[ [__ Formutae, RESULTS AND SYMBOLS TL 1. STANDARD GREEK ALPHABETS a alpha & xu @ tho B beta neta s sigma Y gamma C zeta 7 tau 6 delta a Jamda @,Q omega e epsilan a del ir capital gamma L iota kK kappa A capital delta 0,© theta hom zr capital sigma 4, phi bv onu © infinity y psi x pi v capital del 2. PROGRESSIONS (Arithmetic Progression : a,a+d,a+2,... where a is the first term, d is the common difference. @ n™term:a,=a+(n-1)d Gi) Sum of first n terms : S, = 5 [2a + (n-1) d] (iii) Arithmetic mean between a and b = ae (1) Geometric Progression : a, ar, a, ar, ... where a is the first term, r is the common ration. @) term g, = art! a(r" =1) (ii) Sum of first n terms : S, = a s|rf>1 a(l-r") 2S il<1 =an (iii) Sum of infinite number of terms = (iv)_Geometric mean between a and b = + JabFormulae, Results and Symbols (111) Harmonic Progression : Three quantities a, b, c are in harmonic progression if 111 F = GbE MEINALP or Sa S=b Harmonic mean between a and b = 222 a (i) 142430402 MD 2 Gi) Pea Pe ge MOTD Coy 3. STANDARD SERIES (ii) "P, =n! = a=W (=D) _ an = "Cy (iv) ) "C+ "C= nlc, (vi) "Co =1, "C, =1 5. BINOMIAL THEOREM (i) For any positive integer n (x + yt = Mey x Mey ay + Mey xt2y2 Gi) ey FRE, Hey Hee ty = 2" 6 2 Gi) 34343340402 ey 1 iva 2 wy) pt beyteere a 4. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS @ "R= eal en(n-l)(n-2)..n-rt len 'P | Gi) Ol=1 Yt Mey, XP TY! + ey yt816 (iii) | (iv) Mg Calculus (olume.y If n is a negative integer or a fraction, and x < 1 then n(n-1 n(n-1) (n=2) 3 (l+xyf'=1 + mx SOD z P+——ayp umn (Faylaltxe Pte. GF xy = 143x462 + 103 +... @ Gi) iii) Ls wm ap -——- 7. CIRCULAR TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS /}—— 6. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC SERIES }——__ ce eee eee Ifa> 1 then x(loga)? — x3(loga)3 @=1+xlogat+ 3 + 31 ex 248 xt log (ltxex-S 45-4 5 B nR = 180°, 18 = (2) [> ; . A T R 0 = (7) 10-60 (mi I -(5) . 1° = 60' (minutey Length of arc = r6 0 is in radians Area of the sector OAB = + re OA=x, AP=y, OP=r sind=2, coso =, tang = 2— 817 Formulae, Results and Symbols __——_— @ yew +sin’?@ =1 1 + tan20 = sec?0 (iii) 1 + cot?0 = cosec " 7 2tan@ v 20 = 2si = —2tand_ Gv) sin sind cos 0 = Tap (v) cos 20 =cos?0 - sin’0 : = 2cos0 - 1 + 1 +.c0s26 = 2c0s’ = 1 -2sin? 0 —— 1 — cos20 = 2sin20 — ita’ 1+ tan? _ _2tan@ (iv) tan 26 tan20 (D @) sin(@+f)=sin a cos B + cos a sin B (ii) sin (@ —B) = sin a cos B — cos a sin & (iii) cos (@ +B) = cos a cos B - sin a sin B (iv) cos (& — B) = cos cos B + sina sin B ina + tanB () tan (@ +B) = T= tana tanB tana - tanB 1+ tana tanB (vi) tan @ -B)= cota cotB —1 (il) cot (@ +B) = orB + cota cota cotB +1 cota — cotB (IV) @) sin + sin D =2sin (<2 (ii) sin C-cos D = 2cos (=) sin (= (viii) cot (@ - B) = Gi) cos C + cos D = 2cos (= Calculus (Volume-l) / 103 /2013 po 8. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAE— a Calculus (olume.y C+D C-D (iv) cos C - cos D = 2sin ( 5 ) sin (S) (v) 2sin @ cos B = sin (a +B) + sin (a —B) (vi) 2cos @ sin B = sin (a +B) - sin (a —B) (vii) 2cos a cos B = cos (a +) + cos (a ~ B) (viii) 2sin a sin B = — cos (a +B) + cos (a - B) r— 9, RELATION BETWEEN SIDES AND ANGLES OF ATRIANGLE | @ 4 --b 2_¢ y) Where R is the circum — radius of a triangle. c b dD (i) a=bcosC+ecosB Gi) b=ccoaA tacos (iii) c= acos B+ bcos A B : c . B+c2—@ (tt) @) cos A = SHE 2462 _ p2 (i) cos B= #4 : “a a@+i—2 (ii) cos C= (IV) If A is an area of a triangle then w = 7 be sin => aesinB=+ ab sinc (i) A= Js(s=a)(S=b)(s—c) where 2s=atbee : 10. VALUES OF CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS (i) sinnn=0, VneZ Gi) sin @n-1) = 1)"!, VneN Gili) cos sx" = (-1)"NP Formulae, Results and Symbols (iv) cos 2nn = 1, sVneZ . r (vy) cos (2n-1) 5 =0 ,VneN (vi) If sin ® = 0 then = 70 ,vneZ (it) Tfsin@ = 1 then 0 = (4n+1) 5 Vine Z* (viii) If cos 8 = 0 then 6 = (Qn + 1) swneZ (ix) If cos ® = 1 then @ = 2nn, ,Wne Z 819 11. INVERSE CIRUCLAR FUNCTIONS @ — sin-'x = cosee! + = cost VI=? = tar ( - = al l-x Gi) costx = see! 4 = sin! Jim? = tan! LEX Gi) tan“ (iv) sin“lx + cos“! x = (vy) tan7lx + cot“lx rk apt aly = & (vi) sec“lx + cosee"lx = F x (vii) tan“ + tan“ly = tant (viii) sin“! (x) = - sinm'x ix) cos! Cx Tt cos!x (x) tan7!(-x) = = tanm}x (xi) cot! (x) — cot lx (xii), seem! x) ~seclx (xiii) cosec! (-x) = - cosec“!x (xiv) sin-x + sinmly = sin“! (x 1-9? + yJ 1-3?) (xv) coslx + cosly = cos“! (xy - VI-x? 1-9?) Le820 @ fu =xl . s Gi) Sa toga,ae R{1} a a ats a Cltlooy ) Ca si g ) dx =-sinx od wit) © tan x= sect dd GO) See x = sec x tan x wi) sin (ity (xv) (xvii) Lu vy=u thay ie a) Ls (xix) © cosh x= sin hx x (xxi) z (tanh x) = sech2x d (xxiii) F (Gech x) = ~sechx tanhx 12. DIFFERENTIATION Gi) (iv) (vi) (viii) (x) (xii) (xiv) (xvi) (xviii) (xx) (xxii) (xxiv) Calculus Colume.y d et ra 4 logy al, dx (08 *=y5x#0 4 sin x= cos x £ cot x = — cosec2x d Ty COSEC X = ~ Coser x cot x = cot! Ge cosec Bla sinh x = cos hx (coth x) = — cosech2x (cosechx) = -cosechx cot hx! Sla Sls Bs621 Formulae, Results and S:‘mbols 13. INTEGRATION |————_ ] LO Jxrde = 2 n#-1 n+? Jt ax = togx 3. J ax + byt de = to a(n+T) ” [Vans = Liog (ar + b) dx 1 x 5. Star eb) = phe(z + 5) = 6. [axe OF ax = 2M ne faxed ae 7, fA ae = 2a FB +b dx} tant ¥ 72 J @+xe =@ ian (2) dx x aby tan” (2) 9. Scqreryp * Tatar * 2a as xta Leb gtiaye dm) 1 x ao ap 7 PGT * at yh Nggbg cone (seme?) - lex 2 [Jerea? ae = 3 +2 +S sinh (2) n#-1 a 13. 242x2)JE a at a(x va f 2a? de = ERED SEE —& sinh 2 @ sane (3 joer 2-2 sin ae is. Soe? — po big (EE ioe x 16. pe822 Calculus (otume,y aan (2) 2 18, [Va de = FP +S sin-t(2) x @ (x) _ x ps 9. yaaa = Saint (2) Fae de 1 20a = a8] Teo =cosh-! (2) = log lx +t =a Em fe aapenewey (xe 22. Jara = 5 cosh ()+3 x2 — Qe 23. dei) 1 ala ave @e a (ag) = Zoos! y dx Fi x-a 24. = sin-!| ~~ @ 4. Vian = 8" ( > ) 25. 26. a sin ax dx = —4.cos ax a 29 30 pe cos ax dx = qsinax J sint axe = {Sn ex) cosar | =! J sin"-2 ax dx cost ax dy = S08" ax sin ax , n= J cos"? ax dy 31. sin ax cos be de = STE EBD — sana bh a br Boe sin sin be dr = SSE BE — sna bb, a 33. cos ax cos bx dx = SiN(a—b)x | sin(a +b) x a-by *2(aeby? ee?Formulae, Results and Symbols = J sin ax cos ax dx = — 90824% 4a sin’ = Sint ax oj J sin"ax cos ax dx Gina’ "* 1 J cot ax dx = biog (sin ax) cos"*! ax cos" ax sit = — 90S ae J axsin ax dx =~ Tyg? n#-1 J tan ax dx = -i log (cos ax) =i log (sec ax) nl ax cos™*! ax a(m+n) m+n 39... J sin” ax cos” ax dx = J sin®-? ax cos” ax de nem 7 dx 2 f [bee m_ ax 2 40. lerona sae | Bre G-2) eee ; ae [eee ERP cosas, Pee b+csin ax dx ao m_ax a. Sree ae(§-F) ax _ 1 (m, at 42. J t=sinaz -pan(+) de Man 2 a. Seta ta) ad __!} a 44, tte el) 45, J tan? ard =t tan ax — 46. jotesdt tetera 40. tant ax dx = SF - Jtan""axdx ,n#l tt nat J cot" ax dx = - SEF ~ J cot? ax de ,nel | ae f sec ax de =} log[sec ax + tan ax] | | | tan"-! ax | Joosec ax dx = -i log[cosec ax — cot ax]404 Calculus (Volumes, 1 2 Y= - tanax Wl sec? ax dx a be J cosec? ax dx = 1 =cotax a n-2 ax ta n=2 f geqn-? . 53. J sec” ax dx = 0 axtanax 4 2~F f sect”? ax dx nel a(n-1) n 2 ax cotax , N= 2 / cogegn-2 54, cose" ax dy = - SST AEE + Ta Jeosec axdx , ng] 55. sec" ax tan ax dy = So na on 56. cosec” ax cot ax de = — 208ee na s7. sin! ax dy = xsin-tax +4 JI a 1 cos"! ax dx = x cos"! ax — ai 1 = a?x? tan“! ax dx = x tan-lax - log (1 + a2x?) Pana a J om dx =4 es .b>0, b#1 x J et sin bx dx = mars (asin bx + beosbx) . eat et cos dx = =" sy (acos bx ~ bsin bx) J log ax dx = xlogax — x "garde = 2" | ea x" 1g = Fl BO - CA e. ned - . 1 . (i) sinh ax dx = cosh ax Gi) J cosech2x dx = -coth x (ii) J sech?y ey = tanhy _ ot Gi) f cosh = gq Sh ax (ii) J sechx tan hx dx = -sech x (iy J cosecha cotha da = ~cosechxFormulae, Results and Symbols Ls Jwde =ufvde- GE Ivar} ax When u is a polynomial function then it is better to use Suv de = (u) (»)) - (W) (v9) + (w') (v3) - (u") (vq) + €.g. u=(2x+3)? and v=sin 2x then J 2x +3) sin 2x dx = {(2x +37} {- 5} ~{4 (2x +3)} f sin sin2ay + {8} {a cos 2a Similarly x/2 wid n-1 9% 1, = J sin" xdx = f cost x dx = “7 faa} 0 Where Ip = 5, 1, ni? nid eg. 1,= | sint0d0= [ costoda (n=4) a 0 Te oe cee es ee a= gh=q-7l=37= 1=61,-8.41,=6 48 n=qls=q° 3h 105 an Also Jroa =2 [fdr if fa@-x =Ff@ 3 =0 if f(a-x) To find cos? xdx = 0 (cos? (m ~ x) = ~cos? x) coy ote cos? xdr = 2 f cos? xdr = 0 0 x2 1 [ cost xdr = 2 [ cost xde =25 Ip=F Calculus (Volume-l) / 104 / 2013 where dashes denotes the derivatives and the subscripts of v denotes integrations. J ete ar =o ()- cx (§% $e) +60 (Se $r)- © (Se 3) 825826 ° Calculus (Volume. i nid nz f sin’ xdx =2 fsin’x de =4 [ sin® xdx 3 a 3 a a a ie nal FP Sreoytroyae LI, net AF Dar = og py J f'(x) fax = ef 14. RELATIONS WITH CARTESION COORDINATES (i) Polar coordinates (r, 0) x=rcos®, y=rsin® r=Jxee+y?, O= tan 2 ii) Cylindrical coordinates (r, 0, 2) x=rcos@, y=rsin®, z=z (iii) Spherical coordinates (r, 8, ) x=rcos$sin®, y=rsing sind, z=rcosd 15. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS -—____ | . e+e* . et re* | (cosh x = > (i) sinhx = = | ee sinh x cosh x | iii) tanh x = oahiel (iv) coth x = sinh x 1 F () sechx = Spy (vi) cosech x = Tabx cosh2x ~ sinh2x = 1 (viii) cosh (—x) = cosh x, sinh (-x) = - sinh INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS @ _ sinhtx = tog (x + yx? +1) (ii) coshlx = log (x + Vx 1) lL, (ltx tanh-l x = 5 log l-x 1 (iv) coth“lx = z logFormulae, Results and Symbols ia 827 1+Vi-2 vie? ) sr tr=tog( - } i) cous =o Tal d (vii) inky = — ity & hy) = aa Ix) Tea (vill) Gy Cosh) = Jos > D xy) © tant-ty = ben @ 4 cotrtn= ty > de Le ) ok © 1-x ex) SZ Gectrty =! de Crh) = A 0 (i) nso nl 16. FREQUENTLY USED LIMITS ci) lim + =0 n im logn cay i, PB" <9 (lim x" =1 forx>0 (ii) EM x" =0 for |x| <1 Area of a square of side a is = a”, Perimete Area of a rectangle of sides a and b = ab, Perimeter = 2a + 2b. Area of triangle is = 4 bh, iis the altitude from the base b. @ @ Gi) ii) Perimeter =a +b+ce (iv) Area of a circle of radius r is = mr, Perimeter = 2nr a—< Calculus (Volume () ap @ Gi) Gi) (iv) wv) (vi) 1 Area of a sector of the circle with angle © = 7 170 x2 ye Area of an ellispe 35 + 75 = 1 is m ab Volume of a cube of side a is = a3, surface area = 6a? Volume of a cuboid of three adjacent side a, b, ¢ is = abe surface area = 2(ab + be + ca) . Volume of a right circular cylinder of radius rand altitude his = nh, surface = 2nrh Volume of a right circular cone with base radius r and altitude h is + mh surface area = 7 . 4 Volume of a sphere with radius r is 3 77°. surface area = 4n/°. Volume of a regular pyramid with base of sides a and b, and altitude h is § abh, surface area = 3 x (base area) x slant height 18. STANDARD TABLE (D_ Trigonometric Table e | o | 30 [45 [60 90 | 180] 270 | 360 z>e |e |x 3m CS ON rl ze ee eal be 1 sino] 0 | 3 | oy BT, o}-1 Jo v3} fa coo} 1} lor}z jo | -afo fa 0 AW tand | 0 IF V3 |o 0 |-x|]o (1) Some Constants (i) = 2.71828 Gi) sm = 3.14159 (iii) log 1 = 0 (any base # 1) (iv) 1° = 0.017453R, I'(minute) = 60" (seconds) 60" = 1° cee