Hemoflagellate

s
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 Members

Edelmer Renz Taronga Jolas Salles

Agustin
Semar Anuddin Muharral
Jalisan
 01
Introduction
Introduction
 The blood and tissue flagellates belong to the family Trypanosomatidae.
 Family consists of six genera, where Trypanosoma and Leishmania are pathogenic to
humans.
Zoological Classification of Flagellates:
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum: Mastigophora
Class: Kinetoplastidea
Order: Trypanosomatida
Family: Trypanosomatidae
Genera: Leishmania and Trypanosoma
 General
Characteristic
s
Characteristics
 Live in the blood and tissues of man, vertebrate host, and in the gut of insect vectors.
 This family has single nucleus, a kinetoplast, and a single flagellum.
• Nucleus is round or oval and is situated in the
central part of the body.

• Kineloplast consists of a deeply staining

parabasal body and adjacent dot-Like
blepharoplast.

• Flagellum is a thin, hair-like structure, which

originates from the blepharoplast. The portion
of the flagellum, which is inside the body of the parasite and extends from the blepharoplas
l to surface of the body is known as axoneme. A free flagellum at the anterior end traverses
on the surface of the parasite as a narrow undulating membrane .
Characteristics
 Hemoflagellates exist in two or more of four morphological stages. These forms were
formerly called the leishmanial, leptomonad, crithidial and trypanosomal stages. The
names of the stages are formed by the suffix mastigote, combined with various
prefixes, referring to the arrangement of the flagella in relation to the position of the
nucleus and its point of emergence from the cells.

 Staining characteristics of trypanosomes: For smears of body fluids, Romanowsky's

Wrights stain, Giemsa stain and Leishman's stain are suitable for identifying internal
structures. The cytoplasm appears blue, the nucleus and flagellum appear pink, and the
kinetoplast appears deep red. For tissue section, hematoxylin-eosin staining is done for
demonstrating structures of the parasite.

 All members of the family have similar life cycles. They all require an insect vector as
an intermediate host.

 Multiplication in both the vertebrate and invertebrate host is by binary fission . No

sexual cycle is known.
 02
Trypanosom
a
 Two species of
Trypanosomes

01 02
Trypanosoma Trypanosoma
brucei gambiense brucei
rhodesiense

“West African “East frican

Sleeping Sleeping
Sickness” Sickness”
Causative Agent
“African trypanosomes” or “Old World trypanosomes” are protozoan
hemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma, in the subgenus Trypanozoon. Two
subspecies that are morphologically indistinguishable cause distinct disease
patterns in humans: T. b. gambiense, causing chronic African trypanosomiasis
(“West African sleeping sickness”) and T. b. rhodesiense, causing acute African
trypanosomiasis (“East African sleeping sickness”).

The third subspecies T. b. brucei is a parasite primarily of cattle and

occasionally other animals, and under normal conditions does not infect
humans.
Life Cycle
 Life Cycle
During a blood meal on the mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly (genus Glossina) injects
metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. The parasites enter the lymphatic system and pass
into the bloodstream .

Inside the host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes , are carried to other sites
throughout the body, reach other body fluids, and continue the replication by binary fission.

The entire life cycle of African trypanosomes is represented by extracellular stages. The tsetse
fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected
mammalian host.

In the fly’s midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes, multiply by binary
fission , leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes. The epimastigotes reach the fly’s
salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission. The cycle in the fly takes
approximately 3 weeks. Rarely, T. b. gambiense may be acquired congenitally if the mother is
infected during pregnancy.
 Hosts and
Vectors

Humans are considered the main reservoir for Trypanosoma The only known vector for
brucei gambiense, but this species can also be found in animals, each is the tsetse fly
including primates and ungulates. Domestic cattle are thought to (Glossina spp.).
be the most epidemiologically-relevant animal reservoir of T. b.
rhodesiense.
T. b. gambiense is endemic in West and
Central Africa. T. b. rhodesiense is restricted
to East and Southeast Africa. These ranges do
not overlap, although in Uganda both
subspecies are co-endemic, with T. b.
gambiense found near the northern border
and T. b. rhodesiense is found in the central
and southern regions of that country.
Clinical presentation
In the second-stage disease (meningoencephalitic), invasion of
the central nervous system causes a variety of
neuropsychiatric manifestations including sleep disorders,
hence the common name “African sleeping sickness”.

Severe cardiac involvement with electrocardiogram

abnormalities consistent with perimyocarditis are also
observed.

First-stage disease (haemolymphatic) involves nonspecific

signs and symptoms such as intermittent fever, pruritus and
lymphadenopathy. Posterior triangle cervical
lymphadenopathy, or “Winterbottom’s sign” is commonly
seen in T. b. gambiense infections
 03
Leishmani
a
 Causative Agent
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted by sandflies and caused by obligate
intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Human infection is caused by about 21 of 30
species that infect mammals.

These include the L. donovani complex with 3 species (L. donovani, L. infantum, and L.
chagasi); the L. mexicana complex with 3 main species (L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L.
venezuelensis); L. tropica; L. major; L. aethiopica; and the subgenus Viannia with 4 main
species (L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) panamensis, and L. (V.) peruviana).

The different species are morphologically indistinguishable, but they can be differentiated by
isoenzyme analysis, molecular methods, or monoclonal antibodies.
 Life Cycle

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larger than the Moon
 Life Cycle
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.

The sandflies inject the infective stage (i.e., promastigotes) from their proboscis during
blood meals The number 1. Promastigotes that reach the puncture wound are phagocytized
by macrophages The number 2 and other types of mononuclear phagocytic cells.

Promastigotes transform in these cells into the tissue stage of the parasite (i.e., amastigotes)
The number 3, which multiply by simple division and proceed to infect other mononuclear
phagocytic cells The number 4. Parasite, host, and other factors affect whether the infection
becomes symptomatic and whether cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis results.

Sandflies become infected by ingesting infected cells during blood meals (The number 5,
The number 6). In sandflies, amastigotes transform into promastigotes, develop in the gut
The number 7 (in the hindgut for leishmanial organisms in the Viannia subgenus; in the
midgut for organisms in the Leishmania subgenus), and migrate to the proboscis The
number 8.
 Hosts and
Vectors

Host: Human, Canine, Rodent Vectors: Sand

Fly
Geographical Distribution

Cases of Leishmaniasis are usually high in the

tropics and subtropics. These include Central
and South America, some parts of North
America, Central and Southeast Asia, India,
China, the Mediterranean region, and Africa.
The disease affects the low socioeconomic
group of people. Overcrowding, poor
ventilation, and collection of organic material
inside the house facilitate its transmission.
 Clinical Presentation
1. High-Grade Fever
Symptoms:
2. Splenomegaly
Sarah Doe
Infected By: Leishmania 3. Moderate Hepatomegaly

Location: North America 4. Lymphadenopathy

Infection method: Bitten 5. Dry, rough, and darkly pigmented skin.

by sand fly
6. Thin and Brittle Hair

7. Weight loss

8. Anemia

9. Secondary infections such as herpes, measles, pneumonia,

tuberculosis, and bacillary dysentery may occur.
Thank You!