pea iri Second distinction: threats to H's face vor threat (0 ihe swe a m pray Ino the eee Sot a ar ope Te ber Fan peal (cg ks apr i tae Meo) 0) scape ote ns spl my re SrEeinnc Ws dabor omer ar ing dt (0) tc nit at is be nl god enon dy oe Sth aot W orcad ayee SET come to sp eb, a 0 SDH i ay meneame Se ae om n=omoe © Shen ig rin ings “Iho, he my al lle 1's pt Hive 2 thn day dng pe fe oes htene at fe epee lor #4, ay » Ft fete gee ely He CRE ene nh Sing it he ne rag al 8 re ow) oy Eepunce oe tment ite Stes ie eg cebu! ier oy clu ar 8 logs ing ering Se oy AS sng cocina pt co sin of gilt opi — ing © incor ot lane wn 6 for gurnce of someting eS Sect koe (0) conan nage nncond hagter o “retro wae of cajing FT (by whee So He aly cece, by wheter men pote Be or neat fe at sts) sc ara a hte rece on othe mage is Rs Strategies for doing FTAS tne cone of te tl vba of a ae oor gl AM Tei ue teers aor wl oly soa ger eee Goan haber word he wil te mo oie he wa wk a ony ace wos (he st come TUSSSISEPR eta te want ior res nd (Be rn mann i yg: en) ge (2, 5 ‘he pe st of eg my be schema ebay a ‘iit ns shame, wenn nh allowing Son "an psn rol sy at AT cr rte fe ator oe th at slg 3a ea cs pow wim nerd ag tn, 1 anny cp he Sete grces sera eee mac ieramcielh ee ere nna eal rep ta as Sa ae eee nee om’. f \ we 19.1 Pale segs fr ding FTALly gies that ie elec of foe demands may be nape in he a age oy) wb te gr He al mn lly, oni spe at we ey neo “ie roqe rt cries a (eg Came oD a doen) {6 here Si ly npr power Ho en cal aaa pert ‘eat Bs ce wt ng sot tt sept com! he pal: aage fh FTA Tiogitn sachs ny on ohn ecient o sity, ht det ‘ies tetas nM mi tlc. Sh te ht apg hot ioe (oops pone) ng soem, onive poltoncee st soli te fi of Hh ethan or hla yee pea i od soy ating nome pec, Tuam Ts wat eg by tenga 9 ber ppt ince ene shoe ce el pmy wwe rao Heh tha Inge § onto at seo ny fr come a § mil He bein portant rec here’ he oh egos ‘ie ae dn epee of oon by thing ike i ha he FEA dunt mean tng neato ener ‘Negative politeness, onthe ether nf, on ly ova ely tig lrg H's neue ce, he ae wt to ina ‘Sr tony ef determi, Neg pole, iy, ewe. {ely votes cal edna pte eget bh tances th te ker scons td rape the ees ogee wants (ol oly mia terre = ie ‘e's fom tan, He ive pla rr ‘Risen ay towne th stro ey ane pected lesen wa be wn nie ‘Sing tae elem hpi fr tering rei, ih Ing oon ingul trent, wget th esr ore tt awh tnpevnalng man ach pie) hs ets Sand rom he yon wi or stenng mechan hat pe be ‘Are tno Berane expe, poring ol ht Iisrepone tnt seed “Foe tre on ae olen, weve, ren (3) the dete to gn ene mre to being sce tay Bey and (da ol ay a a mp. ne ae Sh Fh only soa cs wy of sng FTA Wo og a con Th mt rege eg {ty Gowen gh oxy se Ceo fo te Sil beans eer ya prt Ben per wk Sena rapt first ce ry See od any mn) i Gt ass os beeen i seven Inte wy der too ane eee cit Factors influencing the choice of strategies {es hs sation we ag tht ay tn got wl te conte SS ona ney nie the ane sree a mae he ae ‘Revel anys Bold ake snr te senses, Te by we (ee ate per iy to erin ppt Shag ath leva ccna thin whch oe se Pts call te mere slap ny te. "Welder nu fn denise py and hen th le The pay «pie considerations re we pvt 2 ly sop I fhe ppt med wth ah ears tel iy Tetely et ay th illo irae pic san de elo appt Ht he get ett for hampering ot be oe lvoe be ot elt rol etn he ange ing sconce mont, consol he ager bg maton [lithe he ypu opp tsk te whens he ctl ace noyly be PT ‘yng tomo tether a sper an rot inthe lowing saya ge eit or ng tae, sre he an et akof hit enti the ‘gop Baggy da ts hp of Kea be ‘Se ted ren fre. pouty ee emapngInterpenin Fertemons, been gv (en-nethe lence a opty Ye stent cr er Son! thw a ow Hs eg tot i). iirc shone to pck pl rod othe pty tet hing rpretonaf the stn gies tothe ewig ips TSH Wet yy Oh pe mh 2vesticey, wih the smerton of mil Feng, ray lve mach of Sng nso the song a's Kanal cme fon Bee Tele aml pony evens mine (rite ppetesac tre sro, Acer pukle pal the § an woe mini he de ‘Roles of EA ul a eqns a fem, ie By een Ca mye wat an png rnp etre the aoe {nt Bel foi the scents fc lr ponent the "aut won oy nang hice nl eel 2s ie a te ec oe hate be 1, Tor rng on econ wth gh pln, pet cn ne in folomng mage bean ay top, rnc, the brane Teun teeth Fayed om they orn ey ln tre ‘be cena sc ann and de oat or he pote ice a of abana fry tars ere: es a hare tat, Ey mai tty mange mule Yt yl an ge en ee alles oye Indah tue er pose wot . be phi src," be ST eens ceed encanta hr ar natal ‘ering gs ns oh ay, we me es our porpon, ts pgs may be angled to the allowing, (o) clay, peglomamese (8) most an nian (2) pine pln ory Is ptr sn wn rept (8) Moule pcs tomy Peguero Se (0) Scan any ng ie gc rer th ha alr by th toy SE na the nace asonntbiy, the rope for he ‘he circumstances sociological variabler ‘nthe ation we mse tt the semen of th rome of FTA (Gat the eats tt mmo sul sc ke) re be ‘Sina er ny el psa al cles 1 i rt. ‘ey sh etn th ea ntl Ie bt ‘ete i pt Thai eid ‘Sng gre ae power, dane een oo snp Sieh ig, he ntl ht trCr anument he a empl aed we make the gone aun om mau shone da eal: Cer ee arr gine of pra FTA + Pee ask we feo ak to ene, prope “ek re the A. Ther igs ik Freee ae pal ir Hey eae he aoe ee tn mal srt mine ti fut eecnml an wot proportion, Skt wt ht he wegtines W,= beth + PAL FR, whore Wy tural est meses the weg of Be FTA , i socal dane tw 0 OGL ihe ate ht eer f Fon) mene oe wer tH a ver sn Raa renths de ges whe Fh ron empty dhaa CUNT ana the co be menared ons ol of 1 UNIS Shona: Ov faa somes dhe he fcon ht TESTE te eo th res cal parameters does 0 08 [TEN Tae Sc nmin eo ork ein Sar Neco ht act se ere empl competion o ve TO SEAT any ene defense cape the fe Ot See par bd comet he ese of an FTA SET Sacmao of level of poten wth whch oer igs ne et cy ear wt By Dal Ps inky pm tsa tas ws veri pal ve emi tic: Meat fae etal ear speci, To ech) may ease ang rest hee 1 osc a Sree ates mh ating see pens DISD a ro Bem (per ring rhe a yo ot a et econo sys win wh Son 08d tre ons i ac many exes Gt i al SoC cmc fhe Equine Kn of Peer mel ond acing Bee) exchange! Bewen (or pres epesting Sor Ho or hm Spd Hae regeenttie 1 pt of ut oD wl wal ers [pecrly, he reco gga een pine ey ‘Pletal co ie per raga Weber's Newnan tapers tela cited mle oer om rs mya or) ip ec sai skye ohh thy mesma re wis nat oat Eos or apmoel Uh mie od potrene ) o tetra here are potbl woeh ora hat reel SEINE atone ne Fra sng of pte norton ‘Spor lee ct rn ol) oes cling non meri pos he iran, mel oe exes ‘Sen msn i por pl en Mipconne copra ttf te tnpee corgi wer SO ENE Sct ho tpn ops he cy ctor ay tape oar ppt peter eal wer ‘So lant uly yg bpd pon me. Sonat of beget gh cs apres pr dana FAG su ee tec 8p econ Ths Seog ogre aor denned by eatin yay cept) {he cor ed tt lene why eon onl (cu tot ®Fer FTAs apn ponte ie, the king nolan acme of he ont hv oH Be, bs te dcepancy betwee Hs Sr dese tage Bat eset (tly ott) the FEA ‘Toe il be can range fame of pte fe (expe, Teen nec ey’ gecrn wich cme re ne ‘asec eave ing An Der pon {hance Fonts energy ume pnp et er encarta: moe tan ster. A prem wn ied a mecsing ch ‘tng scm why n,m oho ‘We ost wth of te es, ml By» vb ton ange by orator prc cerster, No es ata ‘Rien eae i enn ect Mh One ine to te momar epsetin ht Carlow the intatve eth heb! we fk whch wigs th ea woe tg = stat, rd the ay he the vale compen deemed Thus one ges recor whee sm no Stic ml ene $1 dane and power are ret an So ‘hee Ha inate ol a 5 bute impotent very pe bed Editors’ appondin: list of politeness strategies Positive poltenen strategie Not, tend to H (ier ere, wat, ee 2) Pronger are perl ympsy th HD Ira re w Ui eo ety markers bake sce rower Snows fi once for Hwa Tr a 1 tatty (Gre Gr ak fy re ‘wwe font oc Gee gd seedy, sled, cnet) Negative politenen strategies: Quetion bee Sra ‘nose oa cig ay Ofexccond strategies The lang Gic's omen ating, sc Chapter 3 alt matin of Rl ‘Soe bnw/hae erecta ew ee mon fy oe etlge (crn Deen Reference ota, F967) aie Ra, Now Yorks Ach Bk,