chemistry Name. Chapter 6 Periodic Table Period, Date. Redox: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation is broadly defined asthe lo3s of electrons by an atom orion. Similarly, reduction is the gain of electrons by an atom orion, An easy way to remember the difference between ‘oxidation and eduction isto memorize this mnemonic OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain Neither oxidation nor reduction can ever occur alone. Whenever electrons are lost by one substace, they must be gained by another substance. Reactions involving the exchange or transfer of electrons from atoms o¢ ions of one substance to those of another substance are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions, for short. In such reactions, the substance that is oxidized (loses electrons) is ealled the reducing agent. The substance that is reduced (gains electrons) is called the oxidizing agent. Since they are made up of two distinct processes (oxidation and reduction), redox reactions can be represented by two half: ‘reactions, For example, the balanced equation forthe reaction of sodium wit chlorine is 2Na+Ch > 2NaCl In halEreaction form, the equation for ths reaction is 2Na> 2Na +2 (oxidation) +26 2CI (reduction) As the equations for these half-reactions show, the two electrons lost by the sodium atoms fare gained by the chlorine atoms. For any redox reaction, the number of electrons gained in the reduction half-reaction must equal the number of electrons lost in the oxidation halfreaction Here is another example: Fes) + PR(NOs)sCaq) PD(s) + Fe(NOs)s (eq) I this reaction does occur, the halfteactions will be (ignore the NO) ions!) Fela) Fe +26 (oxidation) Pb + 26° PD(s) (reduction) ‘The usefulness of metals in structural and other applications depends on thei physical and chemicel properties. Although iron isthe most common metal used in manufacturing, it must be protected against corrosion because iron rusts easily. Copper is used in electrical wiring because it conduets electricity extremely well and resists corrosion beter than many metals, Gold is a highly valuable jewelry metal because itis essentially unreactive. How can we determine the relative reactivity of different metals? ‘A way to determine the activity of metals i to compare the reactions of metals with different ‘metal ions. Consider, for example, what happens when a piece of aluminum fil is placed in aChemistry Name, Chapter 6 Perio« Period. Date. solution of eopper (It) chloride. A vigorous reaction is observed; hea is released, the blue olor due to copper (ll) ions fades, the aluminum foil disintegrates, and a new, ceddish brown Solid appeat inthe reaction mixture. (“Copper I” just means coppes ions with a 2+ charge the copper atom lost 2 electrons and became an ion.) The reaction is summarized in Equation 4 Copper (I) ions from copper (Il) chloride are converted to copper metal. Aluminum metal is converted to aluminum fons in aluminum chloride. In contrast, when apiece of copper metal is placed ina solution of aluminum chloride, no reaction takes piace (Equation 2) Equation 1 isa single replacement reaction Element Compound Compound Element ~ fe 2Al(s) + 3CuCh (aq) > 2AICH(aq) +3Cu(s) Equation t Culs) + AICL (aq) > No Reaction Equation 2 Equation | is classified as a single replacement reaction; aluminum reaets with and “replaces” copper ions in copper (II) chloride, A single replacement reaction always has an. clement and compound a3 reactants on the left side of the equation. The reactants “trade places” to form a different compound and clement as products. A more active metal Always replaces the ion of a less active metal. In general, the activity of « metal may be defined as follows: An active metal will eact with a compound ofa less active metal, which is oitverted to its “free element” form, The more astive metal forms a new eampound containing ‘metal cations (positive ion). Based on Equation 1, aluminum is more active than copper. “To observe the loss and gain of electrons, t's break down Equation | into evo separate hall= reactions, Notice that the CI" (chloride) ions are ignored (they're just dissolved in the solution and play no part). And “aq” means “aqueous” or dissolved in water; “s” means solid. Equation3 Alyy > APag) + 3: <—Y #ofelectrons lost # # electrons gained But if you multiply equation #3 by 2, and Equationd Cu + 2e 9 Cu Equation #4 by 3, the electrons lost WILL LL equal electrons gained Equation 3a 2Ahy > 2AF (ag) + 63 Notice that the electrons + = cancelled each other out when Equation 4 _3Cu" gq, + 6e- 47> _3Cuy the equations were added together SUM 2Aly + 3CU% Gq > 2AP*(aq) + 3CUs) —_ ‘THIS IS A NET IONIC EQUATION PURPOSE In this experiment you will prepare several difTerent combinations of metals and metallic ions to observe whether or not any vsible redox reactions oecur, You will ereae a simple activity seties ofthe metals, and determine whether a substance was being oxidized or reduced. You ‘will also learn how to write half reactions for oxidation and reduction.Chemistry Name, Chapter 6 Periodic Table Period Date. EQUIPMENT and CHEMICALS: ‘+ Safety goggles, apcon, steel wool or sand paper, spot plate, distilled water, forceps + Small pices ofthese metals: Silver iron lead zine magnesium copper 10 M solutions of: AgNOs,Cu(NOs):, Fe(NOs)s, PoONOs:, Zn(NOs}s and Mg(NOs) PROCEDURE 1, Place a clean spot plate on top ofa white piece of paper to be better able to view the reaetions. Using the data table below asa guide, you wil be ereating various combinations of metals and metallic nitrate solutions. 2, To begin, put one small piece of silver in five “holes” on the spot plate. (Using «small piece of steel wool or sand paper to make the metals shiny and clean first may give better results) 3. Using the top row of the data table a a guide, add 15 drops of each of the solutions {except not AgNO}) to each hole onthe spot plat. For example, the first hole will have solid Ag and 15 drops of Pb(NO:)s, 4, Try to submerge as much of the pieces of metal as possible. Record any evidence of @ chemical reaction after waiting 3-5 minutes. You may only see a slight darkening or coating. Write NR in the table ifno reaction is observed. Many may not react. 5. Repeat this process forthe remaining 5 metals. Record your observations BRIEFLY in this table ofall possible combinations. You do hnot need to perform the combinations that have *XXXX" in the box. For example, don't ‘combine Pb and Pb(NOs)2 AgNO, | PH(NOS)> | Cu(NOs2 | ZnO | FeO, | MecNOs)2 Ag | XXXXXXX | Pb 300000 cu XXXKXRK Zn OOK Fe | XXXXXKX, Mg XXXXEXXChemistry Name, Chapter 6 Periodic Table Period Date. CLEANUP Remove, rinse and return the pieees of silver teac rot put the other metal pieces down the drain! Gently shake the remaining spot plate ‘contents onto a thick mat of paper towels, then discard into the trash. Remember, AgNO} Stains! Wash rinse and dry the spot plate. Wash your hands when done. POST LAB QUESTIONS ‘Which metal reacted withthe most metal ion solutions? 2, Which metal reacted withthe fewest meta ion solutions? Create simple “activity series” in tis box using the metals’ symbols, Vertically rank the metals fom most active (top) least active (bottom). 4, The balanced ner lonie equation forthe reaction of Ma with Zn(NOs)zis Mg + Zn" Mg* + Zn sha Was snuguesias oxidized or veduced? weitethe hate L_ reaction below agent Fill in the blank: Magnesium is the 45. Was the zine ion oxidized or reduced? Write the half reaction below: Fill inthe blank: Zine ion isthe agentChemistry Name_ Chapter 6 Periodic Table Period. Date. Pre-lab Definitions: Read the lab introduction t be able to define the following terms. 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction 3. Redox reactions 4. Oxidizing agent 5. Reducing agent 6. Complete this sentence: The numberof electrons gained 7. How can you determine the relative reactivity of metals? 8, Explain or describe whata single replacement reaction “OIL RIG" stand for?Name ——_____— 2 4 Electrochemistry Teaching Diagram 26 Section 214 Text page 504 Activity Series of Metals with Half-Reactions ‘petty Sees of Maes, ih Wa Reactions for Okdalon Mocasos Element Ovidation haltesctions Mostacive thium Lis) + Lit(aq) + and most Potassium K(s) +0- easily oxidized + Ba? (aq) + 20 Calcium Cals) + Ca? (aq) + Sodium als)» Nas(aq) + MagnesiumNtg(s) + 2e- Aluminum Alls) -» A+ (aq) + Zine znis) + + 2e- ( tron Fos) +20 . Nick! Ni(s) > NF *(aq) + “+ Sné+(aq) +22 [ead POG) + 2e- Hydrogen" H.(g) + 2H*(aq) + Copper Culs) + Cur*(aq) + Least active Mercury Hals) -* +28 andieast Silver. Agls). + Ag*(aq) + easily oxidized Gold Als) + e- “Vyerogon incuded or earnce purposes. 4. Fillin the blanks to complete the hatt-eactions on the table, 2. Use the table to determine ifthe following statements ara true or false. ‘a. Tinis more easily oxidized than magnesium. bb. Aluminum is more easily oxidized than mercury. 1c, Zinc becomes copper-plated when dipped ina copper sulfate solution. 4. Silver metal is oxidized by lead fons. _—e. tron metal is oxidized by nickel ions Anvacid will release H. gas when copper is placed inthe acid