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University of British “Color red can make

J. Colors may affect Columbia conducted a test people's work more
performance, study with 600 participants to accurate, but blue can
suggests see how people perform on make them more creative.”
different types of scenario (Belluck, 2009)
using blue and red
background. Surprisingly
Pam Belluck
the red group perform
better on recall and
attention while the blue
2009 group perform better in
creativity and imagination.

J. The Influence of Colour

Many variables can affect
on Memory the cognitive human
Performance: A Review memory, one of those is
the colors. In this article it
discuss on how colors
Mariam Adawiah Dzulkifli affects not only academic
and performance but also in
therms of business and
Muhammad Faiz Mustafar communication skills.
2013
“Color function as a
powerful information
channel in human
cognitive system and has
found to play an important
role in enhancing memory
performance. Colors can
be very effective in
learning and educational
setting, marketing,
communication and even
sports.” (Dzulkifli and
Mustafar, 2013)

F. The Effects of Colour The researchers examined “Colour can affect

on Children’s Performance whether color in 8-9 year children's cognitive
olds impacts cognitive performance and that there
output. The children is a detrimental effect of
Alice Brooker finished a battery of red.” (Brooker and
and activities, once in the Franklin, 2015)
presence of a colored
Anna Franklin screen that was one of
eight colors and once in
the presence of gray.
2015
 Colors affect our mood,
feelings and thoughts. This
F. What is the Best Color article discusses whether
color also enhance
for Studying?
people’s studying, the
effects of different colors
on study performance and
Michael Borgers the best color to use for
studying or writing.
2018
F. Seeing Green Boosts A boring, attention
your Concentration, sapping assignment was
Research Shows provided to 150 university
students in a research led
by Dr. Kate Lee, which
Marissa Calligeros involved pressing a button
as a sequence of numbers
flashed constantly on a
computer screen. The
2015
students were told not to
press the key when the
number three appeared on
the screen. A 40-second
break was provided to
them to view a city rooftop
scene. Half of the group
watched a green roof, the
other watched a bare
concrete roof. After the
break, students who
glanced at the green roof
made significantly fewer
errors compared to those
“According to recent
studies, the way color can
improve study
performance is by
increasing alertness and
neural activity through
arousal. The most suitable
colors for this are red,
orange and yellow.
That is in a way surprising.
I thought a calm green
would be the perfect color
for a study room but
apparently, vividness is
much more motivational.”
(Borgers, 2018)
“The green roof provided a
restorative experience that
boosted those mental
resources that control
attention, the researchers
concluded. Dr Lee said
just a moment of looking
at a green space could
provide a boost for tired
workers.” (Calligeros,
2015)
 who viewed the concrete
roof.

J. Colour in Learning: It’s This study has been able “In Instructional Design,
Effect on the Retention to providemeaningful colour should be given
Rate of Graduate Students insight to the use of colour preference in text
in increasing retention rate
illustration as against the
of learners, especially
adult learners. From the black on white prints
Dr. Oluwakemi Olurinola studies reviewed, there predominantly used in
and appears to be a basis for texts, in order to allow the
associating colour with learners have richer
Dr. Omoniyi Tayo improved memory learning experience. For
abilities. In other words, instance, knowing which
colour has the potential to
colours will allow learners
increase chances of
2015 environmental stimuli to to retain more information
be encoded, stored, and would greatly impact on
retrieved successfully. The design of instructional
choice of colours and the materials.”
manipulative aspects can,
however, influence the
extent to which colours
can influence human
memory performance.
Overall, this topic deserves
more studies.

J. Decomposing the effect In summary, this “Though it is clear that

of color on memory: How experiment could increase
red and blue affect our knowledge of the
memory differently beneficial impact that
color has on memory.
There is little question that
Krahn color can improve memory
performance, andthere are
and many studies indicating
that this is due to increased
Erin
arousal and attention to the
stimuli. However, some
factors, for instance the
2018 specific color of the
stimulus, are not well
understood and need
further research. In
addition, there are
color can improve
memory, it is relatively
unclear if specific colors
can help more than others.
Studies that have tested
color on memory generally
compare only one color or
a multi-colored stimulus to
black/white, so it is
uncertain whether different
colors would have had
better or worse effects.”
 alternative theories of why
the color is beneficial to
memory, one of which
supports the idea that the
effect only occurs in the
presence an emotional
context. This study could
lend support in
understanding differences
between colors, in addition
to the mechanisms behind
the effect. This in turn
would help researchers
better utilize the effect as a
whole. This could help
people both in everyday
situations and in education
settings and could be
especially impactful for
people with memory and
attentional problems.

S. The Effect of Colour Remembering colour “Experiments show that

on Memory may be important because
through the development
Suzanne Elvidge of human kind it has
helped people to find food,
2018 such as ripe red fruit in
green trees, remember
what things are dangerous,
such as poisonous berries
or mushrooms, or things
that sting, like wasps, as
well as helping to learn
their way around new
places. Because colour
helps memory, it allows
people to recognize
familiar things and faces,
and to learn about new
places and new things.
colour seems to help
people process and store
images in their brains, and
remember them as
well.Advertisers use
colour in magazines and
newspapers because
people remember coloured
advertisements for longer
than black and white ones.
Colours also help people
remember brands – for
example the red of the
Coca-Cola brand.”
 J. Effects of Color on The present experiment “The cool colors such as
Information Retention by sought to examine whether blue might enhance
Young Men and Women color paper had an effect women’s learning and
on college students’ warm colors such as
information retention yellow might enhance
Sangeeta Singg measured as the number of men’s learning.”
words recalled. The white,
blue and yellow color
papers were used in the
2017
present experiment with a
sample of 117 young
college students enrolled
in an American
Southwestern university.
They were randomly
divided into three
experimental groups:
Control group (white
paper), yellow paper
group, and blue paper
group. The ANOVA
results of the experiment
showed a significant
interaction between paper
color and sex with regard
to word recall. It was
concluded that background
color of instructional
material can impact the
students’ performance
positively or adversely
depending on their sex.
The cool colors such as
blue might enhance
women’s learning and
warm colors such as
yellow might enhance
men’s learning.

S. The Influence if colour Colors helps to improve “Colour helps us in

on Memory our level of attention. The memorizing certain
 Performance:A review. more attention certain information by increasing
stimuli obtain and color our attention level. The
can draw attention. They role played by color in
Mariam Adawiah compared color and non- enhancing our attention
Dzulkifili and Muhammad color memory level is indisputable.”
Faiz Mustafar performance in multimedia
presentation and as a result
is a better attention than
the non-colored one.
2013

S. How does Color Affects Colors drives our brain to “Certain colors like Lemon
Memory assist you to take your and Mauve can actually
choices and also improves improve your memory and
your concentration. Red ability to concentrate”.
Jacob Olesen and yellow both help
stimuli the mind, but they
do in different ways. Red
its good for memory
2019
retrieval and yellow helps
stimulate mental activity
and highlights the
important.
RELATED STUDIES (INTERNATIONAL)

Title Problem Methodology Results

E. Pen To determine Twenty undergrad The test results

Chromaticity’s whether red students where pick indicates no
Effect on the Recall colored ink pen can randomly, they significant
of Details really affects the where assigned to difference in test
Following Lecture students academic take down notes performance,
Annotation performance. using red or blue amount of note
pens and taken, or perception
afterwards took an of the exam,
Jessica Raines multiple choice between both
test. colors.

2018

AJ. The Effects of In able to surpass The control group The mean word
Color Preference low short-term were receive a counts for subject
on Word List memory capacity word recall list sex and group are
Recall
with the help of printed in black ink displayed in figure
Aubrey Fear different color , times new roman , 1. there was no
hues. size 26 , singled significant
space , and difference between
2016 centered aligned . Experimental and
The participants in Control group F .
the test group There was no
receive the same significant
list the only difference between
difference is that Sex of subject.
the list was printed There was no
in the color ink significant Group x
they chose from sex interaction
eight colors on a
list.

AJ. Colour in The study aims to A post-test, quasi Even on adults

Learning:Its effect know the effects of experimental colors can really
on the retention colouron attention , design was used in have an affect on
rate of graduate retention , and this study . Colour peoples memory
students. memory the independent retention.
performance . variable was fixed
at two levels:
 Dr. Olurinula chromatic
(congruent and
incongruent) ,
2015 while the
achromatic colour
was used as a
control

AJ .The Effect of To explores the 28 participants was Concluded that

Colors on Working different effects of pick to consent and color has no effect
Memory colors specifically answered a series on accuracy.
Performance on human memory. of basic Specifically, red
To determine on demographic and blue are no
how effective color questions. better than other
Michelle Galvez hues in memory Questions where colors in affecting
transfer. highlighted with working memory
different types of performance.
colors.
2015

Decomposing the To determine what Experiment Results indicated

Effect of Color on color works best in included 48 male that red had a
Memory: How Red memory transfer and female, who higher accuracy
and Blue Affect whether blue ,red viewed object object than blue,
Memory or black. pictures in and black. Also the
Differently luminance matched result shows that
red, blue and black. the participants had
The participants more conservative
Erin Krahn were later tested on response on red
their memory for compare to blue
the object in the and black object.
recognition
2018
memory test.
RS LOCAL

Title Problem Methodology Results

P. THE EFFECT DETERMINE *18 GRADE *THE

OF COLOR ON WHETHER ONE PUPILS ARE CALCULATED
MEMORY COLORS HAVE RANDOMLY RESULT IMPLIES
AN EFFECT ON SELECTED AND THAT
AMONG GRADE
MEMORY OF GROUPED INTO CONDITION
ONEPUPILS OF GRADE ONE 3 WITH COLORED
GENERAL PUPILS OF *RANDOMIZE WORDS WERE
ALOÑA SR. GENERAL ALONA GROUP THE MOST
MEMORIAL SR. MEMORIAL RESEARCH LIKELY TO
ELEMENTARY ELEMENTARY DESIGN WAS REMEMBER
SCHOOL; SCHOOL USED IN THE THAN THE TWO
STUDY REMAINING
SCHOOL YEAR
*EXPERIMENTE CONDITIONS
2013-2014 R USED *CONCLUDED
FLASHCARDS THAT COLOR
TEST IN ORDER HAS A
ETULLE, TO MEASURE SIGNIFICANT
PECANA, THE ABILITY TO EFFECT ON
PENARANDA, MEMORIZED MEMORY ON
PRIETO, PULI, WORDS WITH GRADE ONE
RAMOS, REYES DIFFERENT PUPILS
CONDITIONS *MOREOVER,
2014 *THE MEMORY
CONDITIONS WORKS BEST
WERE WORDS UNDER
TREATMENT 1
IN BLACK INK
WHICH WAS
THE CONTROL,
TREATMENT 1
WAS WORDS IN
COLORED INK,
AND
TREATMENT 2
WAS BLACK INK
WORDS WITH
COLORED
PICTURE
ABOVE. THE
PARTICIPANTS
WERE ASKED
TO WRITE THE
WORDS THAT
 THEY HAD BEEN
REMEMBERED

Z.Effectiveness of The study aims to There were 120 This study has
Visual Cues on know what color on participants for this shown that visual
Memory visual cues is more study, 77 of which cues are significant
Retention and effective to attain were female and 43 predictors of
Attention memory retention male. Participants memory retention
Grabbing and attention were seated in front and attention is a
of a laptop, and far better predictor
then briefed that of memory
Maslog, E. et al. the study was retention than
trying to visual cues. In
investigate the essence, the visual
capacity of visual cues, were only as
cues to facilitate effective as their
certain cognitive ability to influence
process and that, attention. Of all the
the procedure studied visual cues,
would have them arrows have been
attend to a slide shown to be the
presentation. First most effective
focusing on a small predictor of
cross at the center attention and
of the initial black memory, followed
slide, the following by faces and, by a
slide would flash margin, color. The
very briefly where research thus
there would be exhibits
eight words. After implications that
which, the the effectiveness of
participant was to a visual cue in
name the first word grabbing attention
s/he read, the relies on being
experimenter contextually
would indicate coherent, and
which quadrant the explicit in its
read word belonged direction. As
to. Participants attention is limited
were not in assisting putting
forewarned about information into
the final task: recall memory, visual
as many words, cues need to be
read or unread, simple and direct to
from the the point in order to
presentation that facilitate immediate
s/he could. The processing
experimenter
would then mark
all of the recalled
words on the data
sheet