Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

Antipolo City
A.Y. 2019 – 2020

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Finals Quiz

In partial fulfilment of the requirements in

CE 16: Timber Design

Presented by:

Christine Ann I. Basbas

Student No.: 1201094153

Submitted to:

George Prejula Palada, RCE

Instructor

28 November 2019
1. Computational Fluid Dynamics

So what exactly is this Computational Fluid Dynamics all about? It is simply the
science of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, chemical reactions, and
related phenomena by solving the mathematical equations which govern these
processes using a numerical process. Computational Fluid Dynamics is the simulation
of fluids engineering systems using modelling such as the mathematical physical
problem formulation and the numerical methods such as the discretization methods,
solvers, numerical parameters, and grid generations, and such things. Computational
Fluid Dynamics made possible by the advent of digital computer and advancing with
improvements of computer resources.

For complicated unsteady flow problems, Computational Fluid Dynamics codes are
usually run in the steady mode for a few iterations for getting a better initial conditions.
So why use this so called Computational Fluid Dynamics? It is helpful in Analysis and
Design which includes Simulation-based design instead of “build & test” and Simulation
of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult for experiments. Where specifically is this
Computational Fluid Dynamics being used for? It is used in Aerospace, Automotive,
Biomedical, Chemical Processing, Hydraulics, Marine, Oil & Gas, Power Generation and
such stuffs. The next thing to consider when using Computational Fluid Dynamics is
Modelling. Modeling is the mathematical physics problem formulation in terms of a
continuous initial boundary value problem. Modelling includes Geometry and domain,
Coordinates, Governing equations, Flow conditions, Initial and boundary conditions
and then the Selection of models for different applications. Based on the physics of
the fluids phenomena, CFD can be distinguished into different categories using
different criteria which includes Viscous vs. inviscid, the External flow or internal flow
either wall bounded or not, Turbulent vs. laminar, Incompressible vs. compressible,
Single- vs. multi-phase, thermal and density effects, free-surface flow and surface
tension and the chemical reactions and combustion.
To fully understand, here is the process of Computational Fluid Dynamics.
2. Finite Element Analysis

The finite element analysis method is used in structural analysis of solids, but is
also applicable to fluids. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method for
solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics. Useful for problems with
complicated geometries, loadings, and material properties where analytical solutions
cannot be obtained. So what is the purpose of using Finite Element Analysis? As been
said, once the design geometry is a lot more complex and the accuracy requirement
is a lot higher, Finite Element Analysis takes place.

We need to fully understand the physical behaviors of a complex object such as

strength, heat transfer capability, fluid flow, and related stuffs. Next is for us to be
able to predict the performance and behavior of the design. Another thing is for each
and every one of us to calculate the safety margin and to identify the weakness of the
design accurately. And also, to identify the optimal design with confidence. The
common finite element analysis application includes Mechanical, Aerospace, Civil, and
Automotive Engineering. In Structural and Stress Analysis, it includes Static and
Dynamic, Linear and Nonlinear, Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, Electromagnetic Fields, Soil
Mechanics, Acoustics and Biomechanics. Examples of Finite Element Analysis are one-
dimensional beams, two-dimensional and three-dimensional. Finite Element Analysis
has advantages when it comes to Irregular Boundaries, General Loads, Different
Materials, Boundary Conditions, Variable Element Size, Easy Modification, and
Dynamics, Nonlinear Problems either Geometric or Material. The finite element method
(FEM), or finite element analysis (FEA), is a computational technique used to obtain
approximate solutions of boundary value problems in engineering. Boundary value
problems are also called field problems. The field is the domain of interest and most
often represents a physical structure. The field variables are the dependent variables
of interest governed by the differential equation. The boundary conditions are the
specified values of the field variables (or related variables such as derivatives) on the
boundaries of the field.
3. Strut-and-Tie Model/Design

The Strut-and-Tie is a unified approach that considers all load effects

simultaneously. The Strut-and-Tie model approach evolves as one of the most useful
design methods for shear critical structures and for other disturbed regions in concrete
structures. The model provides a rational approach by representing a complex
structural member with an appropriate simplified truss models. There is no single,
unique Strut and Tie Model for most design situations encountered. There are,
however, some techniques and rules, which help the designer, develop an appropriate
model.

The analysis of shear in reinforced concrete members is based on the so called truss
Analogy. This said truss model helps to understand how forces are transferred
throughout a structural member. The equivalent truss model is identified on the basis
of the crack pattern that appears when the member is loaded; the crack pattern helps
to describe load transfer in the member by means of forces that are concentrated in
compressive struts and tensile loaded bars. Designing members by means of the strut-
and-tie method belongs to the domain of the application of the plastic design
philosophy, and more in particular to the domain of lower bound static methods.
According to the lower bound theorem, the structural member does not fail if for the
imposed load combination, a stress distribution can be identified for which the
equilibrium is guaranteed or the system of forces is in equilibrium with a given set of
loads and the threshold for plastic behaviour of materials is not exceeded. Indeed, the
design is based on a truss model in which acceptable stresses are not exceeded in the
members of the truss, and is thus based on a statically acceptable system, which may
transfer the loads with sufficient safety. If on top of that, the directions of the
compression struts coincide with the orientations of the stresses in uncracked situation,
there is no need for large redistributions in order to activate the truss system;
consequently, deformations and crack widths remain limited which is a visual proof of
the well-functioning of the truss system in service conditions.
4. Displacement-Based Seismic Design

Displacement-based seismic design means simply that the design takes into
account the anticipated earthquake-induced displacements for the design event.
Displacement-based seismic design criteria was intended to produce structures that
satisfy specific performance objectives, are under development by various individuals
and organizations. This seismic design criteria possess the benefit of being relatively
simple and direct in the application of the design process.

The very best thing that this so called displacement-based seismic design focuses
with is displacement. Furthermore, an emphasis is directed to achieving realistic, and
realistically conservative, estimate of the displacements. According to Sozen (1981),
displacement-based seismic design recognizes that displacement amplitude, and
especially interstory drift amplitude, relates directly to structural and non-structural
damage in yielding systems. Therefore, when designing, the designer should use
displacement information to select the structural system that economically will produce
the reduced displacements by comparison with other competing systems. On the other
hand, according to Mochle (1992), displacements are used first as an aid in selecting
the basic structural system, and then anticipated displacements are used directly as
an aid in proportioning the structure and selecting details. Displacement-based seismic
design has as one of its goals to produce structures in which is more of predictable
design. The said approach can be organized around the theme of performance level
including immediate occupancy, life safety, collapse prevention and an earthquake
demand with a specified probability of exceedance or the return period. Limitations
exist with regard to estimating earthquake displacement demand including ground
motions, displacement estimations and performance levels. To sum it up,
displacement-based seismic design criteria are simple and direct in representing design
parameters that relate to performance. Approaches are available to estimate both
displacement demands and capacities, although additional developments are needed.
The inherent uncertainty in the design problem is apparent. Therefore, whereas as
stated goal of performance-based seismic design is to produce structures of
predictable performance, only the probabilities associated with achieving a given
performance can be stated.
5. Force-Based Seismic Design

Reinforced concrete coupled walls are a common lateral load resisting system used
in multi-storey buildings. In the seismic design of structures, Force-Based Design
procedures are the most commonly adopted by design codes. The so called force-
based design seismic design procedure is based on calculating the base shear force
resulting from the earthquake dynamic motion using the acceleration response
spectrum and the expected elastic period. Design for seismic resistance has been
undergoing a critical reappraisal in recent years, with the emphasis changing from
“strength” to “performance”.

It was recognised that a frame building would perform better under seismic attack
if it could be assured that plastic hinges would occur in beams rather than in columns
either weak beam/strong column mechanism, and if the shear strength of members
exceeded the shear corresponding to flexural strength. This can be identified as the
true start to performance based seismic design, where the overall performance of the
building is controlled as a function of the design process. There is currently an
intensive examination of the implications of performance limit states to seismic design
of structure. In the current debate, most suggested design procedures require the
addition of a displacement, or damage, check to an essentially force-based design
procedure. These approaches have the advantage of retaining familiar design steps,
and have been implemented in some design procedures for many years. An alternative
approach based on designing to achieve a specified strain or drift performance level
under a specified seismic intensity has been developed. It was shown that this is very
simple to apply and should result in uniform levels of seismic risk. Significant
differences in seismic performance can be expected from structures designed to this
approach when compared with conventional force based/displacement-check
approaches. In particular, design for inclusion of foundation compliance, for non-
standard hysteretic characteristics, and for variation in seismic intensity are treated in
a rational manner not feasible with current procedures. A Force Based Seismic Design
approach is shown to include an impractical procedure for the assignment of coupling
beam strengths and code equations for the calculation of coupling beam
characteristics appear to include errors.