Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• ALMA- ATA DECLARATION
• PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
• NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 1983
• NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2002
• COMMENTS/CRITICAL REVIEW
• SUMMARY
• REFRENCES
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INTRODUCTION
HEALTH:
A state of complete physical, mental and social
well being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.
POLICY:
Policy is a system, which provides the logical
framework and rationality of decision making
for the achievements of intended objectives.
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HEALTH POLICY:
Health policy of a nation is its strategy for
controlling and optimizing the social uses of
its health knowledge and health resources.
4
• Post independent India in its constitution has
laid stress on four critical concepts: Equity,
Freedom, Justice and Dignity of the individual.
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The 30th World Health Assembly
in May 1977 resolved
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The Alma-Ata conference called
for acceptance of the WHO goal of
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• All countries should cooperate in a spirit of
partnership and service to ensure PHC for all people.
12
THE ALMA-ATA CONFERENCE defined
that
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Principles of Primary Health Care
1.Equitable distribution
2.Community participation.
3.Inter-sectoral coordination
4.Appropriate technology
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1. Equitable distribution
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2. Community participation
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3.Intersectoral coordination
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4. Appropriate technology
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National strategy for health for all ......
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Reports of working group on “HEALTH FOR ALL
by 2000 A.D. ’’ sponsored by Ministry of health and
family welfare, Govt. Of India.
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NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY- 1983
• India had its first national health policy in 1983 i.e. 36
years after independence.
• In the circumstances then prevailing, this policy provided
the initiatives like:
a. Comprehensive health care linking with extension and
health education.
b. Intermediation by health volunteers
c. Decentralisation to reduce burden of high level referral
system
d. To make government facility limited to eligible poor, by
private investment for patients who can pay.
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• NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 1983 suggested the
necessity of complete integration of all plans for
human development with socio economic
development.
22
• National health policy 1983 stressed the need for
providing primary health care with special emphasis
on prevention , promotion and rehabilitation aspects.
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• It suggested Planned time bound attention to the
following
1.Nutrition, prevention of food adulteration.
2.Mainatince of quality of drug
3.Water supply and sanitation
4.Environmental protection
5.Immunisation Programme
6.Maternal and Child Health Services
7.School Health Programme
8.Occupational Health
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• It also suggested the need for meeting National
requirements of life saving drugs and vaccines by
quality control, economic packages practice,
reduction in unit cost of medicine and well
considered health insurance schemes to allow
community to share the cost of the services, in
keeping with the paying capacity.
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NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
1983 GOALS SUGGESTED/
ACHIEVED
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INDICATOR GOAL BY ACHIEVED
2000 BY 2000
1. INFANT MORTALITY RATE 60 70
(IMR)
4. MATERNAL MORTALITY 2 4
RATE (MMR)
5. UNDER FIVE MORTALITY 10 9.4
RATE (UFMR)
6. LIFE EXPENTANCY BIRTH- 64 62.4
MALE(yrs)
FEMALE(yrs) 64 63.4
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7. LOW BIRTH 10% 20%
WEIGHT %
15. DPT 85 87
16. OPV 85 92
17. BCG 85 82
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18. TYPHOID NOT UPTO THE MARK
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Future Goals
• Leprosy elimination by 2005
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Differentials In Health Status Among
Rural/Urban India
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Differentials In Health Status Among
States
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Differentials In Health Status Among
Socio-economic Groups
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Achievements Through The Years
1951-2000
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Achievements Through The Years
1951-2000
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Achievements Through The Years -
1951-2000
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But by the end of 2000 century it was clear that
the goals of health for all by the year 2000 AD
would not be achieved ......
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Factors responsible for this failure
were:
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NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY-2002
• A revised health policy for achieving better health
care and unmet goals has been brought out by
government of India- National Health Policy 2002.
• According to this revised policy, government and
health professionals are obligated to render good
health care to the society.
• Optimizing the use of health service to a large group
rather than a small group is a foreseen event by the
NHP 2002.
40
• Inclusion of social policies adds to the credit of the
revised NHP 2002.
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National Health Policy 2002
Objectives:
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Goals to be Achieved by 2000-2015
2003 –
• Enactment of legislation for regulating minimum
standard in clinical Establishment / Medical
institution
2005 –
• Eradication of Polio & Yaws
• Elimination of Leprosy
• Increase State Sector health spending from 5.5% to
7% to of the budget.
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• Establishment of an integrated system of surveillance,
National Health Accounts and Health Statistics
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2007-
• Achieve Zero level growth of HIV/AIDS
2010-
• Elimination of Kala- Azar
2015-
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POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS
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1. Financial Resources:
• Increase in health sector expenditure to 6% of GDP,
with 2% by public health investment by 2010 is
recommended by the policy.
• Existing 15% of central government contribution is to
be raised to 25% by 2010.
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2.Equity :
NHP 2002 has set an increased allocation of 55% total
public health investment for the primary health sector,
35% for secondary sector and 10% for tertiary sector.
10%
35% 55%
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3.Delivery Of National Public Health
Programs:
• NHP 2002 envisages the gradual convergence
of all health programmers under a single field
administration.
52
• Therefore, the policy places reliance on
strengthening of public health outcomes on
equitable basis.
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4. The state of public health
infrastructure:
• The Policy envisages kick- starting the revival of the
Primary Health System by providing some essential drugs
under Central government funding through the
decentralized health system.
• This initiative under NHP-2002 is launched in this belief
that the creation of a decentralized public health system will
ensure a more effective supervision of the public health
personnel through community monitoring , than has been
achieved through the regular administrative line of control.
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5.Extending public health services:
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8.Education of Health care
Professional:
• National health policy 2002 recommends setting
up of a medical grant commission for funding
new medical/dental colleges.
• The need for inclusion of contemporary medical
research and geriatric concern and creation of
additional PG seats in deficient specialties are
specified.
• It suggests for a need based, skill oriented
syllabus with a more significant component of
practical training.
58
9.Need for specialists in 'Public Health'
and 'Family Medicine’:
• For discharging public health responsibilities in the
country NHP 2002 recommends specialization in the
disciplines of Public Health and Family Medicine
where medical doctors, public health engineers,
microbiologists and other natural science specialists
can take up the course.
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10.Nursing personnel:
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11. Use of Generic drugs and vaccines
• This Policy recommends limited number of essential
drugs of generic nature as a requisite for cost
effective public health care.
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First Tier:-
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Second Tier:-
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13.Mental health:
• Decentralized mental health service for diagnosis and
treatment by general duty medical staff is
recommended.
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14.Information Education and
Communication:
• NHP-2002 has suggested interpersonal
communication by folk and traditional media to
bring about behavioral change.
• School children are covered for promotion of
health seeking behavior, which is expected to be
the most cost effective intervention where health
awareness extends to family and further to future
generation.
66
15.Health research:
• The policy envisages an increase in govt. funded health
research to a level of 1% of the total health spending by
2005 and up to 2% by 2010.
67
16.Role of private sector:
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• It urges standard protocols in day-to-day practice by
health professionals.
69
17. Role of civil Society:
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18. National Disease Surveillance
Network:
• NHP 2002 noted that absence of an efficient disease
surveillance network is a major handicap for cost
effective health care.
71
19.Health statistics:
• NHP 2002 has recommended full baseline estimate of
tuberculosis, malaria and blindness by 2005, and in
the long run for cardiovascular diseases, cancer,
diabetes, accidents, hepatitis .
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20.Women's health:
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21.Medical Ethics:
• In India we have guidelines on professional
medical ethics since 1960.
• This is revised in 2001.
• Government of India has emphasized the
importance of moral and religious dilemma.
• NHP 2002 has recommended notifying a
contemporary code of ethics, which is to be
rigorously implemented by Medical Council of
India.
• The Policy has specified the need for a vigilant
watch on gene manipulation and stem cell
research.
74
22.Enforcement of Quality Standards
for food and Drugs :
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23.Regulation of standards in
paramedical disciplines:
• More and more training institutions have come up
recently under paramedical board which do not have
regulation or monitoring.
76
24. Environmental & Occupational
Health:
• This policy envisages that the independently stated
policies and programs of the environment related
sectors be smoothly interfaced with the policies and
the programs of the health sector.
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• NHP 2002 has suggested for an independent state
policy and programme for environment apart from
periodic health screening for high risk associated
occupation.
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25.Providing Medical Facilities to
Users from Overseas (Health
Tourism)
• The NHP-2002 Strongly encourages the providing of
such health services on a payment basis to service
seekers from overseas. Recently large number of
patients from overseas are coming to India for
treatment (Medical Tourism).
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26.Impact of Globalization on Health
Sector:
• With adoption of trade related intellectual Property
(TRIPS) government is taking steps to overcome
possible adverse impact of impact of economic
globalisation on the health sector.
81
RECENT DEVELOPMENT
• The Prime Minister has launched the Public Health
foundation of India (PHFI), a public- private initiative in
the health sector, which seeks to establish world-class
public health institutes to train professional in the field.
• The PHFI plans to establish five seven world class and
relevant Indian Institute of Public Health (IIPH) within
the next five years, with the first two institutions opening
by 2008.
• Funding for this project would total nearly Rs. 500-700
crore over five to seven years.
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ACHIVEMENTS
Year 2003
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Year 2005:
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2. Leprosy has been declared eliminated according
to the criteria fixed by WHO. However more
efforts are required.
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Year 2007
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Goals failed to be achieved by 2005
Eradicate Poliomyelitis.
Establish an integrated system of surveillance, National
Health documents and Health statistics.
Increase state sector Health spending from 5.5% to 7%
of the budget.
1% of the total health budget for medical research.
Decentralization of implementation of public health
programs.
88
COMMENTS/ CRITICAL REVIEW
The NHP 2002 is indeed a well thoughtful and
comprehensive document.
NHP-2002 has got the opportunity to refer many
documents and reports like World Development Report
1993, National Family Health Survey 1993-94 and 1998-
1999, the census of India 2001, World Health Report
2000, and favourable environment like support of
international health agencies, economic and political
reforms particularly 73rd and 74th amendment of the
constitution of India.
89
However, there are many constraints in the
implementation of this policy like 35% illiterate and
one quarter population is below poverty line, unstable
government, and reactive response to the health
problem and disasters.
NHP-2002 is a desirable and positive step for the
betterment of peoples health.
A substantial achievement has been acknowledged
by the government as far as the targets are concerned.
90
In spite of all good things in the policy it also suffers
some criticism which are as follows:
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Policy
This policy did not refer to the women empowerment
policy 2001 while describing measures to ensure women
health. There is a need to coordinate effectively with the
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment while
dealing with vulnerable section of the society like
children, scheduled caste, scheduled tribes etc.
Women’s health has not received enough attention in the
policy; similarly child health, adolescents, gender
discrimination and violence should have received
adequate concerns.
92
Old age group has got very less attention in the
policy. Life expectancy has crossed 60 years of age
and going to be 70 in the next decade, which demands
special health services for this group and cannot be
neglected.
93
Ignored areas are : Resource generation mechanism,
allocation priorities band workforce management, how to
handle growing menace of substance abuse, updating of
intervention prescribed in national health programs
according to scientific development, abolition of private
practice by govt. Doctors , controlling medical
advertisement etc.
Occupational and environmental health should have been
addressed properly as far as standards, safety measures
and recreational facilities is concerned.
94
School health programs have not achieved the
desired results in the majority of states. The programs
have become almost defence because of
administrative, managerial and logistic problems. In
recent evaluation by Delhi Government it is clearly
found government run school health services are not
cost effective as compared to run by NGO’S.
However more studies are required before advocating
private agency to run the school health services.
95
For decentralization: Role of local self government.
Institutions has been defined in the policy and should
have been achieved by 2005.
With exception of Kerala, decentralization has merely
been an attempt to delegate duties rather than
development of powers. Hence it is surprising that
despite attractive slogans like ‘peoples health in
peoples hands’ the real needs of the people have not
been met.
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MISMATCH SITUATION ANALYSIS
AND POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS
Policy does not give importance to population control
however, blames the population explosion for
nullifying the impact of advancement of public health.
Policy ignores pharmaceuticals and their impact on
health care. There is no Drug Policy mentioned.
The impact of globalization may affect the basic
philosophy of equity. Heavily subsidized primary
healthcare, as it exists in India, would suffer the most.
97
Funding:
Increasing from 0.9% to 2% of GDP expenditure on
health is still low. This falls short of the 5% of GDP that
has been a long standing demand of the health movement
and recommended by the WHO long ago. The goal of the
policy to increase state sector health spending from 5.5%
to 7% of the budget by 2005 is failed.
The policy should have allocated funds and other
resources that can be made available from the health
sector in case of the disaster or natural calamities.
98
Health Tourism (Medical Tourism)
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CONCLUSION
While the public health initiatives over the years have
contributed significantly to the improvement of the health
indicators, it is to be acknowledged that public health
indicators/ disease burden statistics are the outcome of
several complementary initiatives under the wider
umbrella of the developmental sector, covering rural
development, agriculture, food production, sanitation,
drinking water supply, education etc.
100
Despite the impressive public health gains, the
morbidity and mortality levels in the country are still
unacceptably high as compared to the developed
countries.
102
Let us work together for “Health for
ALL.’’
103
REFRENCES
• Alma-Ata, 1978- Primary Health Care :WHO, UNICEF.
• Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Annual Report 2001-2002.
• K.J. National Health Programs of India. 11th Edition,
2014.
• K.Park Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social
Medicine, 23rd Edition, 2009.
• Prabhakara GN Policies and Programmes of Health in
India. 1st Edition, 2005.
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THANK YOU
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