Ana María Hernández Leiva

Cristian Gouveias Iglesias

Nieves Crespo Sánchez
Sara Isla Gutiérrez

Cynewulf and Cyneheard

[5] Ond þā onġeat se cyning þæt, ond hē on þā duru ēode ond þā unhēanlīċe hine werede oþ hē
on þone æþeling lōcude, ond þā ūt rǣsde on hine ond hine miċlum ġewundode.
Literal translation: And then the king understood/ perceived that, and he walked towards the
door and then he defended himself not ignobly, until he saw the prince and then he rushed out
at him, and he wounded him greatly.
Adapted translation: And then, the king perceived that and walked towards the door; and then
he defended himself nobly, until he saw the prince and then he rushed out at him, and he
wounded him greatly.

Morphological Analysis:
 Ond: conjunction. (and)
 þā: se demonstrative pronoun: Acc sg fem/ Nom pl/ Acc pl (the, that, those) / adverb (then) /
conjunction (when). This occurrence: adverb.
 onġeat: ongietan strong verb class 5. Past 3rd person sg, (understand, perceive)
 se: se demonstrative pronoun: Nom sg masc. (the, that, those)
 cyning: cyning: masculine noun: Nom sg/ Acc sg. (king)
 þæt: conjunction (that, so that) / demonstrative pronoun Nom sg neut/ Acc sg neut (the,
that). This occurrence: neuter accusative singular.
 ond: conjunction. (and)
 hē: hē: personal pronoun third person: Nom sg masc (he, it)
 on: preposition + Dat/ Acc (in, on, upon, to towards, against) / adverb (in, on). This
occurrence: preposition + accusative.
 þā: se demonstrative pronoun: Acc sg fem/ Nom pl/ Acc pl (the, that, those) / adverb (then) /
Conjunction (when). This occurrence: demonstrative pronoun, feminine accusative singular
 duru: feminine noun, u-stem duru : Nom sg/ Acc sg (door). This occurrence: accusative
singular.
 ēode: anomalous verb gān: past 1st person sg/ past 3rd person sg. (go, walk). This occurrence:
past, third person singular.
 ond: conjunction. (and)
 þā: se: demonstrative pronoun: Acc sg fem/ Nom pl/ Acc pl (the, that, those) / Adverb (then)
/ Conjunction (when). This occurrence: adverb.
 unhēanlīċe: adverb (not ignobly)
 hine: hē: personal pronoun third person. Acc sg masc (he, him)/ reflexive pronoun hē: Acc sg
masc (he, himself). This occurrence: personal pronoun third person, masculine accusative
singular.
 werede: weak verb class 1 werian: past 3rd person sg (defend)
 oþ: preposition + Acc/ Dat (until, to, up to) / conjunction (until). This occurrence:
conjunction.
 hē: hē: personal pronoun third person Nom sg masc (he, it)
 on: preposition + Dat/ Acc (in, on, upon, to towards, against, at) // adverb (in, on). This
occurrence: preposition + accusative.
 þone: se: demonstrative pronoun Acc sg masc (the, that)
 æþeling: æþeling: masculine noun. Nom sg/ Acc sg (prince, nobleman). This occurrence:
accusative singular.
 lōcude: weak verb class 2 lōcian: past 3rd person sg. (look).
 ond: conjunction. (and)
 þā: se: demonstrative pronoun: Acc sg fem/ Nom pl/ Acc pl (the, that, those) / adverb (then)
/ conjunction (when). This occurrence: adverb
 ūt: adverb (out)
 rǣsde: weak verb class 2. Rǣsan: past 3rd person sg (rush)
 on: preposition + Dat/ Acc (in, on, upon, to towards, against, at) // adverb (in, on). This
occurrence: preposition + accusative.
 hine: hē: personal pronoun third person Acc sg masc (he, him)./ reflexive pronoun hē: Acc sg
masc (he, himself). This occurrence: personal pronoun third person, masculine accusative
singular.
 ond: conjunction. (and)
 hine: hē: personal pronoun third person Acc sg masc / reflexive pronoun: Acc sg masc (he,
himself). This occurrence: personal pronoun third person, masculine accusative singular.
 miċlum: adverb (greatly, very)/ myċel. Adjective Dat pl. This occurrence: adverb
 ġewundode: weak verb class 2. ġewundian Past 3rd person (wound).
[6] Ond hīe alle on þone cyning wǣrun feohtende oþ þæt hīe hine ofslæġenne hæfdon.
Literal translation: And they all were fighting against the king until they had him killed.
Adapted translation: And they were all fighting against the king until they had killed him.

Morphological Analysis:
 Ond: conjunction. (and)
 hīe: hīe personal pronoun third person Nom pl/ Acc sg fem/ Acc pl (they, themselves)/
Reflexive pronoun: Acc pl (themselves). This occurrence: personal pronoun third person,
nominative plural.
 alle: adjective eall. Nom pl masc/ Acc pl masc (all, each). This occurrence: masculine
nominative plural
 on: preposition + Dat/ Acc (in, on, upon, to towards, against) // Adv (in, on). This
occurrence: preposition + accusative.
 þone: demonstrative pronoun se : Acc sg masc (the, that).
 cyning: cyning: masculine noun: Noms sg/ Acc sg. (king). This occurrence: accusative
singular.
 wǣrun: anomalous verb bēon, Past pl (be)
 feohtende: strong verb class 3: (ge)feohtan. Present participle (fight)
 oþ þæt: conjunction (until).
 hīe: hīe personal pronoun third person Nom pl/ Acc sg fem/ Acc pl (they, themselves)/
Reflexive pronoun: Acc pl (themselves). This occurrence: personal pronoun third person,
nominative plural.
 hine: personal pronoun third person hē: Acc sg masc/ Reflexive pronoun hē: Acc sg masc (he,
himself). personal pronoun third person masculine accusative singular.
 ofslæġenne: strong verb class 6. ofslēan Past participle (kill, slay).
 hæfdon: weak verb class 3 habban. Past pl (have, hold).
Phonological analysis
- (1) OE ond [ond] OE and [ɑnd] > (2) ME and > (3) 1653 ænd > PdE [ænd] <and>
(1). <ond> is a form from another dialect.
(2). No lengthening of a when followed by a nasal plus a homorganic.
(3). Fronting
-OE <cyning> [küning] > (1) ME kining> (2) king (3)17th kiŋ >PdE [kiŋ] <king>
(1). Eastern Development.
(2). Assimilation. Law of the Least Effort
(3). [ŋ] becomes a phoneme and [g] is lost in word-final position..

-OE <þaet> [ðæt] > (1) ME þat > (2) 1653 þæt > PdE [ðæt] <that>
(1).Voicing because it is a grammatical word æ > a
(2). Fronting

-OE <hē> [he:] > ME hẹ̄ > (1) eModE hi: > PdE [hi:] <he>
(1). Great Vowel Shift

-OE <duru> [duru] > (1) ME dọ̅r > (2) eModE dọ̅r> (3) 20th dō > PdE [dɔː] <door>
(1). OSL. Loss of endings.
(2). Successful –r
(3). Loss of /r/ in word final position

- OE <ūt> [u:t] > ME ūt > (1) eModE aʊt > PE [aʊt] <out>
(1). Great Vowel Shift

-OE <myċel> [müʧel] > (1) ME muʧel > (2) muʧ > (3) muʧ > (4) 1640 mʌʧ > PdE [mʌʧ]
<much>
(1). Western Development y>u
(2). Weakening and loss of the vowel of the second syllable due to lack of stress
(3). Loss of the liquid next to an affricate
(4). Centralization and loss of lip rounding
-OE <eall> [æɑll] > (1) LOE all > (2) awll > (3) awl > (4) ME aul > (5) 18th ōl > PdE [ɔ:l] <all>

(1). Monophthongisation
(2). L-Gliding
(3). Simplification of geminated consonants
(4). Vocalisation
(5). Monophthongisation

-OE <bēon> [be:on] > (1) ME bẹ̅n> (2) bẹ̅ > (3) eModE b > PdE [bi:] <be>
(1). Monophthongisation
(2). Loss of endings
(3). Great Vowel Shift

- OE <wǣrun> [wæ:run] > (1)ME wr > (2) eModE wr > (3) 18th wę̅ǝr> weǝr > (4) 20th weǝ
> PdE [weǝ] <were>
(1). Loss of endings
(2). Successful –r
(3). R-Gliding.
(4). Loss of r in final position

-OE <habban> [hɑββɑn] > (1) LOE haβan > (2) ME hav > (3) 1653 hæv > PdE [hæv] <have>

(1). Simplification of geminated consonants.

(2). Loss of endings. β>v
(3). Fronting

-OE <hævdon> [hæfdon] > (1) ME havd > (2) had > (3) 1653 hæd > PdE [hæd] <had>
(1). Loss of endings
(2). Loss of [v] because of the Law of the Least Effort
(3). Fronting
-OE <feohtan> [feoχtɑn] > (1) ME fehtan > (2) fiht > (3) fijht > (4) fiiht > (5) fīht > (6) eModE
faiht > (7) 17th fait > PdE [faɪt] <fight>

(1). Loss of endings

(2). Palatal Umlaut
(3). H-gliding
(4).Vocalization
(5). Assimilation
(6). Great Vowel Shift
(7). Loss of [χ]when followed by [-t]

Graphical Analysis:

<þ> : In OE we can represent the interdental fricatives (voiced and voiceless) by means of < þ>
and < ð>. In ME, by ANC, these fricatives came to be represented by means of the letters <th>,
as we can see in the PdE words <that>, or <then>. In the text analyzed we can find examples of
this in <þæt>, <þone> or <þāt>.
< æ>: OE < æ> was substituted by <a> in ME by the ANC, as seen with the OE word <þæt>
where < æ> came to be in ME <a>. < æ> appeared for the last time in 1258, in T h e O x f o r d
P r o v isio n s.
OE ū came to be represented in ME by <ou> in mid-word position and by <ow> in word final
position by ANC. In the text analyzed we can find an example OE ūt > PE <out>.
[tʃ]: In OE, this voiceless affricate was represented by means of the letter < c>. In ME by ANC it
came to be represented by <ch>. The dot used on top of the letter < c > was adopted in the 19th
century by philologists. An example in the text analyzed is the word <miċlum>.
[χ]: In OE [χ] was represented by means of the letter <h>. In ME by ANC it came to be
represented by means of the letters <gh>, as seen in the text analyzed with the OE word
<feohtende>. The only exception to the rule is the word <ghost>, where there never was a velar
fricative. It was a mistake on William Caxton’s part, the man who introduced the printing press
in England in 1475.

Semantic analysis
1. <on> in OE was used as a preposition with the meaning of “on” or “in”. In ME <in> re-
entered English from French and <on> lost its <in> meaning.