Innovative

Generator
Protection
With the SEL-400G
Rogerio Scharlach
Principal Engineer

© SEL 2019
SEL Confidential

Presenter Notes
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1
Advanced protection and control
for large generators driven by:

HYDRAULIC TURBINES
STEAM TURBINES
COMBUSTION GAS TURBINES

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The SEL-400G relay offers unsurpassed protection, integration, and control features for generators of
all types and sizes including hydro, pumped-storage hydro, large steam turbines, and combustion gas
turbines (CGTs).

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SEL-400G
Advanced
Generator
Relay

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The SEL-400G relay provides a suite of elements for the comprehensive protection and monitoring of
generators of all types and sizes. In total, the relay consists of 24 analog channels, divided into two
groups of analog inputs. The first group consists of 18 channels for phase current inputs and the
second group consists of 6 channels for two three-phase voltage inputs. One of the three-phase current
inputs can be configured as three single-phase current inputs and one of the three-phase voltage inputs
can be configured as three single-phase voltage inputs. The relay can also be equipped with high-speed
transducer I/O, which can be used for condition monitoring and other applications.

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SEL-400G Terminal Connections

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18 Current Channels

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 6 Voltage Inputs

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High-Current High-Speed, Independent and
Outputs High-Current Outputs Common Inputs

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 New INT9 Interface Board

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 Ethernet Card

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 Serial Ports

IRIG-B Input

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Two Independent Frequency Zones Provide
Simultaneous Frequency Tracking

GSU
60 Hz

10
9 Hz
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

60 Hz

Frequency Zone 1 Frequency Zone 2

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The SEL-400G features extended range frequency tracking of 5–120 Hz. Generators may, at times,
operate at frequencies significantly different than nominal. The SEL-400G wide-range frequency
tracking algorithm ensures that all protection functions are secure and dependable regardless of the
system frequency. The SEL-400G also independently tracks the generator and system frequencies.

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Independent Differential Protection Zones
Allow Separate Generator and GSU Protection

GSU

87 Zone 2

87 Zone 1

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The SEL-400G includes two differential zones, each of which can include an in-zone transformer and
can accept as many as six sets of CT inputs to protect both the generator and generator step-up (GSU)
transformer without the need for an additional transformer differential relay. Each current terminal can
be included into either or both differential zones. Increasing the number of inputs to the differential
zone removes the need to parallel CTs when including various circuits connecting to the zone. This, in
turn, makes it much more practical to provide overcurrent, breaker failure, and inadvertent
energization protection for multiple breakers.

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 SEL Confidential

The SEL-400G internally corrects the phase transpositions introduced by the reversing switch. The
logic ensures that the phasing of the differential element is correct and that the phase rotation is
correct. This allows a pumped storage hydro unit to be protected with a single SEL-400G without the
need to externally switch the CT or PT secondary wiring.

It addresses all protection functions (21, 25, 46, 87, etc.).

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 GSU

Built-In Autosynchronizer

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The built-in autosynchronizer can synchronize up to three breakers, one at a time, and offers three
pulse control options

• PPW

• PPF

• Fixed

It supports biased operation for frequency and voltage control. Control actions and governor and AVR
responses are available on event or disturbance reports.

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 100% Stator Ground Element

SEL-2664S

Coverage
64G1
64G2
64G3
64S
Z2 or V2 0% 50% 100% Z

64 64 64 64 64
S1 S2 G1 G2 G3

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The 100% stator ground element combines

• Fundamental neutral overvoltage.

• Third-harmonic neutral undervoltage.

• Third-harmonic differential.

• Third-harmonic ratio.

The 64G logic includes the following:

• Acceleration path

• Integration timer

The element performs a third-harmonic angle check.

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 Dependable Directional Q
Power Element Unbiased
Characteristic

• Includes 4 elements
• Can be assigned to dedicated CT
PM
• Has biased option P

Extra dependability when motoring

power is very low and reactive power
is high
Biased
Characteristic
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Sensitive directional power elements in the SEL-400G provide anti-motoring and/or low forward
power tripping. As many as four elements are provided for detecting real (watts) or reactive (VARs)
directional power flows, with independent time delays and sensitivities. Directly trip the generator
under loss-of-prime mover conditions to prevent prime movers from motoring or use low forward
power indication as a tripping interlock when an orderly shutdown is required.

The SEL-400G includes a biased characteristic. This provides extra dependability for a motoring event
where motoring power is very low and reactive power is high. Under these circumstances, small angle
errors associated with the instrument transformers can have a more significant impact on the power
calculation.

The directional power element can be assigned to a dedicated CT. It also incorporates an integrating
timer.

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 SEL GRID Configurator

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The SEL-400G will be the first product to ship with SEL GRID Configurator software.

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 INT9 Analog Board
Q2 2020 Release

• 2 analog outputs • 8 digital inputs

• 6 analog inputs • 7 digital outputs

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2 analog outputs

• Configurable as current (0-20 mA) or voltage (±10 V)

• 16-bit resolution

• 2.5 ms refresh rate

6 analog inputs

• Configurable as current (±20 mA) or voltage (±10 V)

• 16-bit resolution

• Sampled at 8 kHz

8 digital inputs

7 digital outputs

• 2 form C standard output contacts

• 3 high current interrupting output contacts

•
Presenter Notes
2 Aurora-proof high current interrupting output contacts

The board is scheduled to release in Q2 2020.

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 Stator Field Current Differential

Stator

Rotor

Shunt

Second Magnitude Angle ABC

87SF
Harmonic Matching Correction Q

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The SEL-400G measures the second-harmonic component of the field current. The field component is
translated to a 60 Hz phasor using the pre-fault stator voltage and current. This quantity is then used
along with the negative-sequence current in the stator to derive differential and restraint quantities and
applied to a conventional percentage-restraint operating characteristic. This element can detect faults
not otherwise detectable by the phase differential and ground fault elements.

I DIF = I 2(60 Hz) + NSF • I F(60 Hz) •1 − C

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 Aurora Proof Contacts

GSU

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Aurora refers to the possibility of a malicious attack on the power system where a generator is
damaged because of rapid, uncontrolled switching of the generator breaker. An accepted mitigation
method is the insertion of timer logic into the breaker control circuit that requires that the breaker
remain opened for a minimum duration before allowing it to close again. The SEL-400G implements
this logic within the INT9 I/O board circuitry, and the logic is enabled by using a jumper on the board.
Since the solution is implemented in hardware, it cannot be bypassed by remotely accessing the relay.

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 Pumped-
Storage
Logic 87T

87G

M G
Pumped Storage

T *

T SEL-400G SEL Confidential

*(21, 25, 46, 87, etc.)

Switching from generator to pump mode impacts elements that use sequence components. This can be
addressed by dynamically changing the phase rotation setting. A second impact occurs if the
differential zone includes the reversing switch. In the past, this was addressed by switching of the CT
secondary wiring. The SEL-400G solution addresses both problems using a very intuitive approach.
The user identifies any CTs and PTs that are downstream from the reversing switch. The relay then
rolls the phasing internally to correct the phase change introduced in the primary circuit.

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 Steam Turbine
Generator
SEL-2664S Fiber
SEL-2600

Serial

SEL-2664

VB X Z W S Y1 T U VA VC

SEL-400G
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 Combustion Gas Turbine Generator
LCI Start Auxiliary Transformer

SEL-2664S Fiber
SEL-2600

52 52

Serial
SEL-2664

VA,
VB X Z T W VC Y1 U

SEL-400G
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Hydro Generator
Brake

SHAFT
VA,
VB X W U S T VC

SEL-400G

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The Message Advanced protection, monitoring, and
communication features are critical

Protect
substantial
Limit Return
investment
generator service
Detect in generating
damage faster
faults earlier facilities
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The advanced protection, monitoring, and communication features in the new SEL-400G are a critical
part of protecting the substantial investment required in a generating facility. Detect faults earlier,
limiting damage to the generator, and return to service faster.

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Win Engineers in 30 Seconds
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 Advanced generator, bus, transformer
and auxiliary system protection for
hydro, thermal, and pumped storage

Win Engineers in 30 Seconds

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I/O, automation, and communication features
allow for easy integration with plant systems

Win Engineers in 30 Seconds

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 Grid Configurator is SEL’s new tool
for configuration of protection,
control, and metering systems

Win Engineers in 30 Seconds

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Win Management in 30 Seconds
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 Advanced protection, monitoring, and
communication features are critical part
of protecting substantial investment

Win Management in 30 Seconds

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SEL-400G can detect faults earlier, limiting generator
damage and allowing you to return service faster

Win Management in 30 Seconds

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 Flexible controls and communication
allow for integration, operator
visibility, and asset management

Win Management in 30 Seconds

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 SEL-400G Price Breakdown

Standard $10,000
+ Autosynchronizer +$2,000
Ethernet +$550–$720
I/O Boards (up to 3) +$525–$1,050
IEC 61850 +$400
Connectorizer +$275
Conformal Coating +$250

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Competitor Prices
$18k**
$9.3–17k*

$12.5k

G60
7UM85 REG670
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*Depending
on features; largest cost is function points

**Unclear level of features at price point

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 Questions?

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Competitive Landscape
GE
ABB
REG670
Multilin
Siemens
7UM85
Beckwith
M-3425A
SEL-400G
G60

Current /
Voltage Inputs 24 / 12 16 / 8 32 / 23 32 / 23 18 / 6

Integrated
Synchronizer
No No Yes No Yes

Anti-motoring No No No No Yes
Wide
Frequency 9–95 Hz Not 10–80 Hz 10–80 Hz 5–120 Hz
Range specified
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Review the full competitive analysis spreadsheet available in the SEL-400G sales kit.

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 Transverse Differential Protection

Universal
Differential 87 Zone
Lateral 87
87 Zone Transverse 87

2 Independent Universal Elements GSU

87 Zone
87 Zone
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• Dual zones

• Up to 6 restraint currents

• In-zone transformer

• Adaptive dual-slope logic

• Two CT saturation detection principles

– Fast (sample-based)

– Slow (responds to dc)

• CT selection criteria is linked to settings

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 Current Unbalance Element

• Responds to • Complies to latest IEEE C50.12

▪ Negative-sequence and IEEE C50.13 standards
current • Accounts for impact of rotor
▪ Equivalent frequency on skin depth
negative-sequence
current (includes
harmonics up to
Frotor = n – Frotor = n + 1
15th order)

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2 2
𝑛+𝑖 𝑛−𝑖
𝐼2EQ = 𝐼22 + ෍ 𝐼 + 𝐼 , 𝑛 = 2 … 15
2 𝑛_2 2 𝑛_1
𝑛

Negative-sequence current heats the rotor at a higher rate than positive-sequence current. The
negative-sequence definite-time element provides alarm for early stages of an unbalanced condition.
The inverse-time overcurrent element provides tripping for sustained unbalance conditions to prevent
machine damage. The inverse-time negative-sequence element provides industry standard I22 • t
protection curves. The element accounts for heating due to the harmonic components as high as the
15th. In accordance with IEEE C50.12 and IEEE C50.13, each component is scaled by a weighting
factor based on its sequence (positive or negative) and its harmonic order.

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 Capability-Based LOF (40P)
Q
Zone 1 Analogous to 40 Z1
Z4 (GCC)

Zone 2 Can coordinate exactly with

(UEL) modern UEL

Zone 3 Alarm (AVR in automatic) P

(SSSL) or trip (AVR in manual)
Z2 (UEL)
Zone 4 Alarm; can shrink with
(GCC) cooling capability
Z3 SSSL

Independent supervision Z1
and timing for each zone
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Use this function to more effectively coordinate with the generator capability curve (GCC), steady
state stability limit (SSSL), and underexcitation limiter (UEL). The element can dynamically shift with
voltage to maintain coordination with the UEL. It can also dynamically expand and contract following
an analog measurement such as hydrogen pressure. This element provides an alarm for operation
outside the GCC. It also provides a trip for an underexcitation event. It can alarm or trip for an SSSL
event.

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 Current-Based Thermal Element
1 x 103
• Implements 3
independent models
• Conforms to

Operating Time (s)

100

IEC 60255-19 IEEE C50.13

Short-Time
Stator
• Similar to SEL-487E 10
Thermal
• Operating quantities Requirements
Thermal Model
include I1 + I2, RMS,
1
and field current 0 1
Current (pu)
2 3

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The SEL-400G thermal element provides thermal overload protection based on the thermal model
described in IEC 60255-149. The model can be biased by ambient temperature if the RTD option is
used. The relay operates a thermal model with a trip value defined by the relay settings and a present
heat estimate that varies with time and changing generator current.

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 Shaft Overcurrent Element
From PPT 3104. A mix of slides 8 and 11.
Oil Film
Bearing Housing
Bearing
Insulation
Can be configured
Shaft to respond to
Shaft CT
fundamental, RMS,
Rotor
or harmonics
Guide Bearing

Turbine
Spiral
Case

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 Disturbance Report

• Up to 300-second • Sampled at 20 ms
records • Captures
• Stored in nonvolatile ▪ Power swings
memory
▪ Synchronizing events
• Contains
▪ Slowly evolving
▪ 20 analog quantities protection operations
▪ 800 Relay Word bits

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The SEL-400G triggers disturbance reports with record lengths of as long as 300 seconds (5 minutes).
As many as five records can be stored. Each record can have 20 analog and 800 digital quantities at a
sampling rate of 20 ms. The disturbance report can be configured to include filtered quantities
(fundamental, RMS, harmonics, etc.), frequency, power, protection operating signals, and transducer
inputs. Digitals include protection Relay Word bits, contact inputs, and remote digitals received over a
communications channel. Use the disturbance recorder to capture power swings, synchronizing events,
and slowly evolving protection operations.

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 Applications Using INT9 Board

• Field overcurrent, undercurrent protection and

monitoring
• Field winding temperature monitoring
• Shaft current protection and monitoring
• Stator-field differential protection
• DC ground protection for combustion gas turbines

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The ability to monitor additional signals allows the SEL-400G to provide more comprehensive
protection and facilitates the development of novel protection algorithms. The relay includes six high-
fidelity transducer inputs supporting the standard ranges of ±20 ma, 4–20 ma, ±10 V, or 0–10 V.
These inputs are sampled at 8 kHz with a resolution of 16 bits.

Applications using these inputs include:

• Field overcurrent, undercurrent protection and monitoring

• DC ground protection for combustion-gas turbines

• Shaft current protection and monitoring

• Stator-field differential protection

• Vibration monitoring

• Generator control monitoring

• Machine shaft speed and angle monitoring

• Geomagnetically induced current (GIC) monitoring at the transformer neutral

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 Applications Using INT9 Board

• Machine shaft speed and angle monitoring

• Geomagnetic induced current measurement at
GSU neutral
• Vibration monitoring
• Jumper configurable Aurora digital output contacts

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