Science and Materials Ass 2 Final

Assignment Working 1
BSc(Hons) in Civil Eng., Science and materials/BTEC HND in CBE-Civil Eng
CONTENTS PAGE
ARTICLE 1 Section 1 ........................................................................................... 3

1.1 Site waste management plan................................................................................ 5
1.1.1 Hazardous waste ............................................................................................. 5
1.1.2 Non-hazardous waste ..................................................................................... 5
1.1.3 Different type of waste materials ................................................................. 6
1.1.4 Waste Materials Management and Recycle/ Reuse. ................................. 6
ARTICLE 2 Section 2.......................................................................................... 8

2.1 section 2 Part a (1) .................................................................................................. 8
2.1.1 Taking sample .................................................................................................. 8
2.1.2 The slump test ................................................................................................. 9
2.1.3 The flow test ................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4 The degree of compatibility test ................................................................. 11
2.1.5 The process of making test cube ............................................................... 11
2.2 section 2 Part a (2). ............................................................................................... 12
2.3 Section 2 part 3 (b) ............................................................................................... 14
2.4 Section 2 part 4 (a)................................................................................................ 17
2.5 Section 4 part (b)................................................................................................... 18
2.5.1 Steel ................................................................................................................. 18
2.5.2 OPC cement ................................................................................................... 20
2.6 Section 2 part (c) ................................................................................................... 21
2.6.1 Types of load.................................................................................................. 21
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology To Learn and to Apply for the Betterment of Humanity
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:Test result ................................................................................................................. 12

Table 2: sort data values accending oder ............................................................................ 12
Table 3:Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................ 14
Table 4:Supplied sample calculations .................................................................................. 17
Table 5: comparison of supplied sample density and researched published density ...... 17
Table 6: types of OPC and properties .................................................................................. 21
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Hazardous signs........................................................................................................ 5

Figure 2:core sample for concrete blo……………………………………………………………………………………8
Figure 3:concrete sampling…………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
Figure 4:Slump test set ............................................................................................................ 9
Figure 5:How to do slump test ................................................................................................ 9
Figure 6: Flow table apparatus………………………………………………………………..10
Figure 7: ring of cement paste segregation ......................................................................... 10
Figure 8:Concrete cube test equipment……………………………………………………...11
Figure 9:filling concrete to cubes………………………........................................................ 11
Figure 10: Concrete cubes .................................................................................................... 12
Figure 11:Distribution curve of concrete cube strength ...................................................... 13
Figure 12: load/ extension graph .......................................................................................... 15
Figure 13: Load / extension named graph ........................................................................... 16
SECTION 1
Hera I choose construction materials as a sand. Because it is very useful construction
materials.
Sand.
Sand is loose particles of hard broken rock, it comprises of grains from disintegrated
rock. The diameter of grains ranges between 0.06 and 2.0 mm in size and varies in
shades of brown and orange in color. Sand provides bulk, strength, and other properties
to construction materials like asphalt and concrete. Specific types of sand are used in
the manufacture of glass and as a molding material for metal casting. Other sand is used
as an abrasive in sandblasting and to make sandpaper. Sand is a significantly important
material for the construction but this important material must be purchased with all care
and vigilance
Sand divided 3 main parts
1. Coarse sand
2. River sand
3. Sea sand
We can get many benefits using sand for construction. But other way it has cause to
very big environmental issues. Today, demand for sand and gravel continues to
increase. Mining operators, in conjunction with cognizant resource agencies, must work
to ensure that sand mining is conducted in a responsible manner.
Excessive instream sand-and-gravel mining causes the degradation of rivers. Instream

mining lowers the stream bottom, which may lead to bank erosion. Depletion of sand in
the streambed and along coastal areas causes the deepening of rivers and estuaries,
and the enlargement of river mouths and coastal inlets. It may also lead to saline-water
intrusion from the nearby sea. The effect of mining is compounded by the effect of sea
level rise. Any volume of sand exported from streambeds and coastal areas is a loss to
the system.
Excessive instream sand mining is a threat to bridges, river banks and nearby
structures. Sand mining also affects the adjoining groundwater system and the uses that
local people make of the river.
Instream sand mining results in the destruction of aquatic and riparian habitat through
large changes in the channel morphology. Impacts include bed degradation, bed
coarsening, lowered water tables near the streambed, and channel instability. These
physical impacts cause degradation of riparian and aquatic biota and may lead to the
undermining of bridges and other structures. Continued extraction may also cause the
entire streambed to degrade to the depth of excavation.
Sand mining generates extra vehicle traffic, which negatively impairs the environment.
Where access roads cross riparian areas, the local environment may be impacted.
Uses of sand
Here we discuss about how to sand use in construction industry.
1. Concrete is made by mixing cement with sand, water and aggregate.

2. Plastering work
3. Brick work
4. A decorative material in landscaping
We can use river sand for construction works. Because sea sand has many types of
ingredients. These ingredients can be harmful for construction works. Therefore, we
should use river sand for construction works. If we use seas sand for reinforcement
concrete steel bars can be corrosion. It is harmful for concrete strength. If we use river
sand, we can be avoiding these type of issues.
As I above mention sand mining is harmful for environment. Therefore, as a solution to

this, here are few alternatives which can be considered.
 Manufactured Sand (M Sand)

 Processed Crushed Rock Fines (Crf)
 Slag Sand
 Powdered Glass
 Granite Fines/Slurry
 Dune Sand
 Processed Quarry Dust
 Washed Soil/Filtered Sand
 Offshore Sand
 Fly Ash/ Pond Ash/ Bottom Ash/
 Copper Slag Sand
 Construction Demolition Waste
 Aluminum Saw Mill Waste
1.1 SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
Construction, demolition, restoration, and remodeling projects all produce a lot of

building material waste. This Construction Site Waste Management Atlanta waste may
include insulation, nails, electrical wiring, rebar, wood, plaster, scrap metal, cement, and
bricks. These materials may be damaged or unused, but can be recycled or reused in
other forms.
Waste
classification
Hazardous Non-Hazardous
waste waste
1.1.1 Hazardous waste
Waste exhibiting one or more of the following properties:
 Flammability, Toxicity, Corrosively, or Reactivity;

 Require special handling, storage, use and disposal precautions
Figure 1 Hazardous signs
1.1.2 Non-hazardous waste
Waste that do not require special handling and disposal precautions.
This includes;
 Project Office Non-Hazardous Waste

 Construction Non-Hazardous Waste.
1.1.3 Different type of waste materials
 Insulation and asbestos materials.

 Concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics.
 Wood, glass and plastic.
 Bituminous mixtures, coal tar and tar.
 Metallic waste (including cables and pipes).
 Soil, contaminated soil, stones and dredging spoil.
 Gypsum.
 Cement.
 Paints and varnishes.
 Adhesives and sealants.
 Water
1.1.4 Waste Materials Management and Recycle/ Reuse.
Bedrock, broken Blocks and Concrete
 The majority of the waste will be clean, inert material and it is proposed to reuse
it for construction purposes where possible. If bedrock is encountered during
excavations, it will either be crushed on-site and used for construction works. we
can gave broken blocks and concrete pieces’ waste collectors or another site.
Because broken blocks, bedrock pieces and concrete pieces are good backfilling
materials for foundation.
Soil
 Excess inert soils and sub-soils excavated that is not required for use as fill on
site will be recovered off-site. We can give soil for other construction site. As I
say above soil is good backfilling material for foundation.
Plastic
 As plastic is now considered a highly recyclable material, much of the plastic

generated during construction will be diverted from landfill and recycled. If we
can plastic segregated at kept as clean as possible and store in a dedicated, we
can sell plastic for recycling companies
Timber
 There will be timber waste generated from the construction work as off-cuts or
damaged pieces of timber or from the demolished buildings. Timber that is
uncontaminated example: free from paints, preservatives, glues etc., will all be
recycled. It will be collected on-site in a designated area, and we can give timber
for recycling company. Therefore, we can earn some money.
 Use of metal wall panel formworks to reduce the use of timber resource.
Scrap steel
 Steel is a highly recyclable material and there are numerous companies that will
accept waste steel and other scrap metals. We can give steel to recycling
companies.
Cardboard/ cement bags/ papers
 Cardboard packaging can also be recycled. Card board will be flattered and
placed in a covered skip to prevent it getting wet. We can give cardboard/
cement bags and papers to recycling companies.
Plasterboard
 Waste gypsum can be recycled into new plasterboard. A skip will be provided for
the separate collection of waste plasterboard and collected as necessary.
Waste water
 Installation of waste water treatment plant to collect and treat waste water before
discharge.
 Regular testing on wastewater quality after treatment
 Recycling the treated waste water for wheel washing, flushing or other site
works.
 Clearing away stagnant water to avoid mosquito breeding example: trapped
water in excavation and other containers
 Use of light duty sump pump to clear stagnant water on the floor
ARTICLE 2 SECTION 2
2.1 SECTION 2 PART A (1)
2.1.1 Taking sample
 The standard composite sample
 BS code: BS EN 12350-1:2000
 To ensure it is representative of the whole truck load a standard sample consists of

scoopfuls taken from four different parts of the load and collected in buckets.
Scoopfuls must be taken through the moving stream, as the load is discharged,
sampling the whole width and depth – not just the top part. The size of sample taken
should be 11/2 times the estimated volume required
for testing.
• Let very first concrete go
• Take a scoopful from part 1
• Let the last concrete go
Complete a sampling certificate and record which sampling method was used.
Figure 2:core sample for concrete block Figure 3:concrete sampling
2.1.2 The slump test
 BS code: BS EN 12350-2:2009
 Firstly, the internal surface of the mold is cleaned carefully. Oil can be applied on
the surface.
 The mold is then placed on a base plate. The base plate should be clean,
smooth, horizontal and non-porous.
 The mold is filled with fresh concrete in three layers. Each layer is tamped 25
times with a steel rod. The diameter of this steel rod is 5⁄8 inch. The rod is
rounded at the ends. The tamping should be done uniformly.
 After filling the mold, excess concrete should be removed and the surface should
be levelled. When the mold is filled with fresh concrete, the base of the mold is
held firmly by handles.
 Then the mold is lifted gently in the vertical direction and then unsupported
concrete will slump. The decrease in height at the center point is measured to
nearest 5mm or 0.25 inch and it is known as ‘slump’
Figure 4:Slump test set
Figure 5:How to do slump test
2.1.3 The flow test
 The flow test is used for high workability concrete (with a slump of more that
175 mm). The test is carried out in accordance with BS EN 12350-5, Testing
fresh concrete. Flow table test. This replaces BS 1881: Part 105.
 The 700 mm square flow table is hinged to a rigid base, proved with a stop
that allows the far end to be raised by 40 mm. A cone, similar to that used for
slump testing but truncated, is filled with concrete in two layers. Each layer is
tamped 10 times with a special wooden bar and the concrete of the upper
layer finished off level with the top of the cone. Any excess is cleaned off the
outside of the cone. The cone is then raised allowing the concrete to flow out
and spread out a little on the flow table. The table top is then raised until it
meets the stop and allowed to drop freely 15 times. This causes the concrete
to spread further, in a roughly circular shape. The flow diameter is the
average of the maximum diameter of the pool of concrete and the diameter at
right angles.
 As well as getting an accurate measurement of the workability of the

concrete, the flow test gives an indication of the cohesion. A mix that is prone
to segregation will produce a non-circular pool of concrete. Cement paste
may be seen separating from the aggregate. If the mix is prone to bleeding, a
ring of clear water may form after a few minutes.
Figure 6: Flow table apparatus Figure 7: ring of cement paste segregation
2.1.4 The degree of compatibility test
 The degree of compatibility test is described in BS EN 12350-4:2009 Testing

fresh concrete: Part 4 Degree of compatibility which replaces BS 1881: Part
103 Testing concrete. Method for determination of compacting factor.
 The two tests, degree of compatibility and compacting factor, are quite
different.
 For the degree of compatibility concrete is carefully placed into a container,

avoiding any compaction of the concrete. When the container is full, the
surface is struck off. The concrete is then compacted by vibration (either by a
vibrating table or a vibrating poker) and the distance from the top of the
compacted concrete to the top of the container is measured.
 The degree of compatibility = internal height of the cylinder / height of the

compacted concrete.
2.1.5 The process of making test cube
 The procedures for concrete cube making are given in British Standard (BS)
1881:1983
 The cube mold should be clean and lightly oiled.
 It should be filled in 50 mm layers and compacted, with a steel tamping bar, with
a minimum of 35 tamps per layer for a 150 mm mold respectively.
 After tamping each layer, the mold should be lifted slightly and dropped or the
sides tapped, to close the top surface of each layer. The final layer should slightly
overfill the mold.
 Finally, the top layer should be troweled off, level with the top of the mold.
 All sampling and test equipment should be cleaned immediately after use.
Figure 8:Concrete cube test equipment Figure 9:filling concrete to cubes
Figure 10: Concrete cubes
2.2 SECTION 2 PART A (2).
38.3 37.9 37.0 38.9
38.2 38.4 38.2 40.4
39.7 39.2 37.9 37.9
40.4 40.7 40.0 38.1
37.7 40.9 38.5 40.2
38.9 37.9 37.8 36.9
41.6 39.2 38.8 40.5
Table 1:Test result
Mean value = 38.93214
Standard deviation = 1.246344
36.9 37.9 38.8 40.2

37 38.1 38.9 40.4
37.7 38.2 38.9 40.4
37.8 38.2 39.2 40.5
37.9 38.3 39.2 40.7
37.9 38.4 39.7 40.9
37.9 38.5 40 41.6
Table 2: sort data values ascending order
DISTRIBUTION CURVE OF CONCRETE CUBE

STRENGTH
42
41
40
STRENGTH(N/mm2)
39
38
37
36
35
34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
DAYS
Figure 11:Distribution curve of concrete cube strength
2.3 SECTION 2 PART 3 (B)
Table 3:Appendix 1
Stress = Strain = Young Modulus =

Change in
Load (N) Force / Area Change in length Stress / Strain
Length (mm)
(N/mm2 ) / original length (N/mm2 )
20 0.041928721 0.06 0.0002 209.6436059
40 0.083857442 0.11 0.000366667 228.7021155
60 0.125786164 0.18 0.0006 209.6436059
80 0.167714885 0.24 0.0008 209.6436059
100 0.209643606 0.29 0.000966667 216.8726957
120 0.251572327 0.35 0.001166667 215.6334232
140 0.293501048 0.41 0.001366667 214.7568645
150 0.314465409 0.43 0.001433333 219.3944713
160 0.335429769 0.46 0.001533333 218.7585453
170 0.35639413 0.50 0.001666667 213.836478
172 0.360587002 0.53 0.001766667 204.1058502
174 0.364779874 0.57 0.0019 191.9894075
176 0.368972746 0.62 0.002066667 178.5351998
175 0.36687631 0.70 0.002333333 157.2327044
178 0.373165618 0.81 0.0027 138.2094883
180 0.377358491 0.86 0.002866667 131.6366828
190 0.398322851 1.02 0.0034 117.1537798
200 0.419287212 1.21 0.004033333 103.955507
210 0.440251572 1.41 0.0047 93.6705473
220 0.461215933 1.65 0.0055 83.85744235
230 0.482180294 1.92 0.0064 75.34067086
240 0.503144654 2.25 0.0075 67.08595388
250 0.524109015 2.84 0.009466667 55.36362831
257 0.538784067 3.53 0.011766667 45.7890142
260 0.545073375 4.24 0.014133333 38.5665124
259 0.542976939 5.65 0.018833333 28.83063394
256 0.536687631 6.10 0.020333333 26.39447366
256 0.536687631 6.33 0.0211 25.43543275
250 0.524109015 6.33 0.0211 24.8392898
242 0.507337526 6.55 0.021833333 23.23683326
229 0.480083857 6.61 0.022033333 21.78897991
Area 477mm2
Length 300 mm
Figure 12: load/ extension graph
LOAD/ EXTENSION GRAPH

300
250
200
LOAD (N)
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
EXTENSION (mm)
Figure 13: Load / extension named graph
𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 170𝑁
The yield stress = 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
= 477𝑚𝑚2 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟒𝑵𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 260𝑁
The ultimate or maximum stress = 𝑎𝑟𝑒
= 477𝑚𝑚2 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟓𝟏𝑵𝒎𝒎𝟐
170−20 150
The modulus of elasticity of the material = = = 𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟏𝑵𝒎𝒎𝟐
0.5−0.06 0.44
2.4 SECTION 2 PART 4 (A)
Supplied sample;
Measurement Volume Density (kgm−3 )

Weight
Sample (m3 ) [weight(mass)/
Length Width Height (kg)
(L × w × H) Volume) ]
(m) (m) (m)
Concrete
0.15 0.15 0.15 8 2666.667
cube 0.003
Brick 0.1125 0.102 0.065 2 0.0007 2857.143
Block 0.35 0.16 0.097 12 0.005 2400
Tile 0.4064 0.4064 0.0127 1.5 0.0021 714.2857

Timber
0.384 0.292 0.02 1.6 0.002 800
(mango)
10 liter
Aggregate 20 0.01 2000
bucket
Table 4:Supplied sample calculations
Supplied sample Researched published

Sample
density (kgm−3 ) density(kgm−3)
Concrete cube 2666.667 2400
Brick 2857.143 2000
Block 2400 2100
Tile (porcelain) 714.2857 2400
Timber (mango) 800 720
Aggregate 2000 1680

Table 5: comparison of supplied sample density and researched published density
2.5 SECTION 4 PART (B)
Here I choose steel and OPC cement.
2.5.1 Steel
.1 Properties of steel
 Steel is an alloy, consisting mainly of iron, with a carbon content of 0.2% to 2.1%
by weight.
 Though the use of carbon is most common for the production of this metal alloy,
other alloying materials like tungsten, chromium and manganese are also used.
 The proportions and forms in which these elements are used, affect the
properties of the steel that is produced - increasing the carbon content for
instance, increases its strength.
 This fact is particularly useful for making different types of steel for different
purposes - the strength of steel needed to make a beverage can, is obviously
different from the one needed to make railway tracks.
 There are various types of steel, and the use of this alloy is widespread across
industries and infrastructure owing to its many useful properties and
characteristics.
.2 Types of steel
 Carbon steel
 Alloy steel
 Stainless steel
 Tool steel
.3 Uses of steel
) To Build High Rise Buildings
 Structural steel is resistant to external forces such as wind and earthquakes. It is

a flexible metal, so in the case of a storm or an earthquake, the steel component
in the building will not break but bend.
2) To Build Industrial Sheds
 Another benefit of structural steel is that it is cost effective. With the availability of
ready-made steel sections, structural frameworks can be erected in no time.
Moreover, a lot of work can be pre- done in the industrial site, thereby saving
time and money.
3) To Build Residential Buildings
 As mentioned above, these buildings have to stand the test of time. They should
be able to withstand external forces such as wind, earthquakes, and storms. The
plasticity and flexibility of structural steel make it suitable for the construction of
residential buildings. A technique called light gauge steel construction is used to
build residential buildings.
4) To Build Bridges
 Steel has a high strength to weight ratio, which means, steel is a tensile metal. It
is durable and can withstand the weight of a fleet of cars and people. These
qualities enable engineers, designers, and fabricators to build large, monumental
bridges that can stand the test of time.
5) To Build Parking Garages
 Structural steel is useful to build parking garages for the same reasons as
mentioned above. But another quality that makes it distinctly suitable in
construction is that it is lightweight. This makes it easier to construct structures.
6) Stations and Hangars:
 Railway terminals, metro stations, aircraft hangars and stadiums are made with
the extensive use of structural steel. As steel is known for its tensile strength and
durability, it is the best material that can withstand heavy loads and absorb
shocks
2.5.2 OPC cement
.1 Prosperities of OPC & Types of OPC
33 Grade 43 Grade 53 Grade
Type of Cement
(IS: 269-1989) (IS:8112-1989) (IS: 12269-1987)
PHYSICAL PROPERITES
Minimum Compressive Strength, N/mm2
3 day 16 23 27
7 day 22 33 37
28 day 33 43 53
Fineness
Minimum specific surface

(Blaine’s air permeability) 225 225 225
m2/kg
Setting times (minutes)
Initial, minimum 30 30 30
Final, maximum 600 600 600
Soundness, expansion (Le

10 10 10
Chatelier Test, mm), maximum
Autoclave test for MgO,

0.8 0.8 0.8
percent, maximum
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Loss on ignition, percent,

5 5 4
maximum
Insoluble residue, percent,

4 2 2
maximum
Magnesia Mgo, percent

6 6 6
maximum
C3A>5 percent 2.5 2.5 2.5

C3A<5 percent 3 3 3
Lime saturation factor (LSF) 0.66 to 1.02 0.66 to 1.02 0.8 to 1.02
Table 6: types of OPC and properties
.2 Uses of OPC
 It is used for general construction purposes where special properties are not
required.
 It is normally used for the reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, pavements, and
where soil conditions are normal.
 It is also used for most of concrete masonry units and for all uses where the
concrete is not subject to special sulfate hazard or where the heat generated by
the hydration of cement is not objectionable.
 It has great resistance to cracking and shrinkage but has less resistance to
chemical attacks.
2.6 SECTION 2 PART (C)
2.6.1 Types of load
.1 Dead Load
 The dead load of a bridge is the bridge itself -- all the parts and materials that are
used in the construction of the bridge. This includes the foundation, beams,
cement, cables, steel or anything else that comprises the parts of the bridge. It's
called a dead load because it doesn't move. It may breathe with the seasons or
sway with the wind, but those movements are almost imperceptible.
.2 Live Load
 A live load is the moving weight the bridge will hold, such as traffic. It is based on
traffic patterns that include the number of cars, trucks and other vehicles that will
travel across it at any given time. Certain variables, such as snow, may be
calculated into the total live weight for a more accurate estimate. The heaviest
possible weight in the most extreme conditions is also a factor despite the rarity
of such an occurrence.
.3 Wind loads
 Wind load is primarily horizontal load caused by the movement of air relative to
earth. Wind load is required to be considered in structural design especially when
the heath of the building exceeds two times the dimension’s transverse to the
exposed wind surface.
.4 Snow Loads
 Snow loads constitute to the vertical loads in the building. But these types of
loads are considered only in the snow fall places. The IS 875 (part 4) – 1987
deals with snow loads on roofs of the building.
.5 Earthquake Loads
 Earthquake forces constitute to both vertical and horizontal forces on the

building. The total vibration caused by earthquake may be resolved into three
mutually perpendicular directions, usually taken as vertical and two horizontal
directions.
.6 Other Loads
 Foundation movement
 Elastic axial shortening
 Soil and fluid pressure
 Vibration
 Fatigue
 Erection loads
 Stress concentration
 Timber can bear dead load, snow load, live load and wind load. But timber
can’t bear earth quake loads. Because timber elastic and plastic region is
very low. Therefore, timber can’t bear earth quake and that kind of loads.
 Concrete can bear many kind of loads. Because concrete is very strong
material. Concrete is best for compression. But concrete is weak for tension.
Because it has essentially zero strength in tension, it is almost always used
as reinforced concrete. And also some kind of special concrete types resist
for earthquakes.
 Steel is a highly durable metal. It can withstand a considerable amount of

external pressure. Hence, steel structures are earthquake resistant. Steel
structures have a good load carrying capacity. Steel is a tensile metal. It has
a high strength to weight ratio. Therefore, steel is good construction material.
As I above mentioned materials are good for construction. But my opinion, steel is a
better construction material. Because steel an eco-friendly option as they are easily
recyclable. This means we get to save money in waste management. And also steel
structures are very durable, fire resistant and also construction process is very fast.
Therefore, I think steel is a future material for construction industry.

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Assignment Working 1

BSc(Hons) in Civil Eng., Science and materials/BTEC HND in CBE-Civil Eng

ARTICLE 1 Section 1 ........................................................................................... 3

ARTICLE 2 Section 2.......................................................................................... 8

Table 1:Test result ................................................................................................................. 12

Figure 1 Hazardous signs........................................................................................................ 5

Sand divided 3 main parts

Excessive instream sand-and-gravel mining causes the degradation of rivers. Instream

Here we discuss about how to sand use in construction industry.

1. Concrete is made by mixing cement with sand, water and aggregate.

As I above mention sand mining is harmful for environment. Therefore, as a solution to

 Manufactured Sand (M Sand)

1.1 SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Construction, demolition, restoration, and remodeling projects all produce a lot of

1.1.1 Hazardous waste

Waste exhibiting one or more of the following properties:

 Flammability, Toxicity, Corrosively, or Reactivity;

Figure 1 Hazardous signs

1.1.2 Non-hazardous waste

Waste that do not require special handling and disposal precautions.

 Project Office Non-Hazardous Waste

1.1.3 Different type of waste materials

 Insulation and asbestos materials.

1.1.4 Waste Materials Management and Recycle/ Reuse.

Bedrock, broken Blocks and Concrete

 As plastic is now considered a highly recyclable material, much of the plastic

Cardboard/ cement bags/ papers

2.1 SECTION 2 PART A (1)

2.1.1 Taking sample

 The standard composite sample

 To ensure it is representative of the whole truck load a standard sample consists of

• Let very first concrete go

• Take a scoopful from part 1

• Take a scoopful from part 2

• Take a scoopful from part 3

• Take a scoopful from part 4

• Let the last concrete go

Figure 2:core sample for concrete block Figure 3:concrete sampling

2.1.2 The slump test

Figure 4:Slump test set

Figure 5:How to do slump test

2.1.3 The flow test

 As well as getting an accurate measurement of the workability of the

Figure 6: Flow table apparatus Figure 7: ring of cement paste segregation

2.1.4 The degree of compatibility test

 The degree of compatibility test is described in BS EN 12350-4:2009 Testing

 For the degree of compatibility concrete is carefully placed into a container,

 The degree of compatibility = internal height of the cylinder / height of the

2.1.5 The process of making test cube

 The cube mold should be clean and lightly oiled.

Figure 8:Concrete cube test equipment Figure 9:filling concrete to cubes

Figure 10: Concrete cubes

2.2 SECTION 2 PART A (2).

38.3 37.9 37.0 38.9

38.2 38.4 38.2 40.4

39.7 39.2 37.9 37.9

40.4 40.7 40.0 38.1

37.7 40.9 38.5 40.2

38.9 37.9 37.8 36.9

41.6 39.2 38.8 40.5

Table 1:Test result

Mean value = 38.93214

Standard deviation = 1.246344

36.9 37.9 38.8 40.2