092844 - DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES

Equations of motion for linear discretized systems: lumped mass and assumed-mode methods. One-degree-of-freedom systems: free vibrations, harmonic forces, arbitrary forces,
time and frequency domain analysis. Multi-degree-of-freedom systems: free vibrations, modal analysis, seismic actions, response spectrum method. Direct methods; frequency
analysis, numerical integration in time domain. Modelling of fluid-structure interaction forces: Morison equation for slender bodies. Aerodynamic (wind) actions and hydrodynamic
(waves-current) actions on structures. Elements of random vibration analysis: modelling dynamic actions as stochastic stationary processes, linear systems response, applications
to seismic, wind and offshore engineering. Vibration measure and analysis: vibrometers, measurement chains, harmonic analysis of vibration.

Obiettivi dell'insegnamento

The course operates within the stream of structural analysis disciplines, focusing on procedures for computing the response of linear discretized systems to dynamic loads.
The main purpose is to bridge the gap between rigorous procedures for writing and integrating the equations of motions and design procedures which are adopted, at various
level of refinement, in the design of civil engineering structures against environmental and antropic dynamic loading conditions.
Whithin this framework, the course aims at:
- developing a strong theoretical background in the field of modelling structural problems related to dynamic loads, addressing both loading and structural representation, with
reference to both deterministic and probabilistic frameworks,
- developing a strong background about the procedures for computing, from the above models, the structural response to dynamic loads, especially focusing on applications to
seismic, wind and offshore engineering and to problems related to machine foundations,
- developing, justifying and commenting the procedures which are adopted, at different levels of complexity, in structural design applications addressing dynamic actions
applied to civil engineering structures and infrastructures.

Risultati di apprendimento attesi

The students are expected to gain confidence and insight into the numerical and experimental techniques currently employed in civil engineering dynamics. The first part of
the course is devoted to the development of linear vibration theory within a classical deterministic context; in the second part, applications to wind, seismic and offshore
engineering are developed within the probabilistic framework typical of modern codes and recommendations.
Within this framework the expected learning achievements are as follows
knowledge and understanding
after having attended the course and passed the exam, the student is expected
1 - to know the principles and fundamental methods for developing discretized models of structural dynamics problems,
2 - to know the principles and fundamental methods for solving the equations of motion of discretized systems under the mosto common dynamic loading conditions applied
to civil engineering structures,
3 - to possess adequate knowledge of the general procedures which are at the basis of the development of modern procedures for automatic computer based simulation of
dynamic structural response,
4 - to possess adequate knowledge about the methods for modelling dynamic loading and response as random processes, and about the way in which they are reflected by
modern codes addressing dynamic loads,
5 - to possess a basic knowledge about field measurment procedures in vibration analysis.
applying knowledge and understanding
after having attended the course and passed the exam, the student is expected
6 - to manage simple hand procedures for the estimation of dynamic response, to be used for preliminary design and for checking the results obtained by refined procedures,
7 - to manage refined simulations of the dynamic response of linear discretized systems, by consciously employing available software packages,
8 - to apply modern codes and procedures for structural design in seismic, wind and offshore engineering contexts,
9 - to analyze the results of field measument of vibration.
 Argomenti trattati

Equations of motion for linear discretized systems.

Lagrange equations. Discretization methods: lumped mass and assumed-mode methods. Viscous damping. Cases of rotating masses and moving reference.
One-degree-of-freedom systems.
Free vibration. Harmonic forces: transient and steady state response, frequency response function, magnification factor. Dynamic equilibrium; Argand diagrams. Arbitrary
forces: Duhamel integral, numerical step-by-step analysis, frequency domain analysis.
Multi-degree-of-freedom systems.
Free vibration. Properties of eigenpairs. Modal superposition analysis for undamped and damped systems. The case of seismic actions; response Spectrum method. Direct
methods; frequency analysis, numerical integration in time and frequency domain. Application of harmonic analysis to the case of machine foundations.
Elements of random vibration analysis.
Modelling dynamic actions as stochastic stationary processes: direct and cross spectral densities, extreme values. Response of linear systems to reandom excitation,
applications to seismic, wind and offshore engineering.
Modelling of dynamic forces due to fluid-structure interaction.
Morison equation for slender bodies. Aerodynamic (wind) actions and hydrodynamic (waves-current) actions on structures. Linearization of drag forces due to turbulent wind.
Aerodynamic damping. Equivalent static forces: dynamic coefficient. Excitation due to vortex shedding.
Vibration measure and analysis.
Vibrometers, measurement chains, harmonic analysis of vibration.

Prerequisiti

The student is expected to possess an adequate background about

- principles and methods of fundamental mechanics, such as point and rigid-body kinematics and general principles governing the dynamics of n-DoF systems (Lagrange
Equations),
- solid and structural mechanics, including state of stress and deformation, virtual work principle, beam theory, analysis of frames, buckling analysis,
- linear algebra (matrices, solution of linear systems, eigenvalue problems).

Modalità di valutazione

The exam/evaluation is based on:

- the solution of "takehome" problems, to be performed by the students along the course,
- a final oral exam, encompassing a practical question (equations of motion of a simple system) and some questions related to the theoretical/metodological aspects of the
course.
The takehome problems focus on the verification of learning objectives 1,2 and 6, while the oral exam aims at veryfying all the expected achievements.

Bibliografia

L. Meirovitch, Elements of Vibration Analysis, Editore: McGraw-Hill

REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
The course is aimed to introduce the fundamentals of the mechanics of R.C. and P.C. structures and the general aspects of structural design. Referring to a large class of
constructions (buldings, bridges, inftrastructures), the structural durability and deformability are illustrated. Regarding P.C. structures, the basic aspects of prestressing are
discussed referring to simple structural arrrangements. Also the course gives the basic tools for the advanced analysis and conceptual design approach of R.C. and P.C. structures.
The structural behaviour in the service stage and at ultimate is illus-trated in detail and the assessment of structural safety is performed according to the Semiprob-abilistic Limit
States Method. The behaviour of complex structural arrangements, in particular tall buildings, large span or composite bridges, precast structures, is discussed in detail, espe-
cially regarding structural effects connected to long term deformations of concrete (creep and shrinkage) and constructional techniques.

Obiettivi dell'insegnamento

The objectives of the course consist in giving to the students the appropriate capability of solving problems regarding the analysis, design and evaluation of structural safety
of structures and structural elements in reinforced and prestressed concrete. The main aspect of the course regards the formulation of the techniques and the procedures
necessary for the study of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. Further main aspects concern the discussion of the results derived from the application of the
theoretical bases and their compatibility with the prescriptions given by the Codes. Each argument of the course is discussed theoretically at first and then illustrated by
specific applications following an organised process, where practical examples and interesting case studies are carried out.

Risultati di apprendimento attesi

The lectures and the practical applications developed in the classroom will allow the students to:
- Deepen and learn in a critical manner the objectives, the hypotheses and the prerequisites governing the design, analysis and evaluations of structural safety for reinforced
and prestressed concrete structures;
- Comprehend and grasp the basis of conceptual design and of the numerical procedures necessary for its definition and optimisation;
- Assimilate the fundamental characteristics governing the evaluation of the structural safety within a synergic scenario including the primary design and analysis concepts;
- Manage in a wisely and skilled way the main analysis, design and structural safety techniques.

Argomenti trattati

- Introduction to the design of reinforced concrete structures.

- Semi probabilistic approach for performance based design.
- Material properties and constitutive laws.
- Introduction to the sectional analysis of R.C. elements.
- Ultimate limit states: bending
- Ultimate limit states: bending with axial load
- Second order effects, instability: theoretical approach and code enforced procedures.
- Ultimate limit states: shear and torsion.
- Serviceability limit states: limitation of stresses.
- Serviceability limit states: cracking.
- Serviceability limit states: long-term behaviour of concrete (creep, shrinkage).
- Prestressed R.C. elements: theory and design.
The basic concepts will be explained and discussed from a theoretical point of view during ex-cathedra classes and subsequently applied to practical design case studies.

Prerequisiti
 The essential requirements for the course include the capacity of performing a linear structural analysis of simple structural schemes and having a good understanding of the
basic concepts of structural mechanics. No specific preliminary knowledge about the mechanics of reinforced and prestressed concrete sections, elements or structures is
required.

Modalità di valutazione

A written exam at the end of the course. The exam test will include N.3 exercises concerning the arguments discussed in the course. The exam test will be evaluated taking
into account the theoretical procedure followed by the student in order to solve the various problems and the level of accuracy of the obtained results. In order to achieve a
sufficient mark, the student has to solve all the exercises. The complete lack of the solution of 1 exercise will cause the failure of the exam.

Bibliografia

Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete Structures - Part 1-1 - General Rules and rules for Building
Progettazione di strutture in calcestruzzo armato - Guida all'uso dell'Eurocodice 2 con riferimento alle Norme Tecniche D.M. 14.1.2008, Editore: Edizione
Publicemento - Roma
Note:
Promosso da AITEC-ASSOBETON-ATECAP

STEEL STRUCTURES
Most common typologies of steel structures for civil and industrial buildings are considered in the course. In particolar, static behaviour of welded and bolted joints, design criteria
for members with different loading conditions as well as their comnnections are considered. Practical applications are proposed for isolated members, members of frames, simply
supported beams, triangulated beams, steel-concrete composite beams and roof beams. Also fatigue design, slender beam, steel-concrete composite elements and steel
protection for fire and corrosion are considered.

Obiettivi dell'insegnamento

The goal of the course is to master the structural approaches for the design of steel and steel-concrete composte components and frames.
The first part of the course deals with the basic concepts of the theory of steel structures and provides practical guidelines for the design of steel structures in accordance with
both European (EN 1993) and United States (ANSI/AISC 360-10) specifications.The second part of the course is adressed to steel-concrete composite components and
frames, according to the European (EN 1994) specification. Furthermore, also specific issues, like thin-walled members and fatigue design approach, are dealt with.

Risultati di apprendimento attesi

Lectures and practical applications will allow students to connect the basic concepts associated with the theory of structures, dealt with in previous courses, with the more
specific ones associated with the structural design of steel and steel-concrete components and frames, which are discussed in the present course. In particular, on the basis of
the course contents, students will be able to develop the overall design, selecting the most convenient structural typology and defining consequently members and
components satifying the performance demands at serviceability as well as ultimate limited states.
More into details, lectures will provide to the students knowledge about the critical issues of steel and steel concrete components and frames. Furthermore, the adequate
background of the design rules proposed by the most advanced provisions will force the students in the correct application of design codes.
As to the practical applications, the aim is to show to the students the use of the methods and the design codes in order to be familiar with problems frequently encountered
in routine design.
It is expected that, on the basis of this course, students will be able to develop completely, and efficiently, the design of a steel framed system, eventually with steel-concrete
composite components, such as beams, columns and slabs.

Argomenti trattati

• The steel material: introduction to the general aspects such as material properties and products, imperfections and tolerances, focusing the attention also on testing
methods and approaches;
• Structural safety and design approaches: fundamentals of steel design. The principles of structural safety are shortly discussed to introduce the different reliability
levels of the design.
• Frames and methods of analysis, including simplified methods .
• Classification of cross-sections
• Design of members (tension, compression, flexure, shear and their combination)
• Thin walled member behavior
• Bolted and welded connections
• Most common types of joints
• Built-up members
• Fatigue
• Steel-concrete composite members

Several design examples will be proposed during the course, directly chosen from real design situations.

Prerequisiti

Students are required to know the basis of the theory of structures, including the methods to evaluate the set of generalized force and displacement sets in redudancy
structures.

Modalità di valutazione

Evaluation (exam) will be based on the all the topics discussed during the course and typically 6 questions are proposed. In case of a great number of students and a limited
time available for the classroom assigned for exams, a written exam could be suggested. In any case, student can require an oral exam, according to his needs and the ones
of the responsible of the course.

Bibliografia

paper's copy of the slides discussed during the course

Bernuzzi C and Cordova C, Structural Steel Design to Eurocode 3 and AISC Specifications, Editore: Wiley, Anno edizione: 2014, ISBN: 1118631285
Bernuzzi C., PROGETTO E VERIFICA DELLE STRUTTURE IN ACCIAIO SECONDO LE NORME TECNICHE PER LE COSTRUZIONI 2018 E L'EUROCODICE 3, Editore:
Hoepli, Anno edizione: 2018
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
The course introduce to the design techniques of the most widespread and applied structural elements. The design process will also take into account the correct integration of the
structure with the architectural and the technical systems projects. The course will provide the knowledge to formulate and compare different admissible solutions of the structural
problem in the framework of an optimization process. To achieve the above-mentioned goals, it is necessary to introduce "rough" design formulations based on the comparison
between: the physical-mathematical model of the structure, the probabilistic evaluation of the structural response under possible critical events, laboratory and on-site tests, and
finally taking into account the experience gained from similar construction projects. At the end, it should be clear that the structural design is the result of an iterative process
based on a systematic procedure where the final draft of the project "reveals" itself after a series of successively improved sketches. Specific topics are: aims of the design,
method Optimization criteria, Life cycle analysis and sustainability, Bracing systems, 3D frames (reinforced concrete, steel, composite, other materials), Trussworks, Vierendeel
beams, Arches Plates and slabs, Shells, Suspended and cable stayed structures.

Obiettivi dell'insegnamento

The primary aim of the course is to introduce the students to the design techniques of the most widespread and applied structural elements. The design process will also take
into account the correct integration of the structure with the architectural and the technical systems projects. The course will provide the students the knowledge to formulate
and compare different admissible solutions of the structural problem in the framework of an optimization process.
Here is the essence of "conceptual design": provide a simple, effective and safe operating method to "activate" and "direct" the "draft" design process that
produces a reasonable number of alternative solutions that meet the boundary conditions and can be subjected to the subsequent "optimization" process
thus producing the final choice.

Risultati di apprendimento attesi

According to Dublin Descriptors (DD) passing the exam certifies the acquisition of the following results:
DD 1, (conoscenza e comprensione) (knowledge and understanding):
- conoscenza degli strumenti utili alla concezione degli schemi strutturali e al dimensionamento degli elementi strutturali - knowledge of the tools useful for the conceptual
design of the structural elements and schemes;
DD 2, (capacità di applicare conoscenza e comprensione) (applying knowledge and understanding):
- capacità di definizione degli schemi strutturali e di dimensionamento degli elementi strutturali - ability to define structural schemes and dimensioning of structural elements;
DD 3 (autonomia di giudizio) (making judgements), DD 4 (abilità comunicative) (communication skills), DD 5 (capacità di apprendimento) (learning skills) :
- capacità di operare scelte progettuali in autonomia - ability to make design choices independently (DD 3, DD 5).

Argomenti trattati

To achieve the above-mentioned goals, it is necessary to introduce “rough” design formulations based on the comparison between: the physical-mathematical model of the
structure, the probabilistic evaluation of the structural response under possible critical events, laboratory and on-site tests, and finally taking into account the experience
gained from similar construction projects. At the end, it should be clear that the structural design is the result of an iterative process based on a systematic procedure where
the final draft of the project “reveals” itself after a series of successively improved sketches.
Specific topics are:

• The aims of the design

• The method
• Optimization criteria
• Life cycle analysis and sustainability
• Bracing systems
• 3D frames (reinforced concrete, steel, composite, other materials)
 • Trussworks
• Vierendeel beams
• Arches
• Plates and slabs
• Shells
• Suspended and cable stayed structures.

Prerequisiti

Basic knowledge of structural analysis and design.

Practice works needs the following preliminary skills:

• XLS spreadsheets
• basic hand sketches or CAD software usage
• basic structural analysis tools: e.g. Gelfi, Ftool

Modalità di valutazione

During the practice hours four assignments should be carried out by team of 2 students. The topics covered by practice hours are selected among the ones presented in the
course and applied to a real structural case. The achievement of the course's goals will be verified by means of an oral exam consisting of discussion of the submitted
homework and open questions. Grade is individual and based as follows:
1) 50% oral discussion
2) 50% homework marks

Bibliografia

Marti Peter, Theory of structures, Editore: Wiley Ernst & Sohn, Anno edizione: 2013, ISBN: 978-3-433-02991-6
Richard Bares, Calcolo di lastre e piastre con la teoria elastica lineare, Editore: Maggioli, Anno edizione: 2007, ISBN: 978-88-387-4157-9
Schodek Daniel L., Strutture, Editore: Patron, Anno edizione: 2004, ISBN: 88-555-2783-5