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CHAPTER 2
SISO
SIMO
8
MISO
MIMO
by moving the antennas even at a small distance the paths used will change.
Even though these multiple paths introduce interference in MIMO, by
improving the signal to noise ratio, or data capacity they can be used to
provide additional robustness to the radio link. As a result it is possible to
linearly increase the throughput of the channel. In recent years one of the
more valuable commodities is spectral bandwidth, to use the available
bandwidth more effectively techniques such as precoding is needed.
2.3.1 Diversity
In SISO only one transmit antenna and one receive antennas are
used. This will not provide any diversity as there is no parallel link. Thus the
diversity order is 0. In SIMO system, two copies of the same data is
transmitted by using two transmit antennas having independent fading
characteristics. If one of the links fail to deliver the data, there is possibility
that the other link may deliver the data properly. This improvement in
reliability leads to performance improvement which is measured as diversity
gain. For a system with Nt transmitter antennas and Nr receiver antennas, the
maximum number of diversity paths is Nt×Nr .For SIMO the number of
diversity paths is 1×2=2.Similarly for a 2×2 MIMO system the total number
of diversity paths is 2×2=4.
Fading Channel h1
Fading Channels
h1
h3 h2
Transmitter Receiver
h4
2.3.2 Spatial-Multiplexing
010 0
010 0
2.4 OFDM
In high data rate applications the symbol duration reduces with the
increase of data rate. Due to the fading effect the systems using single carrier
modulation experience severe inter symbol interference (ISI) which leads to
more complex equalization. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) is a digital multicarrier modulation scheme that overcomes the
drawback of single subcarrier modulation by using multiple subcarriers within
the same single channel. Instead of transmitting a high rate stream of data
with a single subcarrier, OFDM makes use of a large number of closely
spaced orthogonal subcarriers that are transmitted in parallel. The basic
concept of OFDM modulation is to divide the entire frequency selective
fading channel into many narrow band flat fading sub channels which carries
a high data rate modulating stream in parallel. Since the carrier frequencies of
each sub channel are orthogonal to each other, even though sidebands from
each carrier overlap they are not affected by inter symbol interference. In
order to accomplish this, carrier spacing is chosen such that it is equal to the
reciprocal of the symbol period (Li Y.G 2006).
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which will form up a single OFDM symbol. The result from IFFT is
transmitted across the channel. The receiver uses the FFT block to bring out
the frequency domain signal in order to recover the original data.
for (2.1)
where, and
where Ts denotes the symbol duration and indicates the OFDM sub
channel space. At receiver in order to demodulate the OFDM signal the
symbol duration must satisfy the orthogonality condition i.e., Ts =1 (Li Y.G
2006).
= (2.2)
where,
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From (2.2) and (2.3), the discrete form of OFDM signal can be
represented as,
where, then
each sub channel is given as symbols/sec.; hence the total transmission rate
where, T indicates the actual OFDM symbol duration and it is the sum of
symbol duration and length of cyclic extension i.e., T=Ts+Tg(Li Y.G 2006).
(2.4)
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i. OFDM divides the overall channel into multiple narrowband signals that
are affected individually as flat fading sub-channels hence it is more
resistant to frequency selective fading.
ii. Channel interference is band limited so it will not affect all the sub
channels i.e. not all the data is lost hence OFDM is highly resilience to
interference.
iii. OFDM efficiently utilizes the available spectrum because it uses closely
spaced overlapping sub carriers.
iv. The OFDM supports low data rate on each of the sub-channels hence it
provides resilient to ISI.
(2.6)
where, Rerror is the error covariance matrix and Hestimate is the channel
estimation matrix.
Statistical CSI or long term CSI: This method uses the statistical information
such as the type of fading, line of sight (LOS) component, channel gain and
spatial correlation to describe the channel characteristics.
(2.9)
(2.10)
where ⊗ denotes the Kronecker product. The mean square error estimation is
given as
Y0(i)
M Layers N Antennas
Figure 2.8 Mimo open loop system
CP CP removal DFT
X0(i) IDFT
Equalizer
Precoding W(i)
.
. . .
. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
XM-1(i)
IDFT CP removal DFT
CP
YN-1(i)
PMI
Feedback Channel
Channel Estimation
Codebook
‗i‘ at the transmitter and the antenna ‗i‘ at the receiver is represented by the
channel response hii. Thus, the channel matrix is of dimension N×M.
Therefore from (2.5) the received signal vector y can be expressed
in terms of the channel transmission matrix H, the input signal vector x and
noise vector n as,
where,
, and
(2.13)
(2.20)
(2.22)
40 N =1, N =1
T R
N =2, N =2
35 T R
N =4, N =4
channel capacity(bps/Hz)
T R
30 N =6, N =6
T R
N =8, N =8
25 T R
20
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR[dB]
N N =2
0.8 T R
N = N =4
T R
N = N =6
T R
0.6 N = N =8
T R
CDF
0.4
0.2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30
Rate[bps/Hz]
25
Capacity (bits/transmission)
20 SIMO/MISO
Max Eigenmode Tx
Eigenmode Tx with WF
15
10
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
2.11 CONCLUSION
This chapter thus provides an overview of MIMO systems,
especially MU-MIMO systems, techniques used to improve the performance
of MIMO system. It describes the basics and need for OFDM system in
MIMO, need for channel state information, the channel model and the
capacity of MIMO channel. The BER and capacity of MIMO systems are
analyzed and it shows that the performance of MIMO system is increased as
diversity increases.