Group Members:

1. Kheisya Nayandra (225110107111004)

2. Farhah Rodhiyyah (225110107111065)
3. Ni Made Dewi Rara Septiani (225110107111071)

A. Assimilation

Assimilation is a phonological process in which a sound becomes more similar to a neighboring

sound in a word, due to the influence of that neighboring sound. For example, if a child says
"gog" instead of "dog", this is an example of assimilation, as the /g/ sound becomes more like
the following /d/ sound in the word.

1. The phonemes /t/, /d/ and /n/ often become bilabial before bilabial consonants /p/,
/b/ and /m/:
- Hit Parade - /hɪt pəreɪd/ → [hɪp̚ pʰəɹeɪːd̥] (the /t/ assimilates to [p])
- Mad Man - /mæd mæn/ → [mæ̃b̚ mæ̃n] (the /d/ assimilates to [b])
- Ten Whales - /tɛn weɪl/ → [tɛm̃ weɪːɫz̥] (the /n/ assimilates to [m])

2. /t/ assimilates to /k/ before /k/ or /g/, /d/ assimilates to /g/ before /k/ or /g/:
- There's no short cut to learning a language (the /t/ assimilate to /k)
- Credit Card. (the /t/ assimilates to /k)
- Bad Girl. (the /d/ assimilates to /g)
- Last night we had guests for dinner. (the /d/ assimilates to /g)

3. /n/ assimilates to /ŋ/ before /g/ or /k/:

- common ground
- open court

4. /s/ changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/:

- dress shop
- space shuttle

5. /z/ changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/:

- rose show
- these sheep

6. /θ/ changes to /s/ before /s/

- earth science
- birth certificate
B. Elision

Elision refers to the removal of sounds, syllables, or letters from a word or phrase in speech. It
often occurs to simplify pronunciation, maintain rhythm, or streamline the flow of speech. Here
are some common rules of elision in English:

1. Vowel Elision:

● Unstressed Syllables: Unstressed vowels in syllables may be omitted in connected

speech.
○ Example: "Probably" pronounced as "prolly," with the middle vowel (/ə/) omitted.
● Weak Forms: Some words have weak forms in which vowels are often elided or
reduced in casual speech.
○ Example: "I am" pronounced as "I'm," with the vowel sound (/eɪ/) omitted.

2. In connected speech /ə/ can easily disappear at word boundaries when the sound
comes at the start of a word, positioned between two stressed syllables, as in:
- “Go Away” elided, and pronounced as /ˈgəʊ_ˈweɪ/
- “Preferable” elided, and pronounced as /ˈprefrəbļ/

3. The Dropping of /h/

/h/ is lost in pronominal weak forms (i.e. the weak form of the pronoun) when they don’t
occur at the start of an utterance.

- “He passed his exam” is pronounced as /hɪ ˈpaːst ɪz ɪgˈzam/

- “Asked”- [ɑːskt]→ [ɑːst]
- “Lecture” - [ˈlɛktʃə]→ [ˈlɛkʃə]
- “Desktop” - [ˈdɛskˌtɒp]→[ˈdɛsˌtɒp]
- “Hard Disk” - [ˌhɑːdˈdɪsk]→[ˌhɑːˈdɪsk]
- “Kept Quiet” - [ˌkɛptˈkwaɪət]→[ˌkɛpˈkwaɪət]
- “Kept Calling” - [ˌkɛptˈkoːlɪŋ]→[ˌkɛpˈkoːlɪŋ]

C. Linking
Linking tends to occur when two vowel sounds meet together.
This phenomenon is usually noticeable in daily speech. Linking variations of the
sound that will be discussed in this session are linking /r/, linking /j/ and linking
/w/.
- /r/
Example :
● “four apples” [fɔːr ˈæpl̩ z] (The /r/ sound at the end of “four” links the two words
together as the following word “apples” begins with a vowel sound.)
 ● “car owner” [kɑːr ˈəʊnər] (The /r/ sound at the end of “car” links the two words
together as the following word “owner” begins with a vowel sound.)

● “bear attack” [beər əˈtæk] (The /r/ sound at the end of “bear” links the two words
together as the following word “attack” begins with a vowel sound.)

● “Glassware is” [ˈɡlæˌswɛr ɪz] (The /r/ sound at the end of “glassware” links the
two words together as the following word “is” begins with a vowel sound.)

● “For exercise” [fɔr ˈɛksərˌsaɪz] (The /r/ sound at the end of “For” links the two
words together as the following word “exercise” begins with a vowel sound.)

- /j/
Example :
● “I ought to know that” [aɪ ɔt tu noʊ ðæt]
● “I am trying” [aɪ æm ˈtraɪŋ]
● “My owl” [maɪ aʊl]
● “But i adore you” [bʌt aɪ əˈdɔr ju]
● “I always be with you” [aɪ ˈɔlˌweɪz bi wɪð ju]

- /w/
Example :
● “She is eating apples” [ʃi ɪz ˈitɪŋ ˈæpəlz]
● “I saw it” [aɪ sɔ ɪt]
● “He wants it” [hi wɑnts ɪt]
● “I will go” [aɪ wɪl ɡoʊ]
● “You are beautiful” [ju ɑr ˈbjutəfəl]

D. Intrusive /r/
Intrusive /r/ occurs when an /r/ sound is inserted between two words, where it does not
historically belong. It typically happens when the first word ends in the vowel sounds /ə/
(schwa), /ɪə/, /ɑː/, or /ɔː/ and the next word starts with a vowel sound.

Example :
● “idea of” [aɪˈdɪər əv] (An /r/ sound is inserted between “idea” and “of” to eliminate
the hiatus between two vowel sounds.)

● “drawing oranges” [ˈdrɔːrɪŋ ˈɒrɪndʒɪz] (An /r/ sound is inserted between “drawing”
and “oranges” to eliminate the hiatus between two vowel sounds.)
 ● “media event” [ˈmiːdɪər ɪˈvent] (An /r/ sound is inserted between “media” and
“event” to eliminate the hiatus between two vowel sounds.)

● “I want to order a cheeseburger” [aɪ wɑnt tu ˈɔrdər ə ˈʧizbərɡər] (An /r/ sound is
inserted between “order” and “burger” to eliminate the hiatus between two vowel
sounds.)

● “The law of government ” [ðə lɔ ʌv ðə ˈɡʌvərmənt] (An /r/ sound is inserted

between “law[r]” and “goverment” to eliminate the hiatus between two vowel
sounds.)

E. Juncture
Juncture refers to a critical or important point in time, a particular stage or moment in a
process, or a point of connection or intersection.

Example :
- might rain - my train (maɪt̚ ɹeɪn) - (maɪ tʰɹeɪn)
- Nitrate - night rate - ('nəʸt˺reʸt˺)
- a black bird - (a + blak + bs:ad) - (a special species of a bird)
- wet nurse - (wst + n3:Is ) - (a nurse who is wet)
- light house (a + 'lart+haus) - (a house which is light)
- short rain - ('fit + Jein)

F. Contraction
Contraction is a word made by shortening and combining two words. Extend pronounced as
one word or one syllable.

Example :
- Will is contracts to /l/ (I’ll, you’ll)
- Not is contracts to /nt/ if it (don’t, aren’t, can’t)
- Have is contracts to /v/ (I’ve /aɪv/ or /əv/, we’ve /wiv)
- Am is contracts to (/m/)
- He is/He's contracts to (as /z/) (he’s /hiz/)
References.

https://www.casrf.org/post/the-types-of-phonological-processes-explained

https://www.sltinfo.com/csp101-assimilaton-to-bilabial-place/

https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/features/pronunciation/tims-pronunciation-workshop-ep-2
8#:~:text=In%20fluent%20speech%2C%20when%20one,It%27s%20an%20example%20of%20
assimilation.

http://www.tedpower.co.uk/assimilation.html#as06

https://www.ifioque.com/figures-of-speech/trope/elision

https://britishey.com/intrusive-r-vs-linking-r/

https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/4311/what-is-juncture-in-phonetics-and-or-phon
ology

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1217907.pdf
https://pronunciationstudio.com/contractions/

https://www.twinkl.co.id/teaching-wiki/contracted-form