Unit-5:MIMO Channels

Physical modelling,MIMO & space timing signal processing, spatial multiplexing,

diversity/multiplexing tradeoff.

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)

What are MIMO techniques?

• MIMO is a wireless technology that uses multiple transmitters and receivers

to transfer more data at the same time.

• All wireless products with 802.11n support MIMO.

• The technology helps allow 802.11n to reach higher speeds than products
without 802.11n.

What is MIMO (multiple input, multiple output)?

• MIMO is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which

multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the
destination (receiver

• The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to

minimize errors, optimize data speed and improve the capacity of radio
transmissions by enabling data to travel over many signal paths at the same
time.

• Creating multiple versions of the same signal provides more opportunities

for the data to reach the receiving antenna without being affected by fading,
which increases the signal-to-noise ratio and error rate.
• By boosting the capacity of radio frequency (RF) systems, MIMO creates a
more stable connection and less congestion.

The importance of MIMO for users

• The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) added MIMO with Mobile
Broadband Standard.

• MIMO used for Wi-Fi networks and cellular fourth-generation (4G) Long-
Term Evolution (LTE) and fifth-generation (5G) technology.

• Also used in wireless local area networks (WLANs) and supported by all
wireless products with 802.11n.

• Creating multiple versions of the same signal provides more opportunities

for the data to reach the receiving antenna without being affected by fading,
which increases the signal-to-noise ratio and error rate.

• By boosting the capacity of radio frequency (RF) systems, MIMO creates a

more stable connection and less congestion.

• MIMO is often used for high-bandwidth communications, no interference

from microwave or RF systems. ex, Used by first responders rely on cell
networks during a disaster or power outage or when a cell network is
overloaded.

• Wi-Fi 6 -- also known as 802.11ax -- raised the bar for wireless connectivity
by introducing several new technologies to help eliminate the limitations
associated with adding more Wi-Fi devices to a network.
Types of MIMO

• Single-user (SU) and

• Multiuser (MU).

• In SU-MIMO systems, data streams can only interact with one device on
the network at a time.

• MU-MIMO systems, therefore, outperform SU-MIMO.

• Issues arise with SU-MIMO when many users attempt to use the network
simultaneously. If one person is uploading video and another is
conferencing, the data stream will choke, causing latency, or delays, to
skyrocket.

• Advantage :MU-MIMO stream multiple data sets to multiple devices at a

time.

• Configurations for MIMO systems: 2x2, 4x4, 6x6 and 8x8 most common.

• 5G massive systems manipulate these configurations to enable extensive

network capacity
•

• MIMO's primary advantages

• In its various configurations, MIMO has a number of advantages over MISO

and SIMO advanced antenna technologies:

• MIMO enables stronger signals. It bounces and reflects signals so a user

device doesn't need to be in a clear line of sight.

• Video and other large-scale content can travel over a network in large
quantities. This content travels more quickly because MIMO supports
greater throughput.
• Many data streams improve visual and auditory quality. They also decrease
the chance of lost data packets.

• Under suitable channel fading conditions,both multiple transmit and

multiple receive antennas (i.e.A MIMO channel) provides an additional
spatial dimension for communication and yields a degree-of- freedom
gain.These additional degrees of freedom can be exploited by spatially
multiplexing several data streams onto the MIMO channel,increase capacity:
capacity of such a MIMO channel with n transmit and receive antennas is
proportional to n.

• Multiple access system with multiple antennas at the base-station allows

several users to simultaneously communicate with the base-station.

• The multiple antennas allow spatial separation of the signals from the
different users,similar effect can occur for a point-to-point channel with
multiple transmit and receive antennas, i.e., even when the transmit antennas
are not geographically far apart,provided that the scattering environment is
rich enough to allow the receive antennas to separate out the signals from the
different transmit antennas.

• Communication techniques provide a power gain,very significant in the low

SNR where systems are power-limited but less in the high SNR ,are
bandwidth limited.

• MIMO techniques can provide both a power gain and a degree-of-freedom

gain.
 • MIMO techniques is primary tool to increase capacity significantly in the
high SNR regime

. Multiplexing capability of deterministic MIMO channels

• A narrowband time-invariant wireless channel with nt transmit and nr

receive antennas is described by an nr by nt deterministic matrix H.

• What are the key properties of H that determine how much spatial
multiplexing it can support? We answer this question by looking at the
capacity of the channel.

• Benefits of MIMO technology

• MIMO technology achieve such significant performance gains are

• Array gain,

• Spatial diversity gain,

• Spatial multiplexing gain and interference reduction.

Array gain

• Array gain is the increase in receive SNR that results from a coherent
combining effect of the wireless signals at a receiver,realized through spatial
processing at the receive antenna array and/or spatial pre-processing at the
transmit antenna array.
 • Array gain improves resistance to noise, thereby improving the coverage and
the range of a wireless network.

• Spatial diversity gain

• Signal level at a receiver in a wireless system fluctuates or fades.

• Spatial diversity gain mitigates fading, providing the receiver with coverage
and reliability.

• Multiple copies of the transmitted signal in space, frequency or time.With an

increasing number of independent copies ,referred as the diversity order.

• a deep fade increases, thereby improving the quality and reliability of

reception. A MIMO

• channel with MT transmit antennas and MR receive antennas potentially

offers MTMR

Spatial multiplexing gain

• MIMO offer a linear increase in data rate through spatial multiplexing i.e.,
transmitting multiple, independent data streams within the bandwidth of
operation.

• Under suitable channel conditions,rich scattering in the environment,receiver

separate the data streams.

• Each data stream experiences same channel quality experienced by a single-

input single-output system,enhancing the capacity by a multiplicative factor
equal to the number of streams.
 • Number of data streams supported by a MIMO channel equals the minimum
of the number of transmit antennas and the number of receive antennas, i.e.,
min MT MR.

• The spatial multiplexing gain increases the capacity of a wireless network.

What is the concept of spatial multiplexing?

• Spatial multiplexing is a MIMO wireless protocol that sends separate data

signals or streams between antenna to enhance wireless signal performance
or functionality.

• It is a type of “spatial diversity” that helps to increase the possibilities for

various types of end-to-end transmission

Interference reduction and avoidance

• Interference in wireless networks results from multiple users sharing time

and frequency

• resources.

• Interference mitigated in MIMO systems by exploiting the spatial

dimension to increase the separation between users.

• In the presence of interference,array gain increases the tolerance to noise &

interference power,improving the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio
(SINR).

• Spatial dimension leveraged for interference avoidance, i.e., directing signal

energy towards the intended user and minimizing interference to other users.
• Interference reduction and avoidance improve the coverage and range of a
wireless network. using some combination of the benefits across a wireless
network result in improved capacity,

MIMO -PHYSICAL MODELLING

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Graphical intuition in the I-Q plane

Physical modeling of the SIMO channel

Physical modeling of the MIMO channel

Line-of-Sight MIMO Channel
Geographically-Separated Transmit Antennas
Geographically-Separated Receive Antennas
MIMO Link in Multipath
1. Graphical intuition in the I-Q plane

2. Physical modeling of the SIMO channel

3. Physical modeling of the MIMO channel

– Line-of-Sight MIMO Channel

– Geographically-Separated Transmit Antennas

– Geographically-Separated Receive Antennas

– MIMO Link in Multipath

For example, the capacity of an fading. Rayleigh fading channel scales like nmin
log SNR,

where nmin = minnt nr - number of spatial degrees of freedom in the channel.

fast fading capacity achieved by averaging over the variation of the channel over
time.

In the slow fading, no averaging possible and one cannot communicate at this rate
reliably,information rate allowed through the channel is a random variable
fluctuating around the fast fading capacity.

one expect benefit from the increased degrees of freedom even in the slow fading.

Maximum diversity gain provides no such indication; ex, both an nt × nr channel

and an ntnr × 1 channel have the same maximum diversity gain and expect former
to allow better spatial multiplexing than the latter.
• . One needs more than the maximum diversity gain to capture the spatial
multiplexing benefit.

• To achieve the maximum diversity gain, needs to communicate at a fixed

rate R, small compared to the fast fading capacity at high SNR.

• Sacrificing all spatial multiplexing benefit of the MIMO channel to

maximize the reliability.

• To get back some benefit, communicate at a rate

R = r log SNR,

• which is a fraction of the fast fading capacity,makes sense to formulate the

following diversity–multiplexing tradeoff for a slow fading channel

• Above tradeoff characterizes the slow fading performance limit of the

channel.

• Formulate a diversity–multiplexing tradeoff for any space-time coding

scheme, with outage probabilities replaced by error probabilities.
• The diversity–multiplexing tradeoff formulation may seem conceptual.

• The tradeoff performance of specific coding schemes analyzed and see how
they perform compared to each other and to the optimal diversity–
multiplexing tradeoff of the channel.