Parasitology

Lecture5
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Haemosporidia

Blood protozoa of birds and man

Class Haemosporidia are blood parasites of birds and cause
general weakness of young ages but old ages are carries.

There are 4 species of malaria:(in man)

Pl. falciparum (more sever)
Pl. vivax
Pl. malariae
Pl. ovale
Plasmodium of animal: pl. bubalis (buffalo) is non pathogenic
Pl. berghei infect rat
Note:
Vector is female mosquitoes
Female mosquitoes secrete infected saliva all over its cycle period
3-5months

Blood parasite of birds:

Diagnostic stage:
Plasmodium: all stage in RBCS
Heamoproteus: Gametes in RBCS
Leucocytozoon: Gametes in WBCS
Note:
Plasmodium bubalis in buffalo is non-pathogenic

Phylum Microsporidia
Genus Encephalitozoon

Microspora
Characterized by:
■ Presence of spores (size 2.5X1.5 um) (infective stage)
■ With polar tubule
■ No apical complex structures

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

□ Host: Rabbit, rat, dog, rarely man

□ Site: Cells of brain, kidney and macrophages

□ Infective stage: Spores discharged with urine, feces, sputum, may

prenatal
Mode of infection:
1- Transmission between rabbits occurs by eating these spores in
contaminated food and water.
2- The developing foetuses can also become infected across the
placenta during pregnancy.
3- and occasionally rabbits can become infected by the inhalation
of spores.

Life cycle:
Encephalitozooniasis is a chronic disease:

□ Symptoms. Paralysis of neck and hind limbs,

. Nephritis.

. May asymptomatic.

White eye leading to blindness

□ Diagnosis. Spores in a sediment of urine(intermittent)

. A. bodies test
. Histological exams of brain and kidney.

PCR

Flagellates

Trypanosoma
Leishmania

Flagellates

Moved by:
1. One or more flagellum. (mastigophora)
OR moved by
2. Flagella and pseudopodia. (sarcomastigophora)

Note:
Trypanosomes: one flagellum
Trichomonas: more than one flagellum
Genus Trypanosoma

■ Monoflagellates leaf like, 10-30 µm in length

■ Hosts: Mammals, birds, fish and insects

■ Multiplication: Binary fission

Transmission of trypanosomes

A. Mechanical (non cyclic)

(no change in shape or number of parasite)

1-By vector as Tabanus fly

e.g. Trypanosoma evansi

2-By direct contact during coitus

e.g. Tryp.equiperdium.

-injection

- direct contact

B. Biological (cyclic in vector)

(change in shape and number of parasite)

Metacyclic trypanosomes (MCT) discharged with:

◙ Saliva of vectors

(Salivaria typanosomes)

◙ Faeces of vectors

(Stercoraria trypanosomes)

Note:
1-Surra /El-Debab/Guiffar disease is Chronic in Egypt, the ppp
is 2-3 year

Clinical signs:
Intermittent fever
Anaemia
Ascites
Lacrimation
Skin rash

2- Dourine disease is chronic venereal disease, the ppp is 2year

Clinical signs:
Allergy
Exudate
Anaemia paralysis of hind limb
Abortion

Note: Nagana disease is acute and more dangerous

Diagnosis of trypnosomiasis
■ Case history and symptoms
■ Laboratory examination
□ Microscopic examination of blood
□ Laboratory animal inoculation
□ Serological tests
□ Xenodiagnosis

G. Leishmania
 Zoonotic intracytoplasmic haemoflagellates
 Hosts: Man, dog, rat, wild animals are reservoir hosts
 Site: Macrophage cells at skin, visceral organs and mucus
membranes

Forms of Leishmania:
1-Amastigote forms
5µm, in final host, binary fission
2- Promastigote form
10 µm, in vector (sand fly) and culture, binary fission
Life cycle:

modes of transmission:
□ Cyclic (multiply in sand fly, exit with saliva)
□ Direct contact if skin lesions
Transmission: Direct contact and biting of infected sand fly
Diagnosis: Signs
. Skin scrape stain by Giemsa
Transmission: Biting of infected sand fly
Diagnosis: Signs
Biopsy, scrape stain with Giemsa

Diagnosis
 Microscopically exam.,
 Skin ulcer scraping and biopsy.
 Culture
 Xenodiagnosis.

 A.bs. detection