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Lect 6 9 PDF
Lect 6 9 PDF
Syllabus:
Simple harmonic motion, Damped simple harmonic
motion, types of damping, Forced oscillation, resonance,
group velocity and dispersion, Types of waves, Energy
Transport in Wave motion, Wave motion in one
dimension, the one dimensional Wave equation.
• Introduction
• Types of wave
• Oscillating Properties of waves
• Wave equation
• Simple Harmonic Motion
• Damped oscillation
• Forced oscillation
Introduction:
1. A wave is a traveling
disturbance.
2. A wave carries energy from
place to place.
Types of waves
The transverse and longitudinal waves that we have been discussing are
called periodic waves because they consist of cycles or patterns that are
produced over and over again by the source.
8
Oscillating Properties
Amplitude A is the
maximum excursion of a
particle of the medium
from the particle’s
undisturbed position.
λ
v= = fλ
T
These fundamental relations apply to longitudinal as well as to
transverse waves.
No matter what the direction of the displacement, the force
always acts in a direction to restore the system to its
equilibrium position. Such a force is called a “restoring force”.
10
Example 1. The Wavelengths of Radio Waves
AM and FM radio waves are transverse waves that consist of
electric and magnetic disturbances. These waves travel at a speed
of 3.00 × 108 m/s. A station broadcasts an AM radio wave whose
frequency is 1230 × 103 Hz (1230 kHz on the dial) and an FM radio
wave whose frequency is 91.9 × 106 Hz (91.9 MHz on the dial). Find
the distance between adjacent crests in each wave.
11
The simple harmonic oscillator and its motion
x = a cos( ω t + ϕ )
x−t 图
x ϕ =0
π
xm
ϕ =
o t ϕ =π
2
− xm
T
How to compare the phases of two SHOs with
same ω ?
x1 = xm1 cos(ωt + ϕ1 ) ∆ϕ = (ωt + ϕ 2 ) − (ωt + ϕ1 )
{x = x
2 m2 cos(ωt + ϕ 2 ) ∆ϕ = ϕ 2 − ϕ1
∆ϕ = 0 ∆ϕ = ± π ∆ϕ
x x x
o o o
t t t
Fig 17-6 shows several simple harmonic motions.
H
L
x t
1
a
(a)
H
L
xt
1
(b)
0.5 0.5
t t
2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.5 -0.5
H
L
-1
x t
1 (c)
-1
(a) same: ,x m ω
different:
0.5
φ
(b) same: ,
different:
ω φ
1 2 3 4 5 6
t xm
(c) same: ,x
m φ
different:
-0.5
ω
-1
Displacement, velocity, and acceleration
Displacement x = x m cos(ωt + φ )
dx
Velocity vx = = −ωx m sin(ωt + φ )
dt
π
= ωxm cos(ωt + + φ )
2
d 2x
Acceleration a x = 2 = −ω 2 x m cos(ωt + φ )
dt
= ω 2 xm cos(ωt + π + φ )
• When the displacement is a maximum in either
direction, the speed is zero, because the velocity
must now change its direction.
x = xm cos(ωt + ϕ )
x x −t
xm
o t
T=
2π ϕ =0 T
− xm
ω
v v−t
xmω
v = − x m ω sin( ω t + ϕ ) t
o T
π
= xmω cos(ωt + ϕ + ) − x ω
2 m
a a −t
2
2
x
a = − xmω cos(ωt + ϕ ) m ω
2
= xmω cos(ωt + ϕ + π ) o T t
− x mω 2
a body of mass m that slides on a frictionless horizontal surface. The
body moves in x direction.
d 2x
∑F x = −kx ax = 2
dt
d 2x
− kx = m 2
2 dt
d x k
2
+ x=0
dt m
This equation is called the “equation of motion of the simple
harmonic oscillator”. It is the basis of many complex oscillator
problems.
1 1 2 0.4
v = − x mω sin( ω t + ϕ )
• both potential and kinetic energies oscillate with
time t and vary between zero and maximum value
1
of kx m 2.
2
• Both U and K vary with twice the frequency of the
displacement and velocity.
− xm xm x
1 2 1 2 1 2
K + U = mv x + kx = kx m
2 2 2
2 k 2
then v x = ( xm − x 2 )
m
k 2
or vx = ± ( xm − x 2 )
m
Website link for further information:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/shm.html
Example-1
Fig 1
m
•
x
o
So at t=0.215s
x = 0.116 cos(9.536)(0.215 s ) = −0.0535 m
• Home work;
• Example of Simple Harmonic motion
• Simple Pendulum
• Vibration of mass by two stretched
springs
• Vibrations of stretched string.
• Damped oscillation.
Damped harmonic motion
• Up to this point we have assumed that no
frictional force act on the system.
• This loss in amplitude is called “damping” and
the motion is called “damped harmonic
motion”.
Liquid exerts a damping force opposed to the
motion
Fd = −bv
b = damping constant (kg/s)
Assumption:
• Gravitational force on block is negligible compared to the damping
force and the force on the block from the spring.
• Damping force is to be proportional to the velocity of the particle.
• No damping force acts when particle is at rest.
1
0.5
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
-0.5
-1 (a)
1.5
0.5
x 1 2 −t
τ
3 4 5 6 t
-0.5 e
-1
-1.5 (b)
∑F x = −kx − bv x
− kx − bv x = ma x
d 2x dx
m 2 + b + kx = 0
dt dt
The solution is −
bt
x (t ) = xm e 2m
cos(ω ' t + φ )
where
' k b 2
ω = −( )
m 2m
x
(c)
(b ) t
o
(a)
Forced oscillations and resonance
Examples:
1) Person swinging in a swing without anyone pushing Free oscillation
2) Someone pushes the swing periodically Forced or driven oscillations
Driven oscillations
(1) Natural angular frequency ω0 of the system
Two frequencies: when system oscillates freely after a sudden
disturbance.
(2) External frequency ω of the system angular
frequency of the external driving force
causing the driven oscillations.
-bv ma
-kx Fm cosω”t
Here a mechanical oscillator of mass m, force
constant k and resistance b is being driven by an
alternating force Fm cos ωt
Equation of motion is
ma = − kx − bv + Fm cos ωt
2
d x dx
or m 2 + b + kx = Fm cos ωt
dt dt
Forced oscillations and resonance
G
A=
2
2 b 2 2 2
(ω 0 − ω ) + ω
m
tan φ =
(b m)ω
(ω 0
2
−ω 2
)
Forced oscillations and resonance
Driving Force applet
• In the next slide, it will show how a driving frequency will
affect the natural frequency of the oscilliating object
• Try this:
• 1. Adjust the damping constant to 0.
http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/Harrison/Flash/ClassMechanics/DrivenSHM/DrivenSHM.html
Resonance
(2ω0 )
Examples of Resonance
• Microwave ovens
• Magnetic Resonance
– Strong, varying radio frequency electromagnetic
fields are used to cause the nuclei of atoms to
oscillate.
– In any given molecule, there will be many
resonant frequencies. Energy is absorbed
whenever resonance appears.
– The pattern of energy
absorption can be used to
detect the presence of
particular molecules within any
specimen
– False colour magnetic
resonance image on the right
shows woman’s abdomen at 8
months of pregnancy
Harmful effects of Resonance
Since f = 1/τ :
This is the velocity at which the overall shape of the wave’s amplitudes,
or the wave ‘envelope’, propagates. (= signal velocity)
Black dot moves at phase velocity. Red dot moves at group velocity.
Black dot moves at group velocity. Red dot moves at phase velocity.