GAS DYNAMICS AND am eye PR ra aga gg lad Pee eed SLABS, (CHENNAI, TRICHY & TIRt (erect LedGas Dynamics And | Jet Propulsion | (For V Semester Mechanical Engineering) S. SENTHIL, M-Tech (T -Madras), MBA. (Ph.D). ; “Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Mailam Engineering College Mailam, Tindivanam (T.K), Villupuram (D.T) E-mail: senthil_jit@yahoo.com ‘ Author of: Heat and Mass Transfer Unconventional Machining Process | Applied Thermodynamics i S$. AGORAM avi FOUNDER LAKSHM! PUBLICATIONS ‘AR. PUBLICATIONS A.RS. PUBLICATIONS Arpakkam, Sirkali, Nagapattinam Dist. Pin - 609 111 @ Strength of Materials $ Introduction of Finite Element Analysis Engineering Economics and Cost Analysis, Entrepreneurship Development A.R.S, PUBLICATIONS ‘No.1L, Veerabathra Nager, Part-II, Mambakiam Road, Medavakkam, Chennai-601 100, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Phone: 044-65397467, 04142-251098 Mobile: 98436 16861, 98400 25186, 90037 55174, 94433 51098First Edition: August 2004 Second Edition: June 2005 Third Revised Edition: June 2006 Fourth Edition: Fifth Revised Edition: June 2008 th Edition: June 2009 © All Rights Reserved by the Author No part of this publication can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Price: Rs. 270/- Published by and copies can be had from Head Office: ARS. PUBLICATIONS No.|, Veerabathra Nager, Part — Il Mambakkam Road, Medavakkam Chennai — 600 100, Tamil Nedu, INDIA. Phone: 044 ~ 65397467, Mobile: 98400 25186 e-mail: lak_pub@yahoo.com Branch Office: A.R.S, PUBLICATIONS Arpakkam (P.O), Sirkali (Taluk) Nagapattinam District Tamil Nadu - 609 111, INDIA. Phone : 04364 ~291130 Cell : 98436 16861, 9003755174, 94433 51098 Printed at: Sekar Oftset Printers, 168 Big Street, Triplicane, Chennai-600 005. Dedicated to my Beloved Students1am pleased to bring out my sth edtion of “Gas Dynamics. and Jet Propulsion” for Engineering and Technology students. This book is based om the latest Anna University Syllabus for ¥ Semester Mechanical Branch ofall Engineering Colleges. All universiy problems have beon added under each wit, which will enable the students to score high smarts inthe University examination. 1 am extremely grateful to my Honourable Chairman Thine N. Kesavan D.Com, MA, Beloved Director Thiru M. Dhanasekaran, MA, BEd, D.Ag, DIET, and Secretary Thiru, V. Subramanian for ‘his immediate approval and constant encouragement to bring out this book J thant my Principal Prof. ¥. Hangovan, M.Tech, Ph.D. for _ving me general suggestions and ideas while writing this book ‘My sincere thanks to Thiru. A. Durai, B.E., Thiru. A. Ramakrishnan and Thiru. A. Ramesh of “A.R.S. Publications” for their involvement to ‘make this publication suocessfu. Any errors, omissions and suggestions for the improvement of this book are most welcome. 5S. SENTHIL ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS. ME1303 : GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION For V Semester Mechanical Engineering 1, COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ~ FUNDAMENTALS Energy and momentum equations for compressible fhuid lows, vatious regions of flows, reference velocities, stagnation state, velocity of sound, criticl states, Mack number, critical Mach number, types of waves, Mach cone, Mech angle effect of Mach number on compressibility 2, FLOW THROUGH VARIABLE AREA DUCTS Tsentropie flow through variable area ducts, T-s and h-s diagrams for nozzle tnd diffuser flows, area ratio as a function of Mech number, mass flow rate through nozates and ditfusers, effect of fection in ow through nozzles, 3. FLOW THROUGH CONSTANT AREA DUCTS Flow in constant area ducts with fiction (Faso flow) ~ Fenno curves and anno flow equation, variation of low properties, variation of Mach number with ut length, {sothermal flow wit fiction in constant ares ducts: Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow), Rayleigh line and Rayleigh flow equation, variation of flow properties, maximum heat transfer 4, NORMAL SHOCK Governing equations variation of flow parameters like slatic pressure, static ‘emperature, density, stagnation pressure and entropy across the neemal shock, Prandtl - Meyer equation, impossibility of shock in subsonic flows, flow in ‘convergent and divergent nozzle with shock, ormal shock in Faano and Rayleigh flows, flow with oblique shock (elementary treatment only), 5. PROPULSION Aircraft propulsion ~ types of jt engines ~ energy flow through jet engines, study of turbojet engine components — gifuser, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and exhaust systems, performance of turbo jet engines ~ trust, thrust power, propulsive and overall efiiencies, thrust augmentation in turbo jet engine, ram jt and pulse jt engines Rocket propulsion ~ rocket engines thrust equation — effective jet velocity Specific impulse ~ cocket engine performance, solid and liquid propellant comparison of diferent propulsion systems. ooCONTENTS } UNIT ~1: COMPRESSIBLE FLOW- ____ FUNDAMENTALS. TA. Tntroduction sen 1 12, Gas Dynamics non 13. Types of Fluid Flow . 14 Steady Flow Energy Equation «0 15, Steady Flow Energy Equation for Turbo machines uc 1 1.6. Steady Flow Energy Equation for Nozzle and Diffuser..1.6 17. Velocity of Sound (2) 1.8. Derivation of Aceoustie Velocity (or) Sound Velocity (a) 19. Mach Number... 1.10, Stagnation State LIL. Stagnation Enthalpy (ig) 1.12. Stagnation Temperature (Tq) 13. Stagnation Pressure (9¢) oo 1.14, Stagnation Density (Pp)... 115. 1.16. LIT. Reference Velocities. 118. Characteristic Mach Number (or) Critica 149. Crocco Number (C,) 1.20. Bernoulli Equation. 1.21. Effect of Mach Number on Compressibiit 1.22, Mach Cone, Mach Angle, Mach Waves... 123. Formulae Used. 124. Solved Problems. 125. University Solved Problems.. 126. Solved Derivations. 1.27. Two Mark Questions and Answers. UNIT If ISENTROPIC FLOW THROUGH VARIABLE, AREA DUCTS. 2a. Introduction . 2.2, Adiabatie Process. {©2_Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2.3, Isentropie Process. 24 Comparison of Isentropie and Ad 2:5 Mach Number Variation for Variable Area. 2.6. Expansion in Nozzle 29. Diffuse 2:10, Critieal Temperature (*), Critica Critieal Density (9*) 241, Area Ratio as a Funetion of Mach Number.. 2112. Impulse Function (or) Wall Force Funetion.. 213, Mass Flow Rate in terms of Pressure Ratio.. 2.14, Mass Flow Rate in terms of Area Ratio. 215. Mass Flow Rate in terms of Mach Numbe 2.16. Flow Throngh Nozzles... seeeeses 20) 2.16.1. Convergent Nozze ..n- : 2.162. Convergent Divergent NozZl€ un 217. Flow through Diffuse ZA8. Formulae Used... 219. Solved Problems.. 221. Solved Derivations. 222, Two Mark Questions and Answer: FLOW THROUGH CONSTANT AREA DUCTS. 34-3253, With Heat Transfer UNIT- 1 Zi, Flow in Constant Area Ducts V (Rayleigh Flow).. 34 Introduction 1 Rayleigh Curve... Fundamental Equations .... semen 33 Continuity Equation. eB Momentum Equation 34 Mach Number 35 ENergY-cannnnsninennnnns 13.6 Impulse Function . 36 3.1.9, Stagnation Pressure. : By 3.1.10. Static Temperature.-11, Stagnation Temperature. 2. De sity nn . Change of Entropy. 4, Heat Transfer : 5. Variation of Flow Parameter and Maximum Heat Transfer 3.116, Solved Problems. 3.117. Solved University Problems. Solved Derivations mene . Two Mark Questions and Answers. 3.2. Flow in Constant Area Duets with Friction and Heat Transfer (anno Flow).. 3.2.1. Introduction 3.22. Fanno Line (0:) Curve 3.23. Fanno Flow Equations... 3.24, Solution of Fanno Flow Equ 3.2.5. Variation of Flow Properties. ‘Temperature. Stagnation Pressure. Impulse Function - ENITOPY sere . + Variation of Mach Number with Duet Length nnn 3148 2.14. Isothermal Flow with Friction 4 3.2.15. Solved Problems. saves BAST 3.2.16. University Solved Problems.. 3.184 3.2.17. Solved Derivations wn 3.246 3.2.18, Two Mark Questions and Answers. 3.248. “A, Normal Shock Waves. 4.1.1. Introduction 4.12. Prandtl — Mayer Relation.. 4.13. Down Stream Mach Number (M,). 4.14, Static Pressure Ratio aeross the Shock 4.1.5. Static Temperature Ratio across the Shock |. Supersonic Wind Tunnels... . Formulae Used. . Solved Problems. |. Solved University Problems. . Solved Derivations . Two Mark Questions and Answer . Diffuser, . Compressor, . Turbine... . Nozzle. Velocity of Sound across the Shock. Rankine ~ Hugoniot Equation, Stagnation Pressure Ratio across the Shock ‘Change in Entropy across the Shock Strength of Shock Wave... Oblique Shock Waves.. Intecduction Flow through Oblique Shock Waves... Formulae Used... Introduction Classification of Jet Propulsion. Classification of Air Breathing Engines Ramjet Engine i Pulsejet Engine Turbojet Engine . TurboProp Engine., ‘Turbofan Engine ‘Component Efficiencies ‘Combustion Chamber. ‘Thrust sone 5.28 Jet Thrust 5.28 Propeller Thrust. 529 3. Effective Speed Ratio... 530 Specific Thrust... sue 530 ‘Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (TSF)... 531contents CS gered sese te seeeeee ee seeeeceeeeneeC vere coe 531 531 Specific Impulse wenn Propulsive Efficiency 3. Thera Efficienc; Overall Efficiency. Solved Problems University Solved Problems. . Two Mark Questions & Answer 5. Review Questions. Rocket Propulsion. Introduction Classification of Rocket Engines. Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine. Liquid Propellant... Properties of Liquid Propellants Liguid Propellant Feed System Gas Pressure Feed System. ‘Turbo Pump Feed System. Combustion... i Solid Propeliant Rocke! Engine. Solid Propellants . Properties of Solid Propellants Hybrid Propellant Rocket Ensne. Hybrid Propellant... ‘Nuclear Rocket Engine Electrical Rocket Engine Are Plasma Rocket Engine . 3. Ton Rocket Engine ‘Magneto Plasma Rocket Engine . Solar Rocker Theory of Rocket Propulsion. Losses in Rocket Engine.. Efficiencies eonnnnen |. Rocket Applications... Formulae Used... Solved Problems University Solved Problems. Two Mark Questions & Answers. Review Question (1 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW - FUNDAMENTALS SS 4.4. INTRODUCTION [A fluids defined as a substance which continuously deforms und the action of shearing forces. Liquids and gases are termed as fluids. “The study of finids at rest is known as fluid staties. The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are Mm considered, is known as fluid kinema ‘The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are al: considered, is known as fluid dynamics. 4,2, GAS DYNAMICS Gas dynamics deals withthe sty of maton of gases and is effec It aiffers from fluid dynamics. Gas dynamies considers thermal or chemi cffects while Quid dynamics these effects are generally excluded. 4.3. TYPES OF FLUID FLOW “The fluid flow is classified as follows 1. Steady and Unsteady flows Uniform and Nonuniform flows Laminar and Turbutant flows 2 3 4, Compressible and incompressible flows 5. Rotational and Irotational flows 6. One dimensional flow, Two dimensional flow and Th dimensional flow. Are a :2 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 1. Steady and Unsteady flows ‘Steady flow is that type of flow, in which the uid characterisites like velocity, pressure and density at a point do not change with time. Unsteady flow is that type of low, in which the fuid characteristics like velocity, pressure and density at 2 point changes with respect to time. 2. Uniform and Non-uniform flows. Uniform flow is that type of flow, in which the velocity of fluid particles at all sections are equal Non-uniform flow is that type of flow, in which the velocity of fluid particles at all sections are not equal 3. Laminar and Turbulant flows Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of | flow the uid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth and continuous path. Jn turbulant flow, the fuid particles move in very irregular paths, 4. Compressible and incompressible flows Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the ‘uid changes from point to point, ie. density is not constant forthe fluid. Density, p # constant Examples : Gases, vapours Incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the ‘uid is constant Density, 9 = constant Example : Liquids 5, Rotational and irrotational flows Rotational flow is thet type of flow in which the fluid particles owing, along stream lines and also rotate about their own axis, Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1 Irrotational flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles flowing along stream lines but do not rotate about their own axis, 6. One dimensional, Two dimensional and Three dimensional flows. ‘One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is function of time and one space co-ordinate (x) only. In tis type of flow the stream lines may be represented by straight lines “Two dimensional flow is thattype of flow in which the low parameter such as velocity isa function of time and two space e0-ordinates (x,y) onl. In tis type of flow the siream lines may be represented by a curve, ‘The flow of liquid whose stream lines may be represented in space slong three mutually perpendicular axis (x, y and 2) is called three dimensional flow. 4.4 STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION From first aw of Thermodynamics, we know that the total energy “entering the system is équal to total energy leaving the system. This law is, applicable to the steady flow systems. Outlet (2) Inet (1) 2 fe eee LEE 2 | Datum level Fig Ld1.4 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘Consider an open system through which the working substance flows sa stosdy rate as shown in fig.1.1. The working substance entering the system at (1) and leaves the system at (2) Let, Py ~ Pressure of the working substance entering the system (vim?) yy — Specific volume of the working substance entering the system (m3/kg) oy — Velocity of the, working substance entering the system (ov) U, = Specifie internal energy of the working substance entering the system (kg) 2, = Height above the datum level for inlet in (m). bas ¥2s€ Uzand Z, ~ Corresponding values for the working substance leaving the system, Q ~ Heat supplied to the system (I/kg) W_ = Work delivered by the system (J/kg). ‘Total energy entering the system. = Potential energy (82) 2) Kinetic energy ( : Internal eneray (U) Flow energy (Py ¥1) Heat (Q) Compressible Flow = Fundamentals 15 “Total energy leaving the system = Potential energy (@22) 2 Kinotie energ of) #(§ intemal enerey (U9) Flow energy (P2 2) Work (W) From first law of Thermodynamics, ‘Tota energy entering the system = Total energy leaving the syste ei) aut (F}u +pimt@ 2) i +a, + [Spo renew | 3 [awe enso-wn [A= Use ‘Tie above equation is known as steady flow energy equation. 4,8 STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION FOR TURBO MACHINES. ‘Most of the compressible flow turbomachines such as turbines @ compressors are classified as adiabatic machines. In these machines the is no heat transfer takes place and change in potential energy (Z ~ 23} also nezligibe. So, apply Q-0, 2-2 = 0 in Equation (1.1).4.6 STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION FOR NOZZLE AND DIFFUSER Nozzle is a device which increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of working substance. Diffuser is a device which increases the pressure and decreases the velocity of the w forking substance. In these systems 1. There is no work is done by the system Le. W= 0 2. There is no heat transfer takes place 3. Change in potential energy is negligible ie. 22 = eZ Apply these conditions in Equation (1.1). ic. Qr0 apes 4.7 VELOCITY OF SOUND (a) ‘The velocity with which sound waves propagate in a medium is called velocity of sound (2), Sound waves are generated due to infinitesimally small pressure disturbances. ‘The velocity of sounds given by a= WRT ~3) Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.7 1.8 DERIVATION OF ACOUSTIC VELOCITY (or) SOUND VELOCITY (a) Sound waves are infinitely small pressure disturbances. The speed ‘with which sound propagates in a medium is called speed of sound and is denoted by‘. fan infinitesimal disturbance is created by the piston, as shown in fig 1.2, the wave propagates through the gas at the velocity of sound relative to the gas into which the disturbance is moving, | Distance P Pressure Distance Fig. 1.2 Propagation of an infinitesimal wave in a constant area duct In the case the stagnant gas at pressure ‘p’ on the right appears to flow towards the left with velocity a. When the flow has passed through the wave to the left its pressure is raised to p + dp and the velocity is lowered toa~ de,1.3 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘Apply momentum equation for this process. Alp -(p+dp)} = m ((@-de)-a] = Aip~p=dp}=pAale-de-a] (1s me pAc, Heree™a = m= Aa} = [reac] ----(4) From continuity equation fr the two sides ofthe wave m= pAa= (p+ dp) (@-de)A => pAa= A fap —pde+ adp — dpde] = pa [pa~ pe +adp —dpde} The term dpde is negligible = pam pa-pde +adp Substituting Equation (B) in Equation (A) (A> dp lady) xa = aép peat rd - [8 For Isentropic flow ce ap” YT = |e on [E- vim ‘Sound velocity (or) accoustic velocity (2) = /7RT -@) 4.9 MACH NUMBER ‘The Mach number is an index ofthe ratio between inertia force and elastic force velocity of sound (a). ve ee K where P = Density of the fluid e- Velocit pad KA Tnertis force Elastic foree A= Flow area K — Bulk Modulus Compressible Flow ~ Fundamemals 1.9 ofthe fluid ‘This relation gives another important definition of Mach numbe i.e, the Mach number is defined as the ratio ofthe fluid velocity (e) 1 th: We know that rep Velocity of sound, a= /7RT > z May ViRT a4)1.10 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 1.40 STAGNATION STATE Stagnation state is obtained by decelerating a gas isentropically to zero velocity at er0 elevation, The stagnation state of gas is often used as a reference state, 1.11 STAGNATION ENTHALPY (lig) ‘Stagnation enthalpy can be defined as the enthalpy ofa gas when it is iseatropically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation. Put hy =h cy=e for the initial stare, ‘hy= hy 0,0 for the final state, in Equation (1.3). ae Behe cee = | fps he & =(1.5) where ‘hg Stagnation enthalpy ‘hi Static enthalpy ¢~ Fluid velocity 4.12 STAGNATION TEMPERATURE (Ty) Stagnation temperature is the temperature of the gas when it is isenteopically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation, ‘We know that Stagnation enthalpy te he gt y= sted Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.1] Divided by ep 1 2 = Be [san VaR} a Y-1 Ty 2z [+ Mach Number M =] where, ‘Ty ~ Stagnation temperature T~ Static temperature M~Mach Number1.12. Gas Dynémies and Jét Propiilsion 4.43 STAGNATION PRESSURE (P,) ‘Stagnation pressure isthe pressure ofthe gas when itis isentropically decelerated to 2670 velocity at zero elev For isentropic flow y p(T) Yt pe Tt For stagnation condition, Put pope T27To Ty2T ears To T Where Pp~ Stagnation pressure p- Static pressure M~—Mach Number 4.14 STAGNATION DENSITY (P,) Stagnation density isthe density ofthe gas when itis sentropically 2 (Ae Me JeMP ane an [2 sqeyle ae = weet a oen 2 [2480-D]e ga > M [ oD) a+1 pea th = MSD Farewee -0.27) Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.25 = we- oD 2+M(V-1) This equation gives the relationship between M* and M From equation (1.28), we came to know Mt=1ifM=1 M*<1ifM LifM>1 eo ttl coal From that we know M* behaves in the same'manner as M, except when M goes to infinity. M ifMoo It is more inconvenient to use M* instead of M due to the following 1. Athigh velocities M approaches infinity but M* gives a finite seve FE)1.26 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2, M [Is proportional to the fluid velocity (c) and sound velocity (), but M* is proportional tothe fluid velocity alone. Mat 2 Mtoe S * Mr ¢ 4.49 CROCCO NUMBER (c,) Itis defined as the ratio between fluid velocity (¢) and its maximum fluid velocity (Cypax) [vera gee Mg ~---(1.29) fee = : & From Equation (1.24), we know that Se EEL FV YT fiat mae 111 z Substitute this value in Equation (1.29) (129) = eM x JP Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.27 ==-=(130) From Equation (1.28), we know that we. om Ee Multiply by 2 (right side terms) 2. + Me 2+0-DM Substitute M*?value in Equation (1.30) sheow * Me «Dd 240-1) Me 2, _M -D 2+q-) Me 6? 2+ (y= 1) MA] = My 1) 26g + 62¢4— 1) MP= MP (y=) 2g? = M2 (y-1)~ 6 1) M2 262 = M2 (y-1) [1-67]1.28 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 207 M+ {|———- ae) Yopu-< | reese “This equation gives the relationhip between Mach number and Crocco umber ‘Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation To T [From Equation no. (1.7)] From Equation (1.31), we know that 2 ec cree a-Dt-e ‘Substitue M? value in stagnation temperature equation 202 @-DT-eFl lao? (lea) + 62 (1.32) “This equation gives the relationship between stagnati tand Croceo number. temperature Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.29 4.20 BERNOULLI EQUATION From stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that 2 ign ht [From Equation (1.)] 2 = b+ $= iy = constant Differentiating this equation an 20 2 ah ede ~-~=(1.33) For isentropic flow a= SP P 4 (133) == Brede=o ‘Assuming flow is incompressible. So, p = constant, Integrating Equation (1.34) = (035) K constant) ‘Stagnation pressure is the pressure of the gas when its isentropically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation. Therefore when ¢~ 0, P= Pp and P~ Pp: Substitute these values in equation (1.35). (135) =1,30 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Substitute K value in Equation (1.35) Py. Po aspo b+ $= For incompressible flow, p= constant -137) ‘This is Bernoulli equation and itis valid only when the flow is isentropic and incompressible. For Compressible flow, Stagnation enthalpy, fg ¢pTo =~==(138) Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.31 Substituting fy value in stagnation enthalpy equation ae fy= hee Po > ae = m, v1 2 she URE [ene IR [From Equation (1.12))1.32. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion This is the Bernoulli Equation for isentropic compressible flow. 4.21 EFFECT OF MACH NUMBER ON COMPRESSIBILITY From Bernoulli equation, we know that stagnation pressure for incompressible flow is Po" p+ Yeo Po-P Yap? “1 ~(L4t) ‘This equation shows the value of pressure co-efficient, c, (sometimes referred to as compressibility factor) is unity. But for compressible flow the value of the pressure co-efficient deviates from unity Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.33 For isentropie compressible flow, the relationship between stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature is given by -- ~~ (1.42) iH {From Equation n0.(1.8)] Expanding this equation as Taylor series ie.,1.34 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion seas Lae Y yt. WO ys P 2 eM 48 1 Divided by ided ty Lot PoP Ma we know that, Mach umber, M=-£- we DA] 3 Oo 8 | Fundamentals 1.35 ViRT) (1.44) sabaintep« Zn ven Equation 1.4) Po-P_ OD yey stieee eee fee 2 M 7 Po - M w=] PoP a hee | 4 (eae anes seeauecuSee) This isthe pressure co-efficient equation for compressible flow.1.36 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 4.22 MACH CONE, MACH ANGLE, MACH WAVES: Let us consider a solid body move in a straight line through a fluid which is stationary. The movement of the body will generate pressure waves in the fluid, These pressure waves are transmitted to other particles of the fluid in all the direetion with a velocity of sound (a). These sound pulses forms a spherical wave front as shown in figures 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7, incompressible flow Inan incompressible flow, the source of disturbance velocity (<) is negligibly small eormpared to the sound velccity (a). In this ease infinitesinal sound waves (spherical waves) are generated as shown in fig.1.4 and travelled ata velocity (a) in all Sound waves Where § > source of disturbance > Sound velocity © Fluid velocity Fig.t.4 Incompressible flow Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.37 ‘Subsonic flow In subsonic flow, the source of disturbance velocity (c) is fess than the sound velocity (a). The spherical waves are generated as shown in fig 1.5. It is observed that the sound waves move ahead of the source of disturbance and the intensity is not symmetrical > Sound waves Fig 1.5 Subsonic flow Sonic flow In sonic flow, the source of disturbance velocity (c) is equal to the sound velocity (a). Under this condition the sound waves always exit atthe present position of the point source and cannot move ahead of it. Therefore, the zone lying on the left ofthe source of disturbance (s) is called zone of silence because the waves do not reach this zone ‘The zone lying on the right ofthe source of disturbance (s) is called zone of action. Because the waves reaches this zone.Zone of action \rsee waves Zone of silence Fig. 1.6 Sonie flow ‘Supersonic flow In supersonic flow, the source of disturbance velocity (c) is greater than the sound velocity (a) The spherical waves are generated as shown in fig1.7. It is observed thatthe point source is always ahead of the wave fronts Mach Cone ‘Tangents drawn from the point $ (Source of disturbance) on the spheres define a conical surface referred to as Mach Cone. The region inside the cone is called the zone of action, and the region outisde the cone is termed as the zone of silence. ‘Mach waves or Mach lines ‘The lines at which the pressure difference is concentrated and which ‘generate the cone are called Mach fines or Mach waves. Mach Angle The angle between the Mach line and the direction of motion of the body (Flow direction) is called the Mach angle, Mach angle a = sin! Compressible Flow Fundamentals 1.39 Fig. 1.7 Supersonic flow1.40 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propuision 4.23 FORMULAE USED 10. Nach number, M=& Velocity of sound, a= /7RT evs temperature ~ Mach number relation fo rs tet] P z ‘Stagnation density ~ stagnation pressure relation Static enthalpy, Stagnation enthalpy, hig = ¢ To Stagnation enthalpy equation 2 0 It Pt he = ertax YA Crocco Number eed Mass flow rate m=pAc= pyArey = PrArts- 2 YF Critical temperature, T* onpressible Flow ~ Fundamentals |.4? 7 12 Gasconstant, R= [1-4] cy Forair 1=1.46y= 1008 Ike R=287 Vagk 13, Mach angle, sin! (jy) 14, From Bernoulli equation, (For incompressible flow) ‘Stagnation pressure, Pp = p + ¥4 po? 15. For isentropic flow, Stagnation temperature remains constant, ie, Tq = Toy Stagnation pressure remains constant, i.e., By = Poy“ Poz 4.24 SOLVED PROLEMS Caleulate the velocity of sound and stagnation temperature of Jet «at 300 K, Assume Mach number = 1.2. Given T=300K, Mni2 To find |. Velocity of sound (a) 2. Stagnation temperature (Tp) Solution We know that Velocity of sound, a = /7RT i - fiat eae R=287 J/kg K}1.42 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, {From equation 00.1.7) 1% is Bee le T nae 14-1 > ay = 1 cae Fp = 384K Result: 1, Velocity of sound, a= 347.18 m/s 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty = 386.4 K [By Am aft 300K has sont velocity, Determine the following: 1. Velocity of sound at 300K 2. Velocity of sound at stagnation conditions 3. Maximum velocity of the jet 4. Stagnation enthalpy $. Crocco number Take 7= 14, R= 287 Sikh. Given: T = 300K At sonic condition, Mach number, M = 1 > M= y= 14, R=287 JikgK Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.43 Tofind 1. Velocity of sound, « 2. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ag 3. Maximum velocity othe et, pox 4, Stagnation enthalpy, fy 5. Crocco number, ¢,, ‘Solution 1. We know that Velocity of sound, a = TRF = f1a* 2875300 me] 2. Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, To qos At sonie condition, M= 1 To tt ia ‘ tH Ty = 360K, Velocity of sound at stagnation condition ay = V7RT51.44 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion RESTLESS) {80,32 mis | "0 43. We know, stagnation enthalpy equation 2 +2 Ydige = {From Equation n0.(1.16)] Maximum velocity enqx = 850.42 mvs. 4. From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that y= Ve Gnas” Ing = 2850.42)" hig= 361.6 * 10° kg 5. Crocco number, ¢, [At sonic condition ¢ = a} Resuit La=347.18 m/s 2. ay" 380.32 mis 3. Gyge'” 850.42 mis Achy = 361.6 « 103 Hg S.c,= 0.408 BI] Thejer ofa gos at $00 K has a Mach number of 1.2. Determine the {foltowing 1. Local velocity of sound 2, Stagnation velocity of sound 3, Static enthalpy 4, Stagnation enthalpy 5, Maxinum attainable velocity of this jet Take Y= 1.3, R= 469 Uke B. Given y=13 R= 469 2g K. Tofind 1. Local velocity a1.48 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 2, Stagnation velocity, ay 3, Stati enthalpy. 4, Stagnation enthalpy, hy 5. Maximum attainable velocity. eye Solution 1. Velocity of sound, a = /7RT = (iss aex 500 cli eea isis 2. Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, Ty = 608K, stogation vlc of sound = ViRiy = (T3649 O08 [tons08in ] = opT Static enthalpy, Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.47 13469 13-1 f= 10.16% 103 kg 4, Stagnation enthalpy, hy = ¢pTy 500 oo 135409 13-1 iy = 12.3 * 105 kg ‘5. Stagnation enthalpy equation 608 ag ya A? Ychas : [From Equation no. 1.16) YeSniax 123x108» Yond, > [ns = 1568.44 mis Result 1a= 552.13 mis 2. ay 608.84 mis r= 10.16» 108 kg 4g 123 * 108.0kg 5. Cac 1568.44 mis148 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion “An airstream enters in to dict atu pressure of 1.2 bar tenperaure “Of 300 K and Mach number of 1.28. Ifthe Mach number at exit of the duct is 0.6, determine the following 1. Temperature of air atthe duet exit 2, Velocity of air at tte duct exit Assuming adiabatic flow. Given ye 12bar= 1.2% 105m? [Note for air 1,°300K YM, My=125 R=287 kg, M)=06 cp 1005 Hk} To find 1. Temperature of air atexit (T3) 2, Velocity of airat exit(e>) Solution Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, At inlet, (Forairy 14, R= 287 kg KI _Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.49 For adiabatic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant, ie fiona Atoutlet Tey tt TT, 39375.) , 14-1 = BB. OL @ Ty 7 O8F 30375, = BB stor Ty 7 = 36730K Sound velocity at exit, ay = YTRT; = (TAR DTK BETO a) = 384.16 mis ‘Mach number at exit, Mp = ae Be ee ia 16 Result: 1.1,936730K 2.¢;=250.49 m/s.1,50 Gas Dynamies ond Jet Propulsion _Compressible flow -Fundamentals 1.51 ‘This problem can be solved by using ges tables Solution : At inlet Refer isentropic flow table. for Y= 1.4 and My = 1.25 eines [ From Gas tables,(S.M. Yahya To, Fifth Edition) - page n0.32) Ty a 01" S62 > = 00 = 393.7K ‘We know that for Isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant > Ty = To, = To, 7393-7 K At outlet From Isentropie flow table for Y = 1.4 and M, = 0.6 + 2 =0.933 Th, [From Gas tables page no.29] > Ty Ty,% 0933 = 393.7% 0.933 Exit temperature, T = 367.32 K pees eee Sound velocity at exit, ag = PRT) = fTa 287 367SD ay = 384.17 mis Mach number tox, My = > > 06 se Air enters a straight duct at 2.5 bar and 30° C. The inlet Mach number is 1.5 and exit Mach number is 2.4. Assuming adiabatic flow, determine a) stagnation temperature 8) Temperature and velocity of air at exit. ©) The flow rate per square metre of the inlet cross section. Take Y = 14 R= 287 thy K. 5 bar=2.5 x 105 N/m? 10°C +273 = 303 K M,=15 M)=2.4 yeild, R=287JkgK. Tofind : 2 Stagnation temperature, Ty b. Temperature and velocity of ait at exit Ty, c2 «The flow rate per square metre of the inlet cross section,1.52 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘Solution For adiabatic flow, stagnation temperature (Tp) remains constant = Ty=To, "Toy ‘Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, At inlet, Tp, "439.35 K [ -:For adiabatic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant] At outlet, > Ty = 204.15K Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.53, % Mach number at exit, My = == & 24 = AR 2 2 rams > an a738 mi | [cid From contiolty equation, we krow tat mass low rat remains ie -mephe=p, Aver, Ante Sen a ne faa A Pye ee tee hy = 25x108_ 287 x 303, : = 2874, = 287M <0) 2.87» My» JRE =2,87% 1.5% /14™ 287 «303 r [B= 1502.10 Ky-0? ] eee te1.54 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Result: Ty" To, © Ty, "439.35 K b.Ty = 204.15K 6. ¢, = 687.38 mis me fm? a 150210 ka This problem can be solved by using gas tables Solution : At inlet Refer Isentropic flow table for My = LS and Y= 1.4 ates [From Gas tables (S.M. Yahya, To Fifth Edition) - page no.32} % ee eeeiee 0” 589 fe = 303 0.689 Stagnation temperature, To, = 439.16 K For Isentropic flow stagnation temperature remains constant [Tye To, "Tog "439.76 K At outlet Refer Isentropie flow table for M, = 24 and oe noes [From Gas tables page no 35} iy Compressible Flow. = Tym To,» 0.468 439,76 «0.464 Mach number at exit, My = <2. be = se [a= VIR ViRT : 2 Jia 287% 204,04 ae 728633 = | Velocity ofairat exit, c= 687.18 mis Mass low rate,m= pAc=p, Ay ¢) =p, Arey = the p Ae, >is ale 2.5105 287303 =287% Myx V7RF, { =2.87%15% /14x 287303 *My Hay teM= Sy JiR}1,56 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Result : 8) Ty =Tp, * Toy 439.76 K by Ty = 204.04 = 687.18 m/s 502.10 kgfs-m? G] he pressure, temperatnre and fad vetociy of ar atthe entry ofa {flow passuge are 2 bar, 280 K and 140 m/s, The pressure, emperature und velocity atthe exit of a flow passage are 2 bar 260 Kand 250 ms, The area of cross section at entry is 600 cm?, Determine for adiabatic flow, @) Stagnation temperature ») Maximum velocity ©) Mass flow rate @) Area of ross section at ext Tako Y= 14, R= 287 Ihe. Given py = 3 bar=3 x 109i? T,=280K y= HOw py= 2oar=2 x 105 Nim? 1)=260K 637250 Ay = 600 eri?= 600% 10-4? Yo 14, Ra2B7IkEK Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.57 Tofind a. Stagnation temperature Ty b. Maximum velocity, Cypae © mass low rate, m 4, Area of cross section at exit, Ay Sotution Sound velocity at exit ay = /7RT;, SALES TEST) a= 355.42 mus Mach number at entry M, = = % 140 335.42 0.417 > My = 0417 Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, At inlet,Stagnation velocity of sound ay = Rig = [TAR DETR 2897 y= 341,18 mis ‘Substitute ag value in Equation (A) 2a GaF ex Je [nar ©7629 mis Result: Sotution Int Mach number my « £t Mass flow rate, m= pAc =p, Ay €1 py Az cy m=p Arey ET oes Pa * ary Ane 2x1 (287 x 260 fete 8) Ty= 289.70K ©) Cyrae = 762.9 nls ©) Ay = 0.0468 m2 4d) m=31.36ky’s This problem can be solved by using gas tables * 140 J TA IST BBO oat7 * 600% 10-4 x 1401.60. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion At inlet Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4, and Mj = 0.417 ~ 0.42 For isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant, = To To, = To, = 289.85 K From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we know Yt = Yocnox “Foy =---@) Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.61 ay = YTRTy = (TERT S TOES ag= 341.26 mis ‘Substitute ap value in Equation (A) dei [Pxon28! 14-1 Caz = 763.08 mis Mass flow rate, m= pAc™p, A, ¢) "Py Aze2 = m=, A.c PL = Aree 600% 10-4 140, From gas tables, we know that = 600% 10-4 1529 a 039)1,62 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mach number at exit, Mp Mz = 0.773 At outlet From Isentropie flow table for Y= |.4.and My = 0.773 = 0.77 [From Gas tables page 10.30] = A, = 1052*A* = 1,052 « 0.039 Exit area, Ay 0.0410 m? Result: a. Ty = 289.85 K bi Cmax * 763.08 mm/s ©.Ay= 0.0810 m? d. m=31.36 kels es Compressible Flow ~ Fundamencals 1.63 A gas flows in a duct of 40 cm diameter at inlet pressure of 3 bar, temperature of 450 K and a velocity of 180 ms, Caleulate at inlet, 1. Mass flow rate 2, Stagnation temperature 3. Mach Number 4. Stagnation pressure values assuming the flow as compressible ‘and incompressible. Take Y= 1.3, 6) 1.05 kU/hg K Given 4,=40cm=040m py 7 3bar=3 x 105 Nim? Ty 450K fe = 180 mis y 3, ¢p= LOS Kg. Tofind 1. Mass flow rate, m 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty 3. Mach Number, My 4, Stagnation pressure, po (compressible) Stagnation pressure, pp (Incompressile) Solution We know that Gas consis, R= (2 = 0242 Kirke K [Re242 hg]1.64 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.65 4 aie eae Forcompresibletiow, 4 = m= pyArey Atinit i PL c 1 = Phx ay ee yee ! \ 3x105 Foray 7 MIP * 180 Danas 4 (A= Ee) 3x08 a 1 = S410, (0,40)? 180 i Pa xasy 4 O47 i = i me O23 kgs ji 4 180 Pomp + Yap [From Equation no.(1.37)] | Finer, Atiniet = 180 Po, = Prt Yapyc}? Ji3 22450 M, = 0.478 = 3% 19844 x2L Stagnation temperature ~Mach number relation, a = 3% 1054x3210, Ax seaxasy © OP 4 Poy = 344 «105 Nin | = | Po" Poy Pyg = 3.44 105 Ni® | 0 = t= 1034 Result | : Lm=62. t ‘Stagnation temperature, Tp, = 465.3K cite ij 2.Ty=465.3K1.66 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 3 M,=0.478 4. pp [Compressibte low] =3.46 x 108 Ni? Pg [lncompressible flow} =3.44 * 105N/n2 This problem can be solved by using gas tables Solution We know that 6 cas onan, R= (53! “9 0.242 klikg K R= 242 skgkK Mags flow rate, m = pAC=p, Ay ¢) "py Ane > m =p, Arey Pr RT Ay Xe} 3x18 242 «450 Far * 180 = BeOS 242450 m=62.3 kgls Inet Mach number, My = x Zeo.aoy? « 180 * (oaoy Compressible Flow-Fundamenal 1.67 s1 vin, tt * Tiseaa ase M, = 0478 At inlet Refer Isentropie flow table for Y= 1.3 and My = 0.478 = 0.48, vy b= 0.967 in [From Gas tables page no.21] AO = 465,36 im To. F967” 0.967 Stagnation temperature, To, ~ 465.36 K We know that for isentropic flow stagnation temperature remains ‘constant = [T= To Toy= 46536K From tables TL = 0.863 Po; , = Por ~ 98631,68 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion pp = 3-47 bar P= 347 WO Nie For Isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant = = Pig 347 * 105 Nim? ou From Bemoulli equation, for incompressible flow, stagnation pressure poet Ma pe? [From Equation no{1.37}] Atinlet Poi = Pit Va eye? p = Se 108+ gah x ot Po, 73-44 * 108 Nin? = | y= Poy Pop 344 « 108 Nim? Result 1.m=62.3 kos 2.9 =46536K 3.M 0.478 4. pg[Compressibie flow} =3.47 » 105 Nim? Pp [Incompressibte flow] =3.44 « 105 Nin? Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.69 {B) Steam aca section of «pipe has a pressure of 10 bar, temperatre of S80 K, velocity of 125 mis and datum height of 10m. Calelate the following 1. Mach number 2. Stagnation pressure 4. Stagnation temperature 4. Compare the stagnation pressure value with that obtained rom Bernoulli equation and comment onthe difference. Take ¢p=2.150 kiikg K; 61.615 kifkg K Given p= 10bar= 10x 108 Nin? T=580K c= 125mis Datum height, Z= 10m cpt 21SOKIMGK =2150 Nig K cy L615 Kikg K=1615 Veg To find 1. Mach number, M 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty 3, Stagnation pressure, Py 4. Compare the stagnation pressure vale with that obtained from ‘the Bernoulli equation and comment on the difference. Solution We know that Gas constant, R= ¢)—6y = 2150-1615 R= 535 Jike K1.70 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion = P2150 cy 1615: y=133 Velocity of sound, a = Y7RT = 1350535 % 550 a= 625.58im/ Mach number, M= 28 25.58 M = 0.199) ‘Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, - ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty = 553.3 K ‘Stagnation temperature — stagnation pressure relation for compressible flow Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.7) > Pp = 10.24% 108 Nine = Stagnation pressure, pp From Bemoulli equation, for incompressible flow, 10.24 « 10° Nim? Stagnation pressure, pp=p+ Mp pe? [From Equation no(L37)} 10«105_ | 535x550, y= 10.26 105 Nim? = The difference in stagnation pressure = 10.26 « 108— 10.24 x 108 101084 Ip «asp =2000 Nim? In Bernoulli equation, we are assuming density is constant (incompressible flow). But all the fluids have compressible nature, So, it causes difference in pressure, Result 1 M= 0.199 2. Ty=5533K 3. p= 1024 « 105 Nin? {for Compressible flow} 4 pp = 10.26x 105Nin? {for incompressible flow)1.72 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion “This problem can be solved by using gas tables. Solution: We know that Gas constant, R = = 2150-1615 R= 535 kek & _ 10 Y= 2, 7 1615 y= 133 Velocity of sound, @ = Vy RT = 133 535 x 550 a 625.58 m/s ‘ Inlet Mach number, M-= © ws * 625.58 M = 0.199 Refer Ieatopic flow table fory= 13 and M= 0.199 02, & = a9 [From gas tables page no.21] 7 \ 2 0.975, Pa Compressible Flow — Fundamentals 1.732 = 994 tT. 550 To” O94” O9e ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty = $53.31 K P = F709 = 10.25 « 105Nin? | pressure py=p + Wp 902 Lox 108 535550 T Py= 10.26 108 Wim?) Iestaeicceeeiesecececedl = 10% 105+ Nip +1257 Result LM= 199 2. Ty" 553.31 K 3. py= 10.25 « 108 Nim? {for Compressible ow 4: pg = 10.26% 108 Nim? {for incompressible How]1.74 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Dn airerape is flying at an altitude of 11,000 metres, at 800 kra/he The air is reversibly compressed in an inlet diffuser. The inlet temperature is 216.65 K and pressure is 0.226 bar. If the Mach umber atthe ext of the diffuser is 0.35, eaTculate the following 1. Entry Mach number 2. Helocity, pressure and temperature of air atthe diffuser exit. Given Altitude, 2= 11,000m A 800 x 103 ir velocity, ¢) = - eee ms Air velocity, o} = 800 knvh= SOTO" ris = 222.2 mis Inlet temperature, Ty =216.65K Inlet pressure, p, = 0.226 bar Mach Number at exit, My 0.35 Tofind 1. Entry Mach Number, My 2. Velocity, pressure and temperature at exit, >, Py» Tp Sotution Velocity of sound, ay = /7RT, = fF * 28721685 [Foraiey =1.4, 8 =287 Jkg ] ay = 295.04 mis Entry Mach number, My = Stagnation pressure’ p, 2 0308 bar] Stagnation pressure, py = 0.328 bar Cee Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.73 0753 At entry, Refer Isentropic table for Y= 1.4 and M, = 0.753 = 0.75 v im o.899 [From Gas tobles a age no.30] Posse Po u = <= 0.899 0 T_ 21665 > To 216.65. — 94 °° 7399” “o.g99 098K [stagnation temperature, Ty=240.98 K For Isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant [Table value— pressure unit isin bar) For Isentropie flow, stagnation pressure remains constant 328 bar ie Po Pot ™ Pox.76 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion At Exit Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4, My = 0.35 Th 5 zi = 0916 [From Gos tables page n0.29] Tor Pa = pr 70918 Pox T qh = 0976 ee Tor = Te = 0.976 * 240.98 Ty =235.19K Pa = Fer osis Po Pp = 0.918 x Pop = 0.918 « 0.328 Py = 0.301 bar Exit sound velocity, a; = JYRT = VATED a= 30741 mis 2 Exit Mach number, Ma = Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.77 = Qe Mpa = 03530741 [eq = 107.59mis Velocity of ir atexit, ¢y = 107.59 m/s Result Lo My= 0.753 2 519K 70.301 bar c= 10759. Note [At Z= 11,000m, T, =216.65 K and p, = 0.226 bar. So given values are correct (From gas tables page no.19)] An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 10,000 metres. The inlet ‘Mach number is 0.82, temperature is 223.15 K and pressure is 0.264 bar. The cross sectional area of the inlet diffuser before the ow pressure compressor stage is 0.45 m?, Calculate the following. 1. The mass of air entering the compressor per second 2, The speed of the air craft 3. Stagnation pressure at diffuser entry. 4. Stagnation temperature at diffuser entry. Given Altitude, Z: 0,000 M, = 0.821,78 Gos Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 3.15 K Tofind : 1. The mass of air entering the compressor per second, m 2, Speed of air era, 3, Stagnation pressure at ent, Py 4, Stagnation temperature at erty. To Solution Velocity of sound at entry, a) = TAT, = ia TS a, = 299-44 mis Botry Mach number, = > eL 0.82 = 299.44 = 245.54 mis Speed of aircraft, ey = 245.54 mis At entry, Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= I.4 and M, = 0.82 r, i 0.881 [From Gas tables page no, 30] Tor Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.75 Ty) = 253.29 K For Isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant > | Ty Ty = Typ 283.29K From table Pg; = 0.410 bar For Isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant AU bar For Altitude, 2.= 10,000 m, [From gas tables page no.20] Density, py = 0.413 kg/m?80. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mass flow rate, m = pAc=P5Ay €1 = P2AD®2 > m= Ace = 0413 x 0.45 «245.54 S63 kes (o) Mass flow rate can be calculated as m= pyArcy Py - Bxate 264% 108 = O264210 40.45 «245.54 287» 23.15 [Pressure unit > Nim? See tbar= 105 Nim2] m= 45.54kg/s Result 1. m=45.54 kgs 2. cy 245.54 m/s 4. Ty 253.29 mis, [IT] Argon is stored in a reservoir at 280 K. Determine stagnation enthalpy and stagnation velocity of sound for ¥ = 1.65 and the molecular weight of argon is 39.94. If the argon at a temperature of 150 K flowing at a velocity of 300mds, find the Mach number and Mach angle, Given To 280K Y=165 stagnation conditions (To) Pp)l [In the reservoir, fluid maintains Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 181 ‘Molecular weight = 39.94 Static temperature, T= 150K Argon velocity, ¢= 300 m's. To find 1, Stagnation enthalpy, My 2, Velocity of sound at stagnation conditon, 25 3. Mach number, M 4. Mach angle, 0. Sotution Gas constant, R= Universal gas constant “Molecular weight of given gas 83143 39.94 IR = 208.16 7k K| YR Specific heat, ¢p= 3 4,65 208.16 165-1 = 528.40 ke K Velocity of sound at stagnation condition = 165" 208.16 280° p= Bott stagnation nly, by To = $28.40 x 280 147.9» 109 Ske ke1,82 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mach number, M = & 300 JORT 300. J165 * 208.16 © 150 2.a9= 310.1 mis 3.M=132 4 = 49.25° Air (7 = 1.4, R= 287 Wkgh) ata inlet mach number of 0.2 enters a straight duct at 400 K and expands isentropically. Ifthe exit Mach number is 0.8, determine the following 1, Stagnation temperature 2. Critical temperature 3. Static temperature at exit 4. Area ratio, A,/A, Compressible Flow Fundamentals 1.83 Given: M,=02 1, =400K M;=08 Y= 14, and R= 287 dike K. Tofind : 1, Stagnation temperature, Ty 2. Critical temperature, T* 3, Static temperature at exit, Ty 4, Arca ratio, Ay/A Solution : Atimtet Refer Isentropic flow table for ¥ = 1.4 and M; = 0.2 [From Gas tables page no.28) 400 0.992 [fo = 40322 For Isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant = Tp" Tp, = To, = 403.22 K184 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion We know that, m Critical emperae, T= 2" Prom equation (1.19) 240322 ee Lat At outlet Refer isentropic flow table for My = 0.8 and Y = 1.4 2_n0.886 [From gas tables page no.30] To Ag 1038 a > Ty = 0.886 « Typ = 0.886 « 403.22 [Exit temperature, Ty = 357.25 K Area ratio AL et ee egei rer gL Ay Te At= Ay") 2.964 1.038 Compressible Flow -Fundamemuls 1.85 Result: 1. Ty = 403.22 K 2. T*=336.01K 3.1) = 35725 K a, At ergs AL The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of a flow passage are 2 bar, 275 K and 1.3 respectively. If the exit Mach number is 24, determine the following 1, Velocity of sound at stagnation condition 2. The maximum velocity 3, Temperature and pressure at exlt 4. Mach number M,* and M3* Take y= 1.3 and R= 0.460 ki/kgk Given: Py 72 bar =2% 105 Nim? Te 275K M213 M;,=24 yes R= 0.460 Ki/kaK, = 460 MikgK Tofind: 1. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ap1.86 Gas Dynamics and.Jet Propulsion 2. The maximum velocity, Cox 3. Temperature and pressure at exit, Tp, pp 4. Mach number My* and Mo¢ Sotution : At inet Refer isentropic flow table for Y = 1.3 and M, = 1.3, 1 [ From Gas tables page no.23) — = 0.798 To, Pi 9376 Po. y+ 1.245 Tas = pete 1 O98 a 205 0.798 To, = 344.61 K Pas eee For Isentropie flow, stagnation temperature remains constant = Ty= To) = To, = 3448.61 K From table, Py > Po” 0376 ec 2x 108 0376 Compressible Plow -Fundamentals 1.87 For isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant eee cree = [p= or pop= 531» 108 Nm? Velocity of sound at stagaation condition a = VYRTp T3 x 460 5 342.61 ay ™ 453.96 m/s From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we have [From Equation 1.16) a= VARTS] eh, = 2x13 x 46034416 13-1 hae = 137% 106 Snax = 1171.34 mis At Exit Refer Isentropie flow table for Y = 1.3 and My = 2.4 th 7 0597 [From Gas tables page no.24)1,88 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion fe Poa Mgt = 1.885 = 0.067 > Ty = 1p, *0.537 344,61 «0.537 T= 185.05K > P, > 0.067 pp, 0.067 » 5.31 108 Py = 0.35% 105 Nin? Result 7 1. ag = 453.96 mvs 2. max = 1171.34 mis 3. Ty = 185.05K, py = 0.35 « 105 Nim? 4M, 245, My* = 1.885, In settling chamber air is maintained at a temperature of 400K and a pressure of 6 bar. Calculate the following 1. Stagnation enthalpy 2, Stagnation velocity of sound 3. Maximum velocity 4. Critical veloctty of flutd 5. Critical velocity of sound Given Stagnation temperature, Ty = 400K Stagnation pressure, py =6 bar = 6 * 105 N/m? Compressible Flow -Furdamentals 1.89 [Note: Airmaintsins stagnation state (To, pp) inthe settling chamber} For'iry= 14 and R= 287 Vkgk. Tofind : 1. Stagnation enthalpy, ho 2. Stagnation velocity of sound, & 3. Maximum velocity, mex 4, Critical velocity of fiuid, * 5. Critical velocity of sound, a* Solution We know that, Stagnation velocity of sound, ay = 7 RT = J TA* 287 400 ‘ay = 400.89 m/s] From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we have [Prom Equation 1.16]ane 1,90 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ps max fy 2 (400.899 14-1 Cmax = 896.42 mvs] We know tat, a Catal peru, T= 222 (Brom een (1.15) en 280 aed T+ = 333.33 K Critical velocity of fluid, ot = /7RT* = 146287 «533.53 oF = 365.97 mis, Critical velocity of sound, a* = c* = 365.97 mis. ‘We know that, Result 1, = 401 « 108 Weg 2, ag = 400.89 m/s 3. nae” 896-42 is 4, ot = 365.97 mis 5 nt = 365.97 mis Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1,91 1.25 UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS The air moving at a velocity of 150 m/s. The static conditions are 100 KPa and 25°C. Calculate the Mach number and stagnation Properties verify the values with table values. [Aprit96 Bharathidasan Univ and Apr'9? Bharathiyar Univ} Given : Air velocity, ¢ = 150 mvs Static pressure, p }00 kpa= 1 bar 1 < 108 Nim? Static temperature, T= 25°C +273 = 298 K To find : 1. Mach number, M 2, Stagnation temperature, To 3. Stagnation pressure, py ‘Solution : Sound velocity, a= JRE = J 14 287 «298 t a= 346.02 mis Forairy= 1.4, R=287 kg K] Mach number, M = 150 346.02 M = 0.4341.92 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Stagnation temperature — Mack number relation, ae Sie su (ateaa vats 353 Stagnation pressure, pg = 1.13 * 108 Nim? To verify Ty, Po value by using gas tables Refer Isentropic flow table for = 1.4 and M = 0.434 ~ 0.43 ee L= 0.964 To 964 i. [From gas tables (S.M.Yahya, Fy” ose Fifth edition) page nn 7 Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.93_ it = t= 0.964 To HET aegOat To* Gar” “ager” 30213K 2 - ose Po bot eee ge ba Pom oast 0.88) [+ Tbar= 108 Nin?) Py= 13 «105 Nin? | ‘Stagnation temperature, py 1-13 «108 Nin? LM=0.434 Result 2.Ty=309.13K 3.py= 113 « 108Nin? The flight speed is 800 km/h. The stagnation conditions are 105 kPa and 35°C. Find static conditions and flight Mach number. { April’'96 Bharathidasan Univ] Given Fah ped, ¢ = 800k = EO aman i | i1,94 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Stagnation’ pressure, py= 105 kPs .05 bar = 1.05 10° N/m? ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty =35°C +273 = 308K Tofind 1. Statie temperature, T 2. Static pressure, p 3. Mach number, M Solution Velocity of sound at stagnation condition ays VTRT = (146287508 2 > 2 ye irra 4 2 _ Gs179 “yy = 2 G0" “yen Yer 14-1 shes ? Compressible Flow - Fundamentals 1.95 284,69 « 108 Yl a2 =284,69 «108 (14-1) a= 113,88% 108 > 7.46 wis Velocity of sound, a= /7RT 337.46 = f1a~287~T (937.467 = 14287" 113.88 «108 14x287 => | Static temperature, T= 283.42 K ‘Stagnation temperature ~ stagnation pressure relation Po (& PUT) ts 10510 [208-74 23.42} P Static pressure, p = 0.78 * 105 Nim? Mach number, M = 222.22. 33746 M = 0.6581.96 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.97 on Result = 1.7=283.0K Velocity of sound, ¢ = 1330.27 kmh 2. p= 0.78 x 105 Nim? (or) 0,78 bar 3.M = 0658 An aeroplane travels at an altitude where the temperature is 37°C with a Mach number of 1.2. Determine the velocity of the plane in kmh. [Madurai Kamora} Univ Nov'96) Given Temperature, T=-37°C +273 = 236K ‘Mach number, M= 1.2 For air, y= 14 and R=287 Iikgk Tofind Velocity of the plane, ¢ Solution We know that, Mach numbers, M - (v a= JIRT} i ppaeaeaonaen Jaa 256 © = 369,52 mis = 369.52 103 fon 136004 = 1330.27 kwh An aircrafi flies ata velocity of 700 kph in an atmosphere where ‘the temperature is 75 kPa and temperature is 5°C. Calculate the ‘Mach number and stagnation properties. (Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Nov'96] Given : Airvelocity, ¢= 700 km/h = 700 103 m/h = Moxie 3600 vh © = 194.44 mis Stat pressure, p= 75 kpa = 75 x 103 pa = 75 «108 Nim? Static temperature, T= 5°C +273 = 278K Tofind : 1. Mach number, M 2. Stagnation properties, i, To, Pos Po Solution : [+ Forairy= 1.4, R= 287 kg K) |LiL 1.98 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mach munber. M = & 194.44 334.22 M = 0.58 | Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4 and M = 0.58 Hig 77 097 - [From gas tables (S.M Yahya, yO Fifth edition) page no.29] ences 0937 278 0937 ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty = 296.69 K > > | eee Po” 0.796 2 5108 0.796 Po ‘Stagnation pressure, p, 0,942 » 105 Nim? ‘We know that, Pp Stagnation density, Py =o 0” ty = 01942 x 108 287 * 296.69 1.106 kg/m? Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.99 Resul LM=058 2.Ty= 296.69K Pp = 0.942 105 Nim? Py = 1.106 kgfm> GQ Oxygen at 200 kPa flows ata velociy of 50 mis Find the Mach umber ata point where ts density is 2.9 kg/m. Molecular weight of oxygen is 32 and (Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Nov'96} Given : Pressure, p = 200 kPa = 200 x 108 Pa Velocity, ¢= 50 m/s Density, p= 2.9 kg/m? Molecular weight = 32 Specific heat constant, Y= 1.4 To find: 1. Mach number, M Solution : We know that Universal gas e Gas constant, R= sil gas consent Molecular weight of given ges 314 at [+> Universal gas constant, R= 8314 Jikgk] R= 25981 JikeK Density, p une T1.100 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 39 = 200x102 259.81 *T = [r=265.44K We kow that, Sound velocity, @ = JY RT TA ¥ 259.81 265.44 a= 310.72mis Mech number, M = = a ue es 310.72 M = 0.160 Mach number, M= 0.160 Result A steam of air flows with a velocity of 250 m/s in a duct of 10 om diameter lis temperature and pressure at that point are SC and 40 kPa, What will be ts stagnation pressure and teniperature? What is the mass flow rate? [Bharathiyar Uni, Nov'96] Ghven : Air Velocity, ¢ = 250 mis Duct diameter, d= 10 em = 0.10 m ‘Temperature, T= 5°C +273 = 278 K Pressure, p = 40 kPa = 40 * 103 Pa= 40 x 103 Nim? Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.101 Tofind : 1. Stagnation pressure, py 2, Stagnation temperature, Ty 3, Mass flow rate, tt Solution : We know that ‘Mass flow rate, ti = pAc P = Px kare RT 4 : Cy oF 40 10 =———-« 20.102 x 250 287x278 4 [vv For air R= 287 Jikgk, y= 14] m= 0.984 kefm> Mach number, M = rt 250 VvRT 250 14 © 287 «278 M= 0.748 = 0.75 Refer Isentropic flow table for ¥= 1.4 and M= 0.75, = 0.899 [From Gas tables page no.30] i itCompressible Flow.Fundamentals 1.103 M,= 14 My =25 28 yn13 = F300 R= 0.52 kUkeK = 520 Jkgk To find: 1. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ay eee aaa 2, Maximum velocity, Cmax o 0.688 3.7 femperature and pressure a exit, Ts py 40x 108 Solution : 0.688 At Entry bya O58 105Ni Refer Isenttopic flow table for = 1.3 and M; = 1.4 | 1; Result: | Ty 7 2773 [From gas tables page no.23} 1. pg = 0.58 « 105 Ni Pr Po pn 0327 2.79 = 309.23 K 1 : 3. m= 0.984 kgm? > Yel 078 (The following data refers to the entry and ext of u passuge where me isentropic flow occurs ert iry P= =300K — My=14 Entry: p,=207kPa 7,30 \ ares ere For Isentropic fic ic Assuming ideal gas (y =1.3, R= 0.52 (kI/kgK), determine plc flow, stagnation temperature remains constant (Y Velocity of sound at stagnation condition (2) Maximum velocity > 6) Temperature and pressure at exit. {[Bharathidasan Uniy, Nov'96} _ 207x108 Given : 0327 py #207 kPa = 207 « 108 Pa = 207 x 108 Nim? Por= 633» 1S NRE aera] T, =300K1,104 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion sible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.105 For isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant > Po= Poi = Pap = 6.33 * 108 Nin? Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ay= YYRT, = J 13% 520 % 388.09 312.2 mis % ‘We know that, stagnation enthalpy equation, 3 = Snax = [2 7- 2x ($12.3 13- [Emax = 1522.49 mis At Exit Refer Isentropic flow table for y~ 1.3 and My = 2.5 T <= 0516 02 Pa = 0.057 [From Gas tables page no.25) Poo > oT «0516 = 388,09 «0.516 {-To=Toy “Toad Be P2™ Por * o0s7 = 6.33 x 108 + 0.057 p= 0.360 * 105 Nim 1. ag= S122 ms 2. Gan = 1322.49 mis 3, y= 200.25 K, py =0.360 x 105 Nim? Result The pressure, temperature and Mach number atthe entry ofa flow passage are 2.45 bar, 265°C and 14 respectively. If the exit Mach number is 2.5, determine the following for adiabatic flow of a perfect gas (y= 1:3, R= 0.469 kithg K). 1. Stagnation temperature 2, Temperature and velocity of gus at exit 3. The flow rate per square metre ofthe inlet cross section. [Madurai Kamaraj Uni, Apr'96, Manonmanivon Sunaranar Unis, Apr'96, Madras Uni, Apr'2000]1.106 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Compressible Flow - Fundamentals 1.107 1913 R= 0469 kek = 469 seg K. Bachan, ny = $2 Tofind : . oe 1. Stagnation temperature, Ty | ae 2, Temperature and velocity of gas at exit, Ty, cp 7 3. The flow rate per square metre of the inlet eross section, 25 = 1 13% 469% 199.95 Solution : : mae At inlet —? = From continuity equation, we know thet mass flow rate remains “Refer Isentropic flow table for Y = 1.3 and My © 1.4 constant 1 tLe ons [ From gas tables page = cee 181 =P, Ape; 0.23) io e are Sec aos a To “gana” ors “375K Bmp xe, ay” 1S ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty, = 387-5 K », o aera re For isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant 2.45 « 105 = 2452108 = [Ten Ty = Te=3875K 4692995 = 1746, At outlet, = 174 My xay (om= 43 Refer Isentrope flow table for 7 = 1.3 and My = 2.5 = 174% 1.4 x /9RT; pet T; 1 [ve a=/yrT] Be oasis [From ges tables page no.25) 1 2 = 170 14x TERROR DBE = %-0516* Te = 104096 kys-n? 1 = 0516» 3875 ae Exit temperature, Ty = 199.95 K 1 1y=3875K 2.1, =19995K1.108 Gas Bynamis and Jet Propulsion cy 872.89 m/s me ism? 3, B= 1040.96 Ke! 1 Bir y= 14, R= 287 hg K) enters straight ats symmetric dct _ Compressible Flon-Fundamensals 1.109 Solution + VTRT, = f1A¥ 387300 a, = 347.19 mis Inlet Mach number, My= a Sound velocity at inlet, a s = 150 347.19 M, 0.432 Refer Isentropic flow table for y= 1.3 and My = 0.432 = 0.43. Ty 7 a1 [From gas.tables page no.29] oe = tye t= Mesn2e 0364 0.964 12K Stagnation temperature, To For isentropic flow, stagnation temperature remains constant > To" To) =To2 = 312K From Stagnation ertalpy equation, we know PL Yaed = Ye egg? = SO [From Equation no.1.16)1.110 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mass flow rate, 2 ent 2 Yi eee ‘mor 2x (RT) - ake 1 214x287 3112 14-1 2 = 625.2% 103 s “max * 790.69 ms = pAc=p, Aj ci =P, Aree m= Arey ater RT, = BASAIO 599 10-4150 287 «300 m= 30.05 kg/s m= pp Arey Agcy RT) 2.058 * 105 30.05 = 2958210 x 9,260 ane 287% 277 ? A) = 0.0446 m2 Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.)11 Result: L Tye 312k 2. Gaz 790.69 nls 3. 30.08 kys 4, Ag = 0.0446 m2 (Ga) as (7= 1.33 and ep =1.1 kdag KY flows through a duct of diame 69.5 mm. At a section static pressure is 150 kPa, and sta temperature is 485°C. The flow rate is 30 kg/min, Find the ma umber and velocity of gas. [Now-97, Bharathidasan Uni Gwen : yn 133 op LL Kikg K= 1.1 x 108 Ske K Diameter, d= 68.5 mm = 0.0695 m Static pressure, p = 150 kPa = 1.50 bar 50 * 105 Nin? Static temperature, T= 48.5° C [es 1 bar = 100 kPe =485 +273 1 bar = 105 Nim? T#3215K Mass flow rate, m= 30 kg /min =e eo Kes m= 05 kgm To find: |, Mach number, M. 2, Velocity of gas, ¢1.112 Gas Dynamies and Space Propulsion Solution Mass flowrate m = pAc = exane ma” Fal x x E@re (a- 2 @ 1.505105, os = LSAIO . Bee9695)2xe --- Reis a Pe ~) Gas constant, R= { 7 L33=V yao? Bete ta 10 272.93 kg K oO- og= sox 10 272933215 = 7.09 mls Velocity of gas, ¢= 77.09 mis ViRT Ji133* 27295 * 315 F 0.0695 xe Velocity of sound, Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.113 Result 1.M=0.226 2.667709 mis {Hy Airatstagnation condition has a temperature of 800K. Determine the stagnation velocity of sound and the maximum possible laid velocity. What isthe velocity of sound wien the flow velocity is at half the maximum velocity? {April 98 - Madaras University} Given Stagnation temperature, Ty=800 K To find 1. Stagnation velocity of sound, 29 2. Maximum fui velocity, pax 3. What is the velocity of sound (a) when the flow velocity (6) is bal the maximum velocity Gye) Solution Velocity of sound at stagnation condition a7 VYRTS = 14287 «800 ay = 566.96n/s From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we know 2 2 ya a Mere te, it Mt ua [From Equation no.(1.16)]J ell Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.115 Ll Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 7 > a2 = 241080 = Ys cna? = = mr ye > a cand 2d Tt esut 2 2566.96 1. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, 29 = 566.96 m/s 4-1 2, Maximum fui vlociy pq, 1267.76 ms 4. Velocity of sound, a = 490.99 mis, [atc = Sy An air jet (y= 1.4, R= 287 Whe K) at 400 K has sonte velocity. When the flow velocity, ‘is at half of the maximum fluid velocity ras) Determine 1, Velocity of sound at 400 K = 1267.76 2 2. Velocity of sound at the stagnation conditions 6633.88 mis 3. Maximum velocity of the Jet 4 Stagnation enthalpy + Vat = Va Cyne? mm 5. Croceo number. [0ct 95 « Madaras University} = + We =Yae pa? rl 2 = 2+ 2(633.88)2 = Yo[1267.767 ihiacat Ta=1 T=400K At soni condition, Mach number M 2 = + 200.9 «103 = 803.6 103 04 = 2 ‘ > = 602.7 « 103 f > 04Compressible Flow -- Fundamentals 1.117 = (TAR DRT RO ‘ay 439.16m/s | rom stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that i 1.116 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion To find 1. Velocity of sound, a 2. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, ap 3, Maximum velocity of hee, Ce 4, Stagnation enthalpy, hy 5. Croceo number, ¢,. Solution We know that, ! Velocity of sound, a = /7RT a = START RIOT a [a= 400.8mis 2 (439.162 14-1 poe? = 964.3 «102 Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, acces aniveiag eT sai ol) => [Maximum fuid velocity, cya 981.9 ms From Stagnation enthalpy equation, = hy Peeper? = 0 = Asai 9P : —— x [ Stagnation enthalpy, fg = 482.06 » 103 J/kg [sea eels ete eacetseaeee = Velocity of sound at stagnation con ag= VIRTg Croceo number,L118 Ges Dynamics and Jet Propssion TA‘ sonic condition wel = Me£e1 => cma) Result Lan 4008s 2.2=439.16m/s 3. qin" 9819 ms 4. hy = 482.06 > 109 hg 56,0408 The jet of gas at $93 K (y= 1.3, R= 469 Je K) has a Mach ‘uniber of 1.2. Determine for local and stagnation conditions of velocity of sound and enthalpy. What isthe maximum attainable velociy of this Jet [0cr'95 Madras Univ] Given T=593K 13 R= 469 Jeg K M=12 Tofud 1. Local and stagnation velocity of sound and enthalpy Fe. 8g, fag of this et, pax Compressible Flow - Fundamentals 1.119. Solution 1. Local velocity of sound a= JyRT = f13 40 93 601,29 mis | 2, ‘Stagnation temperature ~ Mach number relation, To > apt 126 > ‘Stagnation temperature, Ty = 721.08K ‘Stagnation temperature can be calculated by using gas tables Refer Isentropic flow table for y= 1 3and M= 1.2. Eom Pim gee pegen0 22, 9 = he 0.822 ~ 593 0.822 Ty = 7214 KGas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Velocity of sound at stagnation condition a= VVRTy = S13 8dGox THOR | 20 = 663.05 mis 3.Static enthalpy, = epT R, rt L3¥469 595 13-1 A= 1205 * 103 kg. 4, Static enthalpy, hg =€,Ty wR = Beat, 7% 13548 108 Msn ke, = 1465 «1 From Stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that a Ye = Yeung? = wal 5 pata [From Equation no.(1.16)] Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.121 2 = nas yl 7 mae = | 2 mae |G [2% (663.05) V13-1 Maximum velocity, ge = 1711.95 Result 1 =601.29ms 2 663.08 0s = 1205 « 103 kg, ig ® 1465 « 109 Tk, 2 Guay = ITIL mis Air flows from a reservoir at $50 kPa and 70°C. Assuming isentropic flow. Catculate the velocity, remperature, pressure and density ata section where M= 0.6. [ April?96 - Madras Univ} Given Stagnation pressure, py $50 kPa Sbar [ Ubar= 100 KPa} Stagnation temperature, Ty = 70°C +273 =343 K Mach number, M= 0.6 [Note : Ahsays the fluid maintains stagnation state (Tp Pg) in the reservir)1.122 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion To find : b. Velocity, ¢ 2. Temperature, T 3. Pressure, p 4. Density, 0 Solution = Refer Isentropic flow table for y= 1.4 and M=0.6 E0933 [From gas tables page no.29} To. = 70.933 «343 T=32001K > == 0.784 P 784 x 5.5 p= 4312 bar p= 4312 105 Nim? | [> 1 bar= 108 Nim?) P Density. p= ae _ 4312x108 287 x 320.01 For air, R = 287 J/kaK] p= 4.69 kein Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.123 ‘Mach number, M = VR (Ax 287 220.01 Velocity, ¢=215.15 mis Result Low 215.15 mis 2.7=320.01K 3.p=4.312% 105Nhn? 4.p=4.69kg/m? [15] Determine the velocity of sound in air at 35°C. What should be the ‘mininain temperature of air if it has to be hypersonic when it has 4 velocity of 1500 mis. (ct 97 - Madras Univ] Given “Temperature, T=35°C+273~ 308K Velocity ofair,¢= 1500 ms [When hypersonic] Tefad L Velocity of sound, a 2; Minimum temperature of alr (T), when flow is hypersonic and ‘velocity is 1500 mis,1.124 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Solution We know that, Velocity of sound, a= /7RT = JARRE a= 351.78 m/s For hypersonic flow, Mach number value is M2 5. We are going to ind rinimum temperature, o we are assuming M = 5, Mach number, = & 1500 = a= 300m = a= /TRT=300 m/s > YRT = G00)? (300)? 14¥287 => [Minimum Temperature, T=223.99 K s Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.125 5] Find the stagnation properties ofa by caleutaion if the state pressure is 250 KPa, stale femperatue is 125 and velocity 200m’, {04198 - Madras Univ] Given Static pressure, p=250 kPa =2.50 bar 250% 105Nin? [> Tbar=100kPa Lbar= 105 Nim? Static temperature, T= 125°C-+273 = 398K Airvelocity, ¢= 200 ms Tofind Signation properties (By calculation}. To, Py Po Solution ‘Mach number, M{reed ee cegeegat 1.126 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion ‘Stagnation temperature ~ stagnation pressure relation tagnation pressure, py = 2.96 * 105 Nim? Stagnation density ~ stagnation pressure relation 1 sepa pea iy ia 2,96 x 105 250% 105 Result 1, Stagnation temperature, Tp = 417.9 K 2, Stagnation pressure, py = 2.96% 108 Nim? 3, Stagnation density, pp = 2.46 kg/m? Compressible Flow - Fundamentals 1.127 Air expands insetropically from 20 bar and 100%C to 12 bar. Determine the temperature and density atthe final state. Also find the ratio of intial to final acoustle velocity [ October’ 99 - Madras Univ] a Pj =20.bar=20 = 105 Nim? Py = 12 bar= 12 * 105 Nim? wasn Solution (Pa) ‘er 105 = 57] t2x108} 14 2010! 234K1.128 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ___ Compressible Flow-Fundamentals 1.129 Air at a temperanire of 33°C and a pressure of 1.1 bar is flowing P Density, p = 7g” with a velocity of 320 nv, Determine the total pressure, temperature and densit a = a [ Oct" 99 Madras Univ] Given + 12x 108 3" = ORE T=33°C +273 = 306K = 1.1 bar = 1.1 * 105 Nim? 1p, = 12.97 kg/m’, = 320 ms To find : Initial velocity of sound, a) = RT, 1, Total pressure, ie. Stagnation pressure, Py = SITS 2, Tota temperature, ie, Stagnation temperature, Ty 3, Total density, ie. Stagnation density 387.13 mvs i a pee Solution al velocity ofsound, , = TR; cee " 7 Mach number, M = & = Viana : y= 359.88m/s a atioof 21 = 387.13 (14 87 * 306 Ratioof ay “a5p33 "107° Result M= 0912 1. T= 32234 K Refer Isentropie flow table for y= 1.4 and M = 0,912.~ 0.91 2 : 2. py = 12.97 kg/m i 0858 [From gas tables page no.31} 0 3. She tors ° Fyn O58eee 1.130 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion T_ .306 Be O8SE P, susan desi, by = E 0 = 1.88 » 108 287 «356.64 Py = 1.84 kei? ence 1. py = 188% 108 Ni Result Tyn 356.64K y= 84 kgin? Compressible Flow ~ Fundamemals 1.131 oY A pane vets with a elociy of 1600 kn aan ate where ihe pressure and temperate are 40 KPa and -35°C. Fd te Mach angle and Mach number [Oct '98 - Madras Univ] Given = Velocity, ¢~ 1600 kan/h 1600 « 103 m “36005 = 444.44 mls Static pressure, p= 40 kPa = 40 «103 Pa = 40 < 103 Nim? Static temperature, T 384273 238K For air y= 14 and R = 287 Sikg K. Tofind: 1. Mach aumber, M 2. Mach angle, Solutio We know that, Sound velocity, a= /YRT = (14© 287238 a = 309.23 mis c Mach number, M=Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.133 To find : 1. Mass flow rate, th 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty 3. Mach number, My 4, Stagnation pressure, py (compressible) Stagnation pressure, py (Incompressible) Solution : We know that, Gas constant, R = ¢» ~ ey [ & & ee Result : y 1. Mach number, M = 1.437 LOS « 108 138 «103 2. Mach angle, a= 449,09 (2) Ate fy = 105 kirbgk, Y= 138) at y= % 108 Nin? and Ty = 00K flows with «velocity of 200 m/s in a 30 om daneter ditt evaitabte. Caletate 2) mass flow rate (i) stagnation temperasae (i) Mach number (9) stagntton pressre values gee eeeamam ncaa { Oct" 2000 Medes Urn} Mass flow rate, = Glven : ep 1.05 kirk 05 * 103 IceK 289.13 * $00 yr 38 | im = 2933 kes y= 3 * 105 Nim? = T= 500K. Inlet Mach number, My z y= 200 mis 2 = 90 oom AO1.134 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion _ 200 /138 * 289.13 * 500 M, = 0.44 Refer Isentropic flow table for 1.38 =1.4 and M=0.44 0.963 [From gas tables page no.29} Pi > = 0.876 Po Th = Tart Ot 0.963 = 500 0.963 = 31921 K] ‘We know that, for isentropic flow stagnation temperature remains constant > To2To* Teg = 519.21 K From tables, PL = 0876 Por > yt °! 0.876 _ 3x10 0.876 Poi = 3-42 * 105 Nim? For isentropic flow, stagnation pressure remains constant. Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.135 29) = 342 * 10° Ni Por From Bernoulli equation, for incompressible flow, stagnation pressure equation is > Po p+ Yepc? — [From equation no.1.37] Atintet Py = y+ Ave? -pth 7 xo? Oy ote ee oe 289.13 x 500 Poy SAL» 108 Nim? = Po Por= Paps 3a 108 Ni? Result : 1, m= 29.33 ke/s 2.Tp™ 51921 K 3.M=a.44 4, po (Compressible flow) = 3:42 « 108 Nim? Pp (Incompressible low) = 3.41 x 108 Nim? 27) Air fows in a duct with a velocity of 215 m/s. The temperature of ‘air measured at a point along the duet is 30°C and the air pressure is 5 bar, Determine (i) stagnation pressure, (i) Mach number at that potnt, (Dec! 2004 - Anna Univ) Given: Air velocity,1.136 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Static temperature, T= 30* C +273 = 303 K Siatie pressure, p= 5 ber 5 « 108 Nin? For air, y= 14 and R= 287 kek Tofind: 1, Stagnation pressure, By 2; Mach number at that point, M Solution : We know that, Velocity of sound, a= y/¥ RT = (TEX RTI 348.92 mis Mach number, M= = 215 348.92 Cer Refer Isentropic flow table for y =1.4 and M= 0.616 = 0.62 220.772 [From gas tables page v0.30} 0 .? iad Po OTM SX 108 om [Stagnation Pressure, py = 6.47 = 10° Nim? Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.137 Result : I. py = 647 105 Nim? 2. M=0616 Carbon dioxide expands isentropicully through a nozzle from a pressure of 3.2 bar to 1 bar. Uf the initial temperature is 475 K, determine the final temperature, the enthalpy drop and the change in imernat energy. (May' 2005 - Anna Univ Given + 3.2% 105 Nim? pp =I bare 1x 108 Nim? Ty =475K To find : 1. Final temperature, Ty 2. Enthalpy drop, Ah 3. Change in intemal energy, AU Solution + Refer gas tables for gas dynamics properties of carbon dioxide at various temperatures AL Tj#41SKaa13k p= 0993 Kg = 995 kak 6, 0.804 kag = 804 gk ye i237 [From gos tables page no.16] R= 0.189 kaka 189 Tks K at1.138. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘We know that, Isentropic relation, = ep (TT) = 993 (475 -380.11) [an = 94.2» 103 Ike Change in internal energy , AU = ey AT = 804 (475 380.11) AU = 76.29 x 103 J/kg, Result L. Ty 380.11K 2. Bh = 94.2 * 103 Ike 3. AU= 76.29% 103 kg Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.139 1.26 SOLVED DERIVATIONS 1. Prove that for Isentrople flow [Anna Univ - May’2004] Solution Refer section I.17 —Critical velocity of uid - Equation no.1.25, 2. Derive an expression for the acoustic velocity of a compressible Sluid flow in terms of its temperature, {Anna Univ - May'2004 & MU Apr'9?, Oct'99) Solution Refer section — 1.8 3. Show that Solution [vMa& =>c=Mxal fap is) uss (ea J7RT RT, aux1140 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.141 2 (Ftom Equation na > 4. Show that Proved Solution 5. Show that We know that ang gucre eee fe pees ieee [ Bharathiyar Univ Nov'96 & MSUniv Nov'96] Refer section 1,16~ Equation no.1.16 [From Equation no.(1.28)} Ll yg & Show mat (Te 1 Bhewe= ae ie Solution We know that 1 2 elm (To) a i: Te 74 B48 (om Exon o0120 | =1.142 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion foe cutane Fy ens he- Terry ‘We know that py=RT 7 Show that Solution We know that a L ag? So at from Equation no(.16] e tee yal w= & Show that Solution Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.143 ot pyr 2) yea, & Tot APRN) Proved PoP ag hiage 1 So et ttt. % po [MSUniv Nov'95) Refer section 1.21 ~ Equation no. (1.45)1.144 Gas Dynamics and Jot Propulsion 9. Show thar 2, rly yal yt Solution Refer section I.17~ Critical velocity of fluid ~ Equation no.(1.23) 10. ° Show that To T { Bharothidasan Univ ~ Nov'97 & Madras Univ- Oct'98] eel sha Solution Refer section 1.12Egutionno.(1.7) 1. Show that pone Apt Solution {Refer section 1.20 - Bernoulli eqtaton Equstionno(137)} 12. Show thar hgrhsthe? Sotuion [Refer section 1.11 ~ Equation m0 (1.5) 13. Show that Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.145 Solution We know that, (Equation no. (1.28) Proved 14. Show that wi Po rod fe = [este { Madras Unt 06197 & Apr99) Solution Refer section 1,13 ~ Equation no.(1.8)1.146 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion : 1.27 TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. What is meant by Gas dynuies ? Gas dynamies deals withthe study of motion of gases and its effeets. 2. State the difference between compressible fluid and incompressible tid. e (Madras Univ, Apr'2000 and Oct'98) Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the ‘Nuld changes from point to point, Le., density is not constant for the Aud, = p # constant Examples : Gases, Vapours Incomptessible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the ‘lui is constant. = p =constant Example : Liquids, 3. Define stagnation pressure [Anna Unix, May 20047 ‘Stagnation pressure isthe pressure of the gas when itis isentropically decelerated r0 zero velocity at zero elevation Where Pg ~ Stagnation pressure p~ Static pressure M—Mach number Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.147 £ Express the stagnation enthalpy tn terms of state enthalpy and velocity offion. fAnna Unix, Dee - 20037 Stagoation enthalpy, y= + Where ‘1 Static enthalpy — kg ~ Velocity of uid mv, $. Explain Mach cone and Mach angle. {Anna Unb May - 2004 and Manonmanium sundaranar Univ pr'96} Mach Cone ‘Tangents drawn from the source point on the spheres define a conical surface referred to as Mach cone. ‘Mach angle The angle between the Mach line and the direction of motion of the body (flow direction) is known as Mach angle, 6. What is reversible flow process? A process is reversible if the system and its surroundings can be restored to their intial states by reversing the process, 7. What is Irreversible flow process? In an irreversible process the system and the surroundings cannot be restored to their initial states by reversing the process, 8. Define Adiabatic process. (Anna Univ, May - 2004) nan adiabatic process there is no heat transfer between the system and the surrounding, . ie, QO,1.148 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 9. State Third law of Thermodynamics It states that the entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic quilibrium approaches zero as the absolute temperature approaches zero 0, What is meant by Isentropie process? Isentropie process is also called as reversible adiabatic process. In his process entropy remains constant and there is no heat transfer between he system and the surrounding, 1. Define Bulk Modulus of elasticity. It is defined as the ratio between increase in pressure and relative ange in volume Bulk modulus, K = —ereasein pressure Relative change in volume 2. Define co-efficient of compressib It is defined as the ratio of relative change in volume to change in Co-fficint of eompressil Relative change in volume Change in pressure J. What is meant by steady flow? Steady flow is that type of flow, in which the fluid characteristics ke velocity, pressure and density at a point do not change with time. 4, What is Unsteady flow? Unsteady flow is that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics ke velocity, pressure and density at a point changes with respect to 5, What is the difference between flow process and non-flow process. Flow process A.change or a series of changes in an open system is referred to as flow process. Example 1. Flow through nozale Compressible Flow ~ Fundamemals 1.149 Flow through diffuser 5. Flow through steam turbines. Nont-Flow process ‘A change ot a series of changes in a closed system is referred to as «a non-flow process. Examples 1. Heating at constant volume of a gas 2. Cooling of a gas 16, Define Reynolds number. It is defined as the ratio between inertia force and viscous force = tnertia force Viscous force 17. Define Mach Number. [ Oct'96 Madras Univ, Bharathiyar Univ Now-97] ‘The Mach number is ar index of the ratio between inestia force and elastic force 2. Inertia force Elastic force ae me camaro Turbulent flow In turbulent flow, the fuid particles move in irregular paths.1.150 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 19. Write energy equation for a non flow process. Q=W+av 2 Q= | Pav +me, (T2-T)) t 20, Write energy equation for a flow process, EMS univ - Nov'97] 2 a. ; Zo ew 2 ‘ By tt tQ= 21, Write adiabatic energy equation. (M5 univ - Oc¢99} 22, Define stagnation enthalpy (hg) {Dec'2005, Anna Univ] ‘Stagnation enthalpy can be defined as the enthalpy of a gas when it is isentropically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation, jiyzh+ 2 where hh static enthalpy €~ fluid velocity 23, Define stagnation temperature : (To) IMS univ - Nov' 95] Stagnation temperature is the temperature of the gas when it is, isentropically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation Where T~ static temperature M-~Mach number Compressible Flow ~ Fundamentals 1.15) 44, Define stagnation density (p,) [MS univ - Ocr'99} ‘Stagnation density is the density of the gas when it is isentropically decelerated to zero velacity at zero elevation. TT 25, Define characteristic Mach number (M*) IMS univ - Ape’ 2000] Isis defined asthe ratio between fluid velocity (2) and critical velocity of sound (a*) cfm at] 26, What are advantages of using M*? (MS univ - Apr’ 2000) It is more convenient to use M* instead of M due to the following reasons, |, At high velocities M approaches infinity but M* gives a finite value [o = wt 2. Mis proportional to the fluid velocity (c) and sound velocity (a), but M? is proportional tothe fuid velocity alone. 27, Define Crocco number. [e199 and Apr'96 MU tis defined asthe rato between fluid velocity (c) and its maximum uid velocity (Cpa)1.182 Gas Dynamics and.Jet Propuision 28 Define Hagnationvelociy of sound. It is defined as the velocity of sound at stagnation conditions. Where “Ty ~stagnaton temperature -K R~Gas constant — eg K 1 -Specifie het rato, 29, Define Critical velocity of fluid (c*) or] Critical velocity of sound (a*) At ertical state, Mach number value is unity, i.e, Mytcal 7 M¥ = 1. The velocity at critical state is known as ctitical velocity Merica > at ret 30, What is meant bp transonic flow. Fdpr' 98 MU) Ifthe fluid velocity (c) close to the speed of sound (a), that type of flow is known as transonic flow. In transonie flaw, Mach number value is in between 0.8 and 2 31, What is meant by lypersonic flow? In hypersonic flow region, fluid velocity (c sound velocity (a). In this type of flow, Mach number value is always greater than 5) much greater than 32, Give the energy equation governing flow through an adiabatie nozzle. {[Bharathiyar Univ ~ Apr'96] Compressible Flow ~ Fundamental’ 1.153 33, Define velocity of sound (a). LH.K. Univ Apr'96 & MS univ Oct'99] The velocity with which sound waves propagate in a medium is called velocity of sound (a). Sound waves are generated due to infinitesimally small pressure disturbances, 34, Name the different regions of compressible fuld flow. [0ct'99 MU & Nov'99 MS univ} 1 Incompressible low region 2, Subsonic flow region 3. Transonie flow region 4. Supersonic flow region Hypersonic ow region, 35. A plane travels at a speed of 2400km/ In an atmosphere of 5°C. Find the mach angle. (Apr'99 MU univ} Solution Speed, ¢ =2400 kami = 2400* 10% m_ 3600 s| * 666.66 mis “Temperature, T C4273 =278K, Mach number, M = =~Compressible Flow indamentals 1134 Gas Dy Dynamics and Jet P *rapulsion 666 paar and : [apr 98.40) yte is pea i te difference perween a nozzle and at diffuser. 36, Find the maximum possi [Bharathivyer Univ - Nov'96) rm possible vel st gare of working btn Je which increases ane pressure and decreases the PIC FLOW cA DUCTS emperature 4s 200°C and velocity is 120 mis, piffuser is #devie LAr’ 99M cy ofthe working SUbSTANES ction and zone of il {Bharathiyar Url¥- Solution pefine one of 0080273473 K the Mach one lence. called the 197 & Nov'96 MK Unt] zone of action and the characteristics Apr" c= 20ms. ‘We know that, : -theregion ns fg™ st Ye=Ye,2 seion outside the ‘Mach cone is termed 35 the zone of silence: y-I * ‘2c, isi nas ich [From Equation no(1.1de OF stagnation state. [Apr 96 MK Uni) : pil flow eeeeeeee gees ation state is obtained BY decelerating 9 8° isentropically © a Wait seo velocity at 22 clevation. The stagnation state of @ gas 18 offen used - ve erence SA apie flow in = Athen rl Voom? a, The static temperarure af air bs 300°C and etocity 5 200 10. Find Vint) ine asim possib1e Vetoctty Cans) oneainate by ait Lan 287 473, peo 2004 Anna Un] Tid to the [aed U2 = Yep? Sotton 482.32 109= Ye, ? pasate +273 8573 fectosene co200 ms dems ease] swe know tht oo ining syagnation ently eaten eae156 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2 Lien) figs Bie Be=Yemax? [From Equation no (1.16)) He enat = #8 = cpa? (ceva we ABIES 5 YU202 = Yoepa? a 1.165 * 106 = [Fmas™ 1079.60 mis . Define closed and open system. [May 2005 Anna Univ} ‘A closed system, does not permit any mass transfer, only energy nsfer takes place. In open system both the mass and energy transfer takes place, . What Is the difference between intensive and extensive property. [May 2005 Anna Univ] Intensive Properties : ‘These properties are independent on the mass of the system. Example : Pressure, Temperature, etc Extensive Properties : ‘These properties are dependent upon the mass of the system. Example : Total volume, Total energy, etc. |. Distinguish between Mach wave and normat shock. {Dec 2005 Anna Univ] ‘Mach wave : The lines at which the pressure difference is concentrated which generate the cone are called Mach lines or Mach waves. Normal Shock : A shock wave is nothing but a steep finite pressure ave, When the shock wave is right angle to the flow, it is called normal ock, ISENTROPIC FLOW THROUGH VARIABLE AREA DUCTS 2.4 INTRODUCTION ‘Steady flow is that type of flow, in which the fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure and density do not change with time. ‘One dimensional flow is that type of flow, in which the flow parameters like velocity, pressure and density are the function of time end ‘one space co-ordinate (x) only. ‘The one dimensional, steady flow treatment of isentropic flow in variable area passage is discussed in this Chapter. 2.2 ADIABATIC PROCESS Inan adiabatic process there is no heat transfer from the fluid to the surroundings or from the surroundings to the fluc. ie, Q=0 2.3 ISENTROPIC PROCESS Inan isentropic process entropy remains constant and itis reversible. During or from the surroundings to the fluid. Therefore, an isentropic process can be stated as reversible adiabatic process. process there is no heat transfer from the luidto the surroundings Entropy, S = constant Heat transfer Q = 0.2.2 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2.4 COMPARISON OF ISENTROPIC AND ADIABATIC PROCESSES An isentropic and adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas between the two states land 2 is shown in fig.2.1 Isentropic process Let, Initial stagnation temperature = To Final stagnation temperature = Ty, = To, Initial static temperature. = T, Final static temperature %, Intal stageatin pressure = pp, Final stagnation pressure Pua, Initial Kinetic energy = ep Final kinetic energy = he? Adiabatic: Process Le, Ini stagnation temperate = Ty, stagnation temperature = Ty, Ini ttc temperaure = Ty Final sai temperature Thy Iii sagpaion presse * yy, Final sasnation pressure Pina Inia kinetic energy Yo Final kinetic energy = en? From T-S diagram we came to know that there is an inerease in ‘entropy (és) in adiabatic process but in an isentropic process, entropy remains constant Isentropie Flow 2.3 Tor ‘Temperature or Enthalpy — (T (or) h) Ta Fig, 2.1 Temperature-entropy diagram for expansion processes In adiabatic process, the final stagnation pressure pp, is lower than its initial value pp, The final kinetic energy Vs cpq2is also lower than its corresponding isentropic value Ys ¢,?. ‘The stagnation temperature remains constant for both isentropic and adiabatic processes From perfect gas equation, ‘We know that py" RT4 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion For isentropic process at point 2s Pr¥2s* B Ths Rips as For adiabtic process = Bla vat ee But we know that, Tan > Tas So, Von > Ys ‘This is shown in p ~v diagram, | PL ‘Adiabatic Pa Yas Fig. 2.2 p-v diagram Isontropic Flow 2.5 2.5 MACH NUMBER VARIATION FOR VARIABLE AREA From stagnation enthalpy equation, we know that 2 e fy hey daeerneee 7 ha == corsa Differentiating this equation We know that for isentropic flow, ep P die ans Seee=0 BP = de ° Pera dp —pede ~---@2 ip = — 9% ) ‘Mass flow rate, m= pAc~ constant = pAc= constant ‘Taking log on both sides Inp+inAine=0 Differentiating dp , dA | de Pet Aieeues ae2.6 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion e~ - [A] ear’ Substituting de value in Equation (2.2) A > Rog UM (2.4) ‘This equation is considered for increasing and decreasing area passage for various values of Mach number. Isentropie Flow 27 2.6 NOZZLE Nozzle ise duct of varying cross sectional area in which the velocity of fluid increases withthe corresponding drop in pressure. 2.7 TYPES OF NOZZLES Following three types of nozzles are important from the subject point of view. 1. Convergent nozzle : In convergent nozzle, the cross sectional area decreases from the inlet section to the outlet section, Inte | —+ ‘Outlet 2, Divergent nozzle : In divergent nozzle, the cross sectional area increases from the inlet section to the outlet section. Inlet Outlet 3. Convergent — Divergent nozzle (C.D. nozzle) : In convergent divergent nozzle the cross sectional area first decreases from the inlet section to throat and then increases from its throat to outlet section. Throat Inlet Outlet2.8 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2.8 EXPANSION IN NOZZLES Gases and vapours are expanded in nozzles. In nozzle velocity of fluid increases with the corresponding drop in pressure. So a pressure drop Isentropic Flow 2.9 “The above results can be schematically shown in fig. 25 ‘Throat M= | (Sonic flow) [-— es (Gi Equation 24) aay ope. oe. aa x g ee ee ee 5 1 followng tee pose nos te cored el coed Fig 25 lenope flow of 0s ano. it 1,24 besos pte ean tt he se of oe 2 enope flow ofa 2.9 DIFFUSER decreases from M = 0 to M = I. This is convergent type nozzle and flow is subsonic ( M<1), iffuser is a device which is used to increase the pressure and decrease the velocity of fluids, So a pressure drop (dp) in equation (2.4) is always positive Inlet M <1 Subsonic Outlet siete o-M) Fig 2.3 Convergent type nozile Case (i) Case (i) tem <1, SS becomes positive t means thatthe area of differ 1m =1,44 ~ 0, 1tmeans that there is no change in area of cross section, This section is referred toas the throat of the passage andthe flow is sonic (" M= 1). increases and the flow is subsonic (-M <1) Inlet | M< 1 Subsonic Outlet Case (iii) iF t> 1,24 scones postive. meas that heart soz increases. This is divergent type nozzle and the flow is supersonic CMPD). anit |__M>1 Supersonic | Outiet Fig 24 Divergent type nocle a ai2.10 Gax Dynamics and Jet propulsion Isentropic Flow 2.11 Case (iy irvt> 1, 4 becomes negative. t means thatthe area of difuser decreases and the flow is supersonic (-" M> 1). Inlet | M>1 Super sonic Outlet Fig. 2.7 Convergent type diffuser ‘The above results can be schematically shown asin fig 2.8, ‘Throat M = 1 (Sonic flow) M> 1 Super sonic M<1 Subsonic Inlet Outlet Fig. 2.8 Isentropie flow of a gas in a diffuser 2.40 CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (T*), CRITICAL PRESSURE (P*) AND CRITICAL DENSITY (p*) ‘Stagnation temperature~Mach number relation 2 [From chapter 1 — Equation no(1.7)] ‘Stagnation pressure ~ Mach number relation | [From chapter 1 - Equation no(1.8)} Stagnation density ~ Mach number relation t Pe ya fo. [i tebe) ° [From chapter | - Equation noft 0 At critical (*) state, M = 1, So the above equations becomes To ye > atlt+ Put T= 7") Bette (rut) = Pup= pt} 2.2) To find the relationship between static and critical state (ETS PPS, p, pt).212 Gas Bynamies and Jet Propulsion We'know that 9) 2.11 AREA RATIO AS A FUNCTION OF MACH NUMBER Like temperature, pressure and density ratios, area ratio is also a useful quantity. We know that, Mass flow rate, m= pAc=p*At ct Characteristic » Mach number j 2 [From chapter 1 Equation no.(1.28)) Isentropie Flow 2.13 (e Mt= Sy a [v et mat) Multiply by 2 on RALS = a = gf -[24g-pM - (+1) Mm? [2 -1]* Q+DM “y4T} Taking Vy out Self, © M [a+ f 7-7 G12)2.14 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion sentropie Flow 2.15 Substituting and -& vas in equation 2.11) Yat yplt Af 2, yt p* 1a MiGs) FT {From equation (2.10) and (2.12)] ‘Acceleration Lay ath Deceleration Lo F=pA+ Ax 7pm F=pA [1+ M2] ---- 0.162.18 Gas Dynamics end Jet Propulsion (One dimensional flow through a symmetrical straight duct is shown in fig.2.10 The theust or wall force (F) experienced by the duet also shown in fig2.10. Pe Py Pry Cop — Wall force (F) Fig.2.10 Impulse function At sonic condition M= 1 AUM= 1, FSP Fes ptat [141] = PALLY M2] wear try F F FL? Ae P ae pee (2.18) oat ly We know that 2 es . [From equation n0.(2.13)] Iseniropic Flow 2.19 Png A 7 Substitute and AL values in qu bttte >and values in Equation (2.18) i1.20 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Isentropic Flow 2.21 z awe r : 1 {2 (1 +tel ||? arn B(r tg “PF aa 1+ M2 2 a ocd (igh)? at US aM L v furn(tetstnel] 17M uboonfie 2.19) Another non dimensional expressin for the impulse fiction may ¢ obtianed as follows 2M] o F_ . Pali [os P= pa(l+ a) Po A’ Po A" Poa 2A tyne Po ar & J {From Chapter 1 Equation n0.(1.8)] 1H Pacey 1 yp]27-D at M (YY [From equation n0.(2.13)), 8 subse 22 apd 2, asin auton 220) ah ant A yl 1 0) -S fie yn] =a [1 ey iIsentropic Flow 2.23 2.22 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion oH tt ty 5 yl ae [Fr ~@2 -@2.23) 2.13 MASS FLOW RATE IN TEMS OF PRESSURE RATIO pac Substitute p and ¢ values in mass flow rate equation We know that, Mass flow rate, Stagnation pressure ~ Stagnation density relation => ‘i=pAc 2.22) 2 Stagnation temperature, T= T+ 2ep > (Tp) 2ep= 2 = 2=2ep(Ty-T) fr eeZ® ® p = 278 ¢ty-1) rl 2 y=) a2.24 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion. : : Kp P ‘This equation gives mass flow rate in terms of pressure ratio. For maximum flow rate condition m= Mya and A= AY. We know that, sxe 2) sentation 28 [msl pe “| 2s lay ae tel | ats Isemropic Flow 2.25Jsentropie Flow 2.27 2.14 MASS FLOW RATE IN TERMS OF AREA RATIO 2.26 Gas Dynamics and-let Propulsion From continuity eguation, we know that m=pAc=ptatct Divided by A. = Be pen A pret ~---@28) We know that cteat= TRF - B Subsite thse values in Equation 2.28) ] 226) This is maximum mass flow rate equation in tems of To, pp and A®. (2.29) Subsining rel R=287 EK Las = eat fa | eae tte ; Fromeauaion (2.6. wekow that fo. ft e227) pl +) HIF = 2 V0 ‘Substitute T*, p* values in Equation (2.29)2.28 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion my, a), AT) oe Fee ‘This equation gives the mass flow rate in terms of area ratio. For maximum mass flow rate condition, m= May and A™ AY Paar’ To, (RA fe ae Aipy VT FT ‘This is similar to Equation no. (2.26) 2.30)= Isentropic Flow 2.29 2.1 MASS FLOW RATE IN TERMS OF MACH NUMBER From Equation (2.13), we know that VT AP2.30 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion ‘This equation gives the mass flow rate in terms of Mach number. For maximum mass flow rate condition, m = Mpg, A= A* and 31> ‘This is similar to Equation no. (2.26). 2.46 FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES Flow through nozzles occurs in several engineering applications. ‘Subsonic and sonic flows occurs in convergent nozzles, Supersonic flows ‘occurs in convergent-divergent nozzles. Convergent nozzles are used in flow measuring ané flow regulating devices. Convergent-divergent nozzles are used in compressors and turbine blade rows. Isentropie Flow 2.31 2.16.1 Convergent Nozzles ‘The air low from an infinite reservoir to an exhaust chamber through ‘a convergent nozzle is shown in fig. 2.11. The stagnation pressure (p,) and the stagnation temperature (To) in the reservoir arc maintained constant. aa0 i ow, Po —| Py > Po Convergent Reservoir Exhaust Chamber nozzle Pressure Distance Fig. 2.11 Isentropic flow through a convergent nozzle pment : acon Seng poe rob was wah Fora2.32 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘When p,, value is further reduced, there willbe increasing flow rate nd decreasing pressure through the nozzle which is shown in curve 'e jere there is no qualitative change in performance. Met nerd rw hen Further reduction in * cannot produce further changes within the eS The variation of the nozzle presse ratio (Fehon the mass flow rami aainet th presse rai [PE for = 4 rshown in i212 110 Pe 1 ' ee eacedeete lea cua € me a $ ° ° om SC Po Fig. 2.12 varlation of nozale pressure and the mass flow parameter for a convergent nozzle 2.16.2 Convergent divergent nozzle Nozzle is a duct of varying cross sectional area in which the velocity of Tuid increases with the corresponding drop in pressure. ‘When the cross section of a nozzle frst decreases from the inlet section o throat and then increases from its throat to outlet section, itis called a convergent ~ divergent nozzle, Isentropic Flow 2.33 CConvergent-divergent nozzle is used to generate supersonic flow. tis sometimes called De Laral Nozzle because itis produce supersonic flow, Consider the convergent-divergent nozzle shown in fig.2.13. At the throat, the flow is sonic. When pe = Pp, there will be no flow through the nozzle. Let the exit pressure be reduced to a value pe, which is slightly ‘below pp, This small pressure gradient will cause flow through the nozzle at low subsonic speeds. The static pressure will decreases continuously in he convergent portion of the nozzle, reaching a minimum at the throat as shown by the curve Tin the figure.2.34 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘Now assuming. p, is further reduced to pe,, So, the pressure gradient will be stronger, flow acceleration will be faster, and variation of mach number and static pressure through the duct will be larger, as shown by curve 2, Similarly if p, is reduced continuously, at some value of pe the flow will reach sonic velocity atthe throat as shown by curve 3, Now, the sonic flow at the throat will expand further in the divergent 2 portion afte nese as spetoic Now it °*—< {and wl deceate We as a subsonic flow as shown by curve 3 for 3 For the cases discussed above, the mass flow through the duet increases as pe decreases 2.17 FLOW THROUGH DIFFUSERS al Pressure ce Hl 8 | Shock (Lreversibiiy) g aN M1) and the mach ‘umber after the shock is subsonic (M1). 2.48 FORMULAE USED 1 Mach number, M = 2 Velocity ofsound, a= «/7 3. Stagnation pressure for incompressible flow, py =p + %2 pc? JiR 2 Maximum velocity, Y2 cya? = S 4. Critical velocity, = 6. Characteristic Mach number [From Equation (2.26)}2.36 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 8 Mas flowrate m, = p,Arc 2. Desiy, p= 1, Powered, P= TT) 1, Statin pres — sgn tegen mt ot 12. Suga temper Ty TH ate aria 13, Maximum mass low rate (For air) wo ee Isentropic Flow 2.37 2.49 SOLVED PROBLEMS D The veivciy,pressureand temperature ofa duct are 320 m/s I bar and 295 K. Calculate the following 1, Stagnation pressure 2, Stagnation temperature 3. Velocity of sound in dynamic condition 4. Velocity of sound in stagnation condition 5. Stagnation pressure assuming constant density. Take y Given 0=320m/s p= I bar=1 «108 Nin? T=295K 14, R= 287 Ske — K Tofind 1. Stagnation pressure, py 2. Stagnation temperature, Ty 3. Velocity of sound in dynamic condition, a 4. Velocity of sound in stagnation condi a 5. Stagnation pressure (P.) assuming constant density. ‘Solution Velocity of sound in dynamic condition Jet = 1a 287295 [a= 344.28 mis2.38 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mach number, M = 20, 3428 {From Chapter 1 Equation n0.(1.2)) Stagnation temperature, Ty" 345.9K Velocity of sound in stagnation condition ag= VIRTy = TARTS [= 37280ms | Stagnation temperature ~ stagnation pressure relation Isentropic Flow 2.34 2 Sragnation pressure, Po 7 745% yos Nim? rag . ae Density, PRP Leos = 287 «295 For incompressible flow {constant density} 4+ Vapet stagration pressure Po~ P Yaoe yx 10542 * 118% G20F p= 16x 10S Nie Result tpg 1-45 # 18 Ni? 2.Ty= 3459K 3.an34d28ins dage 372.80mI5 it 108 Nim? spol constant densi] = 16 "10 Ni 2412.40 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘This problem can be solved by using gas tables. Solution : Velocity of sound, a = /YRT = STAR DBT 295 44, 28 mis =f Mach number, M = 320 344.28 M = 0.929 Refer Isentropie flow table for Y= 1.4 and M = 0.929 = 0.95, Zoos; B-osn 7 Ty) [From gas tables (S.M.Yahya, eee Fifth edition) page no.31} 0.853 295 0.853 ee 14103 0° Os 0872 748 * 108 Nim? Isentrople Flow 2.41 Velocity of sound at stagnation condition ay VYRTS = f14¥ BT SB [ee rasan Stagnation press constant density [Tncompressibe ow] pop + od = 1s 1084 % x 1.18 » G20" [m Tam] fran Result: 1. pg = 1.748 108 Nim? 21g MS8K 3.a% 344,28 mis 4.ay 9 372.75 mis 5. pg | constant density] = 1,6 * 108 Nim? The pressure, temperature and mach number atthe entry of a nozzle are 2 bar, 300 K and 1.4 respectively. The exit Mach number is 2.4. Determine the following for Isentropic flow 1. Velocity of sound at stagnation condi 2, The maximum velocity 3. The Mach number M,* and M,*. 4. Temperature and pressure at exit Take y= 1.3, R= 0,52 hd/kg K.2.42 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Given : py = 2 bar=2 «108 Nim? 1, = 300K M,=14 Mz = 24 #13 R= 052 kiikg K = 520 Wks K. To find : 1. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition, an 2. The maximum veloci 3M Mgt 4, Temperature and pressure at ext, T, Pa Solution : Refer Isentropie flow table for y= 1.3 and My = 1.4 om [From gas tables page no.23] = pleas 1.320 hs = Tor = he = BO = 588.09 0773 0.773 Tq) = 388.09 = Typ re = Py__ 2108 Por "0327 ~ “0327 Pg TSCM Ee] Isentropie Flow 2.43, Refer Isentropic ow table for Y = 1.3 and My = 2.4 th ah 0537 [From gas tables pageno.24] To Py Pay = 0067 Mgt = 1.885 Ty 0.537% Ty = 0537 * 388.09 [lee ao T) = 208.40 K > P; = 0.067 * Poy = 0.067 x 6.116 x 105 By = 0.4097 * 105 N/m? Velocity of sound in stagnation condition ag= VYRTS = J 13 * 520» 388.09 fay= 512.2 ms We know that Pema? [From Chapter 1- Equation no.(1.25)]2.44 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion _ [oat > mar“ V7=1 2» S122" > par = gc 1322.49 mis 2. par © 1322.49 mis 3. My = 1320 Mp! = 1.85 4, T)= 20840K y= 0.4097 » 108 Nim? The area of cross section atthe entry of a diffuser is 0.24 me ‘mach number is 1. and temperature of alr 1 340 K. Ifthe exit mach muinber is 0.78, determine the velocity and temperate of ae und the area of ersssectlon a exit for isentropic flow. Given: Ay= 024m? M=15 T2340K M,=0.78 For aie R= 287 MkgK andy = 1.4 Tofind : 1. Velocity and temperature of air at exit, (C2, T2). 2. Area of cross section at exit, (A;). Jsentropie Flow 245 Solution : Refer isentropic flow table for ¥ = 1.4 and M, 0.689, At Lye he 1i76 1 [From gas tables page no.32] 340. 0.689 Top = 493.47 K= To, AY = 0.204 mi Refer Isentropic flow table for Y = 1.4 and M; = 0.78 h = 0.892 [From gas tables page no.30} To A = = 1047 a 2 Ty = 0.892 * Tyy = 0.892 x 493,47 = 440.18 K : 7, = 440.18 K Ay 1.047% At = 1.047 * 9.204 Ay = 02135 m22.46 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Fluid velocity at exit, cy = My aq = cy My x 7RT, = 0.78 (TAR 28744018 & = 328.03 mi Result Ley = 328.03 m/s 1,7 440.18 K 2 A,= 0.2135m2 (B) Ambient ate (py =1 bar, Ty 285 K) is sucked by a lower through ‘convergent nozile. The throat diameter is 12cm. Ifthe veloctty at the throat reaches the sonic value, determine 1. Pressure and temperature atthe throat 2. Maximum mass flow rate. Given y= bar= 1 = 108 Nin? Ty=285K Throat diameter, d* = 12 em=0.12m Tofind 1. Pressure and temperature atthe throat, (p*, T*) 2, Maximum mass Mow rte, May Solution ‘We know that at the throat (+) M= 1 Refer Isentropic flow table for ¥ = 14 and M= 1 i a 7 7 08M P= 0528 Bo > ‘Tr = 0.834 x 285 T= 237.69 K > pt =0.528 x 1 « 108 pr = 0.528 x 105 Nim? ‘Throat area, At = = (d+)? oat area, AY = (a) ® 19) = $0.27 oe Ay = 0.0113 m2 Maximum mass flow rate, 1 nay »E-GFO yD APPS Substitute ¥= 1.4, R= 287/KgK , Tp AE _ osx ixios V4 Imax * 2.70 Result: 1, pt 0.528 * 108 Nim? Tr = 237.69 K 2s thygr = 2.70 ke _Isentropie Flow 2.47 [Fram gas tables poge no.3i] [From Equation no.(2.26)) 285 K, pg = 1 x 108 Nim? bast2.48 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion é Isentropie Flow 2.49 The entry conditions of air for a nozzle arep, = 1S bar, 7) =350K Pe Lia 08 ‘ad M, = 0.50. If te ext pressure is 1.1 hur, ealeulae the exit Por 1.78 108 mach number and the maximum speeifie mass flow rare (Paes) 0.617 Given py 1-5 bar = 1.5 * 108 Nim? p, Refer isentropic flow table for >= 0.617 and Y = 1.4 Por 7) =350K M, = 0.86, [From gas tables page no. 30) M, = 0.50 Maximum mass flow rate, yo Lo bar 1.1 x 108 Nim? ae Tex Mic nab i ae see tenia ee suaney-tan-mangx na ~ Refer Ikentrope flow table for ¥ = 1.6 and My = 0.5 ol, (AB 2 oe 1 Arp Ls 0952 [From gas tables page no,.29) 7. Sige To Py aaa fe ons ; Pos ; - ‘ge _ 0.0804 * Py > Saw 2005p mt Tot" Gosz x i 350. 0.0404 x 1.78 « 105 Se “as Toi 367.65K=Ty| — {v For lsentropic ow i eee [aeiaeieata 7 a 1. Mz = 0.86 —— Por = 178% 10S Nim? = pgq | [+ For isentropic 2, Seat = 375.04 kyle? flow Py) = Por! a2.50 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Air expands isentropically through the convergent nozzle from constant inlet conditions py=4 bar, Ty= 550 K. Exitarea of nozile is 1000 em?, Determine the exit velocity and the mass flow rate for the following two cases at exit. aMaT BM = 085 Given Po =4 bar = 4 * 108 Nin? Ty = 550K Ay = 1000.cm?= 1000 * 10-4 mn? Case ayM=l Case (i) b) M=0.85 Tofind : 1. Exit velocity (ep), mass flow rate (th) for My = 1 2. Exit velocity (¢.), mass flow rate (th) for M, Sotuton : case) Refer Ientropi flow table for Y = L4 and Mf = 2 ", es 0834 {From gas tables page no 31] Typ Le Bb 058 ' Pox Ce Ty = 0834 Typ T, = 0.834 * 550 [2 Te=To = Teal 1, = 458.7 K Isemropie Flow 2.51 > Pp = Ppp * 0.528 be 2.112 108 Nim? 4< 105 «0.528 Po Por * Peal Mach number ate, M+ a - Reatare = 1 AR, = ix S1d e287 BT © = 429.30 mis Mass low rate, f= py Arc» Pr *AQ® ary” 2*% 2.112 x 108 = RUZ AIO 1000 « 10+ « 429. 287 «458.7, cee i erecrera th = 68.87 kes Case (i) Refer Isentropic flow table for Y = 1.4 and M;=0.85. T, t= 0874 [From gas tables page no.30] To Py ar 0624 Pox > Ty = 0874 Tey2.52 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 874 « $50 Ty 480.7K = pp” 4% 105» 0.624 p= 2.496 « 105Nim? Machoumbe text, My = £2 aa ey = My * a = 085% J7RT = 085% (TAXI ABOT eq= 373.56 0vs Mass flow rate, m = p, Ap ¢2 Pa RT, a 2496 x 108 "287 «480.7 m = 67.58 kgis Ay Xey * 1000 x 10-4 373.56 Result Case () For My = 429.30m/s m © 68.87 kg/s Case (i) For My = 0.85 cy =373.56 m/s m = 67.58 ke/s Iseniropte Flow 2.53 A supersonic nozzles air expands from p,=24 bar and Ty= 100K to an exit pressure of 4.3 bar. If the exit area of the nozzle is 110 cm, calculate the foltowing 4. Throat area 2, Pressure and temperature atthe throat 3. Temperature at exit 4, Mass flow rate 5. Exit velocity as fracation of the maximum attainable veloci Given Pp“ 24 bar= 24 « 105 Nim? To" 100K p)4.3 bar=4:3 x 10° Nin? Ag" 110em?= 110% 104m? To find 1. Throat area, At 2, Pressure and temperature atthe throat, P¢, T* 3. Temperature at exit, T 4, Mass flow rte, m 5. Exit velocity as fraction ofthe maximum atainable velocity, Sotuton be asei0! B= BE on 0224x108 te PP" Po 7 = 0.179 PorM)= 1.78 [From gas tables page no.33) = Ty = 0612 * Typ = 0.612 « 1000 be Te" To =Teal AY = 7.18 «103 m2 {At throat section (+), M = L Refer Isentropie flow table for ML and y= 1.4 = 0.834 [From gas tables pageno.31] 528, 9» 0.834 = 1000 « 0.834 Isentropic Flow 2.53 = 0.528% Py = 0.528 x24 « 108 pr= 12.6% 105Nim? Mass flowrate, m= p* A* ct et RT x Ate et 12.6108 = BSS 4 775% 10-3 x08 287x834 0407 &* 0407 TRF [rot eat= TRE = 0407 (TADS BS m=235ks wwe know that SMa2.56 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 1.78» ART J75,% 1.78» Y/14287% 612 (3 005% 1000 & <= 0622 Sa Result 1 At 7.75 «10-3 mt 2 pt= 12.6 105Nim? Te 834K Airenters the nozzle from a large reservoir at 7 bar and 320°C. The exit pressure of nozle is 0.94 bar and mass flow rate is 3500 kg/h, Calculate the following for isentropic flow 1. Throat area. 2 Throat pressure 3. Throat velocity 4. Exit area 5. Exit Mach number 6, Maximum velocity Given Po% 7 bar =7* 108 Nim? Isantropte Flow 2.57 Ty= 320°C +273 = 593K [Atreservoi air mantans stagnation conditions i. Py, Ts] ,™ 0.94 bar = 0.94 x 105 Nim? ti =3500 keh 3500 = 3500 jy 3600 ih = 0.972 kgs To find : 1. Throat area, A* 2. Throat pressure, p* 3. Throat velocity, c* 4, Exit area, Ay 5. Exit Mach number, Mz 6, Maximum velocity, Cae Solution : We know that, at throat (+) section, M = 1 Refer Isentropic flow table for y~ 1.4 and M= 1 Po oa To [From gas tables page no.31] B= oss Po => Te = 0.834 * Ty = 0,834 « 593 The 494.56 Kesd = I Le W pue pr] =A 40) 9192) oy oydonnues] joy x “tort003 (4) eA IV ones spoumbass0 60d p ws ae MOY SSEHE ay ly 4, ‘ones yor 18 waue pue Ay9049A aunsesadan “snss01d 19a ‘ed (4) woos 3 Ajsoyan pue aunyeredute 24n88944 °] pif 0 36-1 ="yy “Yaquunu yeu worrses soy Ally 01 0021 = 209 00Z1 = 4¥ PORE WONLL [1 %2) suorypuoe uopeufers suyenmeus se ‘noas9sea 91p By) soog ="4, “ammeioduis; uoneudeig ZHUNLGO1 «£0209 1-0=°d “omssaid voneuBas wot uoyo2s 182) 3 ways ssou> fo v0. ossoudiuro 04) 2st 01 pou 0 “> aim won 0g “uopoes 9519 Goo pn sanoduay‘enssoed 2 sonny 2411 Soy pi azmesnday ounssoud “L wolf aydosnuasy ovopsuonyp 240 sof Baywonaf 9 2moma,rD 96° STsOqH BORE tuoya9s 4824 par -tt9 QQ 8] sposts 94) fo vo4n pwuUOYD2s S049 214, “MoUE Pun 409 £9 10 syossasea 9520} 0 mouf 2f220U ay SxONND A1Y DE nog ademas Nisto= 1 € su isos= % +t TWIN GOL x Ze8'0="E 1 ansoy Nise = 1 [ce'1+1) eeet0'0 « c01 xiv) eos" = [a tDeved= eas] (A+ Dalv x old) cos = sla cosy = (fae od wtafoor't- sse'sh sla x06r tsa ses = Ye 2 ‘oy ago ssauyp ay 01 fonba sf seas sasnystp exp Uo pous0x9 20401 ZHIN OL = Lr¥'0 = 6'dag'd= od < seq py = ad (od = ad 28d») 9€80 x 8750 Pd x ses0 = ad . °d [1g-ou aed soyqv) s08 wos) ses = pT =A “1 = WW ‘wonses (+) wou ay OLE TAP BB STI SES PTESRL ESE = % fao0}9a INKS $0796 x Lee x FIP x 800 Lap =e] SUP «HN Tex UW = % = wey = Oy sequrw yew wsoze = 21 ee AL'Z9E « 8660 = 1 x 9660 =%, © ‘amnssard weg 39 zeg'0 = &d {uosnytp adh woBiensp stm asnvoag sanjea Suspuodsasioa J wey ssa] Joquinu YoeW ayer 01 axzy am ing “ge“ou aed pue scouted sgn so sjosum9 am ane 981 L =F 04: 910M) (De Mog Ddoasy esis = a s660 = 1 2, [9t'0u aBod 5090) s08 wo4g ] S660 = 00=W Ww ARE 297 L = ODE =F 2 s1ge Moy otdonvos] wong sre Sey BRO requ [oz wons9s 12:04) ‘Aqun weyp ssay s1 anyer ssquinu yoru aasnyyyp adAt woBioaip 205 sosnyp ad&iuatsanp sisi ‘og ty y EE wag Ho oil ae edie Sorxre0 ~ ty” %q “opp wont wos, 2H yO1 x BER WV gs v6r x 18% LSE 12a ad = WH “2TEs MOU SHE SRULE'SYD = 9 9s por x L8exFI/ eR) = 48 HIN 01 x 69°C SOIL 8250 = Sdxazso = ad iad ) 8250 = worspidodd 1p Pub0.528 [From gas ables page 10.31) = 0.834 «Ty = 0.834 x 300 Te= 250.2K = pt = py 0.528 = 0.7 * 108 0.528 p* = 0.369 « 109 Nim? JaRT* S14 287 «2502 317.06 mis From Isentropic flow table for test Mach number M,= 1.98 and 7= 1.4 [From gas tables page no.34} > T, = 0.561 * Ty = 0.561 « 300 = 168.3 K Isentropic Flow 2.67 = P, = 0.132 * py = 0.132 «0.7 108 0.0928 105 Nin?) «1.659 = 1200» 10-4 1.659 A, = 0.199 m2 Mach number a test section & Mae Sh a My * a 198% VFRT, 198 « (TEx DoT BS 314.88 mls ie Mass flow rate, th=pAc= pt A* ct = othe ptanet ~_pt RT = 9,369. 108 287 « 250.2 xAt Kot % 1200 10-4 * 317.06 19.55 kgis Power required, P= tie, (Ty~T) (For air cy 1005 1g] 19.55 x 1005 (300 - 168.3) 1587 103 W2.68 Gas Dynamies ond Jet Propulsion Isentropic Flow 2.69, Result: 1 pt =-0.369 « 108 Nim? Tes 2502K = 317061 eee For Freon—21 ey 0.775 KUkgK=775 Meg K y= 0.680 kI/keg K = 680 Iikg K 2, p= 0.0924 « 105 Nine T.= 1683K 514.88 mvs A= 0.199 m? = 3. th= 19.5 bps 4. P2587 108 W Inthe test section ar (or) Freon-21 expands through a note from To find ‘settling chamber from a pressure of 12 bar tod bar. The velocliy of air (or) Freon-21 is 450 ms, Calculate the following 1. Toforair; — Tyfor Freon-2] 2 Mforair; — MforFreon-2t I. Stagnation temperanure in each case [Freon and air] Solution 2, Test section Mach number in each ease, Stagnation pressure - Stagnation temperature relation Take for air Gp" 1025 kihg K 0.725 hithg K For Freon 21 Gp = 1775 kUleg K y= 0.680 kifhg K Given : py" 12 bar pd bar -==-(A) {> Inthe seiting chamber Muid maintains 450 mis stagnation conditions, (py, Te} For air ep 1.028 Whee Km 1025 ke K y= 0.725 Keke K= 725 kg K2.70 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 7 Stagnation iemperature, Ty= T+ 2, Substituting T value 8) For air subsites, 7, cand 2 values in Equation (8) (4502 21025 To™ 0.726 Ty +98.78 7)=359.13K Stagnation pressure - Mach number relation {From chapter Equation no(.8)] Isentropie Flow 2.7) For Freon B= Tr Ty= 0.873 Ty+ 130.64 y= 1035.08 K] We know that Po > Result For air T)=359.13K M=135 2. For Freot-21 To 1085.08K M=14342.72 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion (2) A air fs sentropically expanded from P= 12 bar and To = $20°C ina nozile to an exit pressure of 7.5 bar, Ifthe rate of flow ofthe air is 1.4 kgs, Calculate the following 1. Pressure, temperature und velocity atthe nozzle throat and exit 2, Maximum possible velocity 3. Type of nozzle 4. Throat area. Take ¥'= 14, R= 287 J/kg K. Given Pp 12 bar 12 « 108 Nim Ty 520°C#273=793K py "7.5 bar= 7.5% 105 Nin? m= Ld kgs To find |. Pressure, temperature and velocity at the nozzle throat and exit Cpt THF, Ppp Tas) 2, Maximum possible velocity, Cpe 3. Type of nozzle 4, Throat area, At Solution Po 75% 105 Pa, 251108, eee Pg waxi08 Ee poe Poy Peal 22 0.608 Poo ®, Refer Isentropie flow table for Fa 625 = 0.624 and Y= 1.4. My =0.85 FI 2 = 087 [From gas tables page no.29} Top Isentropic Flow 2.73 [7 = 693.08K ‘Mach murnber at exit, Mo = a = 0.85 = /TRE, > 6p7 0.85 « T4287 «693.08 fe; = 448.35 mis | “Type of nozzle is convergent because Mach number valve is lss than unity (My =0.85 < 1), ier es ott Fig. 2.16 “The nozzle is convergent type and the throat and exit are same So, Ty T= 693.08K cy =et = 448.55 m/s py=Pt = 7.5 * 105 Nim? Maximum possible velocity, ac EE Yy=1 — [Fromehapter I~ Equation no. (1.24)2.74 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion = aaaas [TA Span 1098.72 mis Mass flow rate, m= p, Az ep Pa ” Ooo z Rt, boone tos 14 = EAI av ats.55 2877 693.08 Ag= 8.28% 10-4 m= A eee Result 1. py=pte7.5 x 108 Nin? Tyo T*=693.08K cp =et= 448.55 ms 2 Gyqg 1098.72 ms 3. Covergent type 4. A= Ate 8.28 10-4 m2 (B) 4 reservoir temperature is varied in a wide range at a constant pressure of 1.2 bar. The air is expanded isentropically in a nozele to. ‘an exit pressure of 1.01 Bar. Calewlate the values of the temperature 10 be maintained in the reservoir to get the following velocities at she nozzle exit D 120m 2) 240 mis And also find the Mach number in the two cases. Given yo 1-2 bar= 1.2 « 105Nin? OL bar= 1.01 x 105Nim? Case (i) = 120m/s Case (i) = 240m/s To find L Ty for e* 120mis To for ey = 240 mis 2 Mg for ¢g= My for ‘Solution 120 mis 240 mis Asentropie Flow 2.75 Stagnation temperature ~ stagnation pressure relation Stagnation temperature Ty erties |2.76 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Isentropie Flow 2.77 = [From chapter = a ous Equation no(1.6)] Jian aT 1528 T aosos] Ty Sele -@) 2 2) For c= 240 mis Substitute c> value in Equation (B) (120 [Forair 2» 1005+ Ty 1005 Weg K] (2406 2% 1005" Ty iE Be Be © 2 2 To, , 2866 Equating (A)and (C) T T a = 105s 1 + SE Equating (A) and (D) T, > 10s=14 To ~ 1.05 143.28 > Tym 150.44 2 Mach number at exit, Mg = a 2 To ws Ty ee snaa a = [t= 6o1s6Ksand Jet Propulsion 278 Gas Dynami Mach number ater, My = £2 ay ‘ Far Htveteeee gO arse Jia «287 * $73.2 [m=050] 50 | Result : For ¢2= 120m Ty= 15044 K a For ¢;=240 mis 601.86 K M, = 0.50 M, = 0.50 Mach number is same for the two eases because the pressure ratio is same. In supersonic nozte, a superheated steam is supplied and at the throat the maximum flow rate is 1 kg/s-cm?. The stagnation temperature of steam ls 500°C and the flow is isentropic. Caleutare ‘the stagnation pressure of the steam required for this flow rate. Take R= 477 Shgk and 7= 1.278 for steam, Given: Vkg/s-em? som? x 104 = 0% ky/sem? = 1 108 kg/s-a At e T= 500°C +273 a el Asentropie Flow 2.79 | R= 477 Jikgk y= L278 To find : 1, Stagnation pressure, py Solution : We know that, maximum mass flow rate feel, Ef, a Po [From Equation no.(2.26)} 1276+ = 1x 108% pee > y= 9s * ‘Stagnation pressure, p= 91.5 * 108 Nim? TB) temach number and pressure at the entryofasubsonte diffuser tre 088 and 8.15 bar respectively. Ifthe mach number athe exit of the dijusr ts 0.22, determine the following @ Area ratio (ii Pressure rise Assume Isentropic flow Given : M,=0.88 Py = 5.15 bar= 5.15 * 105 Nim2 M;=0222,80 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion Tofind : A: 1.Atea ratio, 42 ae 2. Pressure rise, (Py ~P,) Solurion : Refer isentropic flow table for M, = 0.88 and Fin 0.608 Po [From gas tables page v0.30] = Py 0.604 5.15 x 108 0.604 Po 52 « 105 Nin? = Pp Ev For Isentropic flow, Poy Baal Refer isentropic flow table for M3 = 0.88 and y= 1.4 Py ae = 0.967 Por A, <= 2707 as (From gas tables page no.28} 0.967 * Pop 0.967 * 8.52 poy (=e ON] _ Isentropic Flow 2.81 Pressure rise, AP = py — Py 238 x 105 5.15 « 105 % 105 Ni rea ratio, S2= 2 yA Ag carat, = 2 bo asta] 2.107 1.013 Result : Ay LAtearatio, —2 =2.67 Ay 2. Pressure rise, Ap = 3.08 « 108 Nim? A convergent nozzle has an exit area of 150 em?, Freon enters the nozzle with stagnation pressure of .2 bar and the maximum mass flow rate is 6 kg/s. Calculate the following 1, Stagnation temperature 2, Static pressure and temperature at the nozale exit 3, Mach number at the nozzle exit, Take Gy = 845 Jp, = 1.22 and state the assumptions used. Given : Ag@ 150em? = 150% 10-4 m? Pp 2.2 bar = 2.2» 105 Ni?282 Gas Dynamics and et Propulsion Tiga = 6s p= 845 Jk yan Toftad : I. Stagnation temperature, Ty 2, Static pressure and temperature at the nozzle exit, Tp, 3. Mach number atthe nozzle exit, My Solution : ‘Assuming low is sonic at exit. 0, My= 1, Ay =A*, Ty = 7%, py = p Ty, Convergent nozzle We know that, maximum mass flow rate, ve 20-0 150% 104 2.2% 10! Isentropie Flow 2.83 zen 3] 6 02031 = 0.5906 To= 845.2K We know that To 1 Ram [From equation no. 2.8)) = MSR IBe 2 761.90K=T, Se ereseereseetce (From equation no. (2.6)} 122 226108 Til c - [azn a 2 1.23% 10° Nim?=p,2.84 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Isentropic Flow 2.85 Result : ; aga agnation density, Py = Fe ee POT RT 1.79 = 845.2 K Pa 2.1)" 761.90K = ae : 287 + 956.69 3. py = 1.23 » 105 Nim? 4.M,=1 1. Maxinuim mass flow rate 2. Pressure and femperature at the throat Stagnation density, py = 1.2 kgf? ‘Stagnation velocity of sound, aq ~ 620 m/s Throat diameter, d* = 1.5 em Sx 102m For air, y= 1-4, R=287 ke K find : 1. Maximum mass Now rt, Higa 2. Pressure and temperature atthe throat, (pt, T*) olution ¢ We know tha, Stagnation velocity of sound, a= /TRTp = 620= fiax287e Ty Ty = 956.69 K Air enters a large reservoir and maintains a density of 1.2 kg/m}, If the velocity of sound in the reservoir is 620 m/s and ‘the throat diameter of the nozzle is 1.5 em, determine the following = tT = y= 3.29 * 108 Nim? We know that, maximum mass flow rate ‘nes TO = 0.0404 [From equation no(2.27)} ‘AY y 0.0404 « A* * py Figs ia 0.0404 x % (d*)2 x py 0.0404 « F (1.5 10°? «3.29 x 105 JE Figg = 0.076 kes (eeeceretect) Refer isentropic flow table for M= I and y= 1.4 [At throat (6) M= 11 Te oss [From gas tables page no.30} To e Po = 0.834 «Ty = 0.528 $34 « 956.69 97.88 K© 0.528 x3.29 105 P= L737 108Nim? Result 1, Max = 0.076 ko/s 2. ph 1.737 108 Nim? Te 797.88K A thrust chamber pressure of a rocket nozzle is 350 bar and the nozzle throat section area is 6cm?. Ifthe mach number atthe nocile exit is 5.2, caleulate the thrust developed by the rocket. Take 12. Given Pp 350 bar= 350° 108 Nim? At = Gen? 6 « 10-4 m2 M,=52 2 Tofind ‘Thrust developed, F, Solution We know that, 2 i 1 +My Sepa Ms fan | itt? (From equation n0.2.19) Isentropic Flow 2.87 : 1412627 ee } »faaeg) 2 52% faueia|i+ 431 ap) ,, = 1.5933 Fy = F-13933 xf Fp 1.5933 * [para] ‘We know that Po o 12 = Muon ee 2 ———— = = 197.56» 105Nim? ‘Substitute p* and A* value in equation (1) (=> Fy 1.5933 197.56 « 108 «6 « 10-4 « (141.2) F= 4154" 18N Result ‘Thurst developed, F=41.54« 10°2.88 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2.20 UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS Air is discharged from a receiver @t Pp = 6.91 bar and T, through a nozzle to an exit pressure of 0.98 bar. Ifthe flow rate Is 3600 kg/h. Determine for isentropic flow 1. Area pressure and velocity at throat, 2. Area and Mach number at exit 3. Maximum possible vetocity. [Anna University Nov-2003 and Madras Univ April - 2000] 91 bar = 6.91 * 105 Nim? To= 325°C +273 = 598K )~ 0.98 bar = 0.98 * 105 Nim? 3600 ke 3600 th 3600 keh Lis To find : 1. Area, pressure and velocity at throat (A*, p*, c¥) 2. Area and Mach number at exit (Ay, Ms). 3. Maximum possible velocity, Cpa Solution : ‘We know that at thraot (e) section, M = 1 From Isentrapic flow table for M= Land Y= 14. Fe oss4 0 plies Po 0.528 [ From gas tables (S.M. Yahya, Fifth edition) page no.31) = T= Ty 0834 Isemtropic Flow 2.89 = 598 + 0.834 Te = 498.73 K = p*=0.528* py = 0,528 x 691 « 108 pt = 3.65 «105 Nim? We know that oteate SIRT = (1457 DEB er = 447.65 mis Mass flow rate, m= p* At ct = (il 36610 5 a7 65 287 = 498.73 A= 8.76 « 104 m2 From given data, Pr Pr. 8.98% 105 9 49 Po Poo 6.91 x 105 [Po™ Poi Poa} A. Rete temo ow ble fr BL = 0312.4 Y=2.90 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion (From gas tables page no.33) 1.593 = Ay = AP 1593, = 8.76 x 10-4 « 1,593 (From chapter 1 Equation no,(1.24)] vas = 109651 ms Result 1 At 8.76 10-4 m? t= 3.65 x 105 Nim? ct = 447.65 mis 2 Ay = 139 104m My = 1.93 Cras ” 1096.51 ans, Isentropic Flow 2.91 An air nozzle is 10 be designed for an exit Mach number of 3.5, The stagnation conditions for the isentropic flow are 800 kpa and 240°C. Estimate pressure, temperature, velocity and area at throat and exit for u mass flow rate of 3.5 kg/s. [MU April-99} Given : Exit mach number, My = 3.5 Stagnation pressure, py = 800 kpa= 800 x 10° pa= 800 « 10? Nim? Stagnation temperature, Tp = 240°C +273 = $13 K Mass flow rate, ti = 3.5 kgs Tofind : |. Pressure, temperature, velocity and area at throat , (p*, T*,c*,A*). 2, Pressure, temperature, velocity and area at exit, (Py, T3, yA2). 3. Maximum possible velocity, uae Solution = Refer Isentropic flow table for My = 3 and Y= 1.4 T == 0289 To [From gas tables page no.38] Py uo 00131 Poa A Ae 7 6.789 Ty = 0.289% Ty = 0.289 513 [+ For Isentropic flow Ty = To) Tya} Ty = 148.26K2.92 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion = Py © 00131 pap = 0.0131 « 800 « 103 For Isentropic flow ( bp = 01088 «108 Nin? y” Pox” Pal Mach number at exit, My = 3 (14 * 287 * 148.26 a Se 244,07 = [eo aa2smie Mass flow rate, m= 9, A ¢ Py = x Alxe Rr * 2*% x 105 35 = OAM X10F ny 954.25 287 x 148.26 ‘Ay = 0.0166 mi A; —2 = 6.789 rs 0.0166. 6 759 a” Isentropic Flow 2.93 At thraot (#) seetion, M = 1 From Isentropic flow table for M = [From gas tables page no.31] Ty * 0.834 13 © 0,834 Pee T= 427.84 K | pt By 7 0528 = pt = 0.528 « py = 0,528 « 800 108 pt = 4.224 x 108 Nim? We know JTRTe = TAR DRT «ADT 414.62 mis Result : 1. pt = 4.224 x 108 Nim? 2. py = 0.1048 « 105 Nim? Tes 427.84 K Ty = 148.26 K ct = 414.62 mis 2 = 854,25mi/s AM = 2.85 «10-3 m2 Ay = 0.0166 m?294 Gas Dynamies and Jes Propulsion A dgtser has exit to mont area rato of 1.5 1. Theiler Mach umber i 0.8 The inal pressure and temperadure are I bar and 15°C. Assuming the flow tobe isentropic, Cateulate the following for ext at a. Exit pressure Exit temperaure ¢. Exit Mach number. [MU April - 2003] M,=0.8 bar = 1x 108. Nin? 1SSC +273 = 288K To find : 1. Exit pressure, py 2. Exit temperature, Ty 3. Exit Mach number, Mz ‘Solution : Refer Isentropic flow table for M, = 0.8 and Y= 1.4 1, b= 0.886 To [From gas tables page no.30) Pi 0.656 Pot Bi 1,038 we 325.05 K Isentropic Flow 2.95 To; = 325.05 K= Top (e+ For fsentropic flow To" Toy" Teal 524 x 108 Nim? Por [+ For Isentropic flow a Po= Por Poa) Refer Isentropie flow table for

For Isentropic Po “Por” 7x 108 flow Po™ Poi Poa] ®, Refer Isentropie flow table For "0.150 ~ 0.149 and Y= 1.4 M,* 1.90 r. a= 058i Too [From gas tables page no.34] A 1.555 at a = Tyr 0581" Ty maetieaa {For isentropic flow 344.53 K To= Toe Teal Isemropic Flow 2.97 « Mach number at exit, Ma = = ¢, = 199-2 J7Ri 1.90 = 2. Jide 285 x AS © 55 "Fin 06 = = 106.92 mis Mags flow rate, m= py Aa ¢ Py RT, Adee 1.05 x 108 287 x 344.53 m = 0.469 ky/s % 6.25 « 10-4 x 706.92 Result 1. ey = 706.92 mis 2. m = 0.469 ke/s A supersonic diffuser, diffuses air in an isentropic flow froma Mach number of 3 to a Mach number of 1.5. The static conditions of air at inlet are 70 kPa and -7°C. If the mass flow rate of air is 125 kg/s, determine 4, Stagnation conditions 2, Area at throat and exit 5. Static conditions of air at exit. [MU Oct - 96)2.98 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propuision Given M;= 15 , = 70 kpa= 70 x 103 pa= 70 103 Nim? <1 +273 266K Tofind : 1, Stagnation conditions, (Py, To) 2. Area at throat and exit, (A*, A) 3. Static condition at exit, (py, Tp, p02) Solution Refer Isentropie flow table for My = 3 and Y= 1.4 1 b= 0387 Tor : [From gas tables page 10.37) 1 spe 0.0272 Por 266 = 28 = ras.09« eee eel 74 509K Ta} [+ For lsentrope flow, T= T= Tul ee ’o1 0.0272 See seee EEE cE Poy 25.73 * 108 Nim? = py9™ py [For ientropie ow, pox pos" Poad Isentropic Flow 2.99 Mach number at entry. My St ey My ay 23% VR, 3« JA © 287 = 266 ey = 980.77 mis Mass flow rate, =p, Ar ey Py RT, HAL ey 10! NO a 980.77 357 366 = 899.29 Ay ‘ A fa = $99.29 « 4.235 «AS 34742351 = 125 =3808.494¢ = ‘Throat area, A* = 0.0328 m2 Refer Isentropic flow table for ¥ = 1.4 and My = 1.5 Tt = 0689 (From gas tables page no.32, Top 0272 ft Poo A; ae 1176 a2.100 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion = Ty = 0.689 * Top = 0,689 « 745.09 1)=51337K => Py = 0.272% Pyy = 0.272 « 25,73 x 105 By = 6.99 x 108 Nim? > Ay = Ate 1176 » 0.0828 « 1.176 Ay © 0.0385 m? Mach naar atk My= 2 = gM xy = 15% YI = 15* Jax 287 515.37 2 = 681.26 mis oe Density at exit, 2” ts 6.99 = 108 287 «513.37 P= 474 kg/m un = Isentropie Flow 2.101 Result 1. pp 725.73 * 105 Nim? Ty = 745.09 K 2, AY = 0.0328 m? Ay = 0.0385 m? 3. py 7 6.99 * 108 Nim? 1)751337K € = 681.26 mis py 4.74 gion? @) Air enters an isentropic diffuser with a mack number of 3.6 and is decelerated fo a mach number of 2. The diffuser passes a flow of 15 kg/s. The initial static pressure and temperature of the air are 105 bar and 40°C. Assuming 7 = 1.4. Catewlate 1: Inlet area, total pressure and total temperature at inlet. 2, Exit area total pressure, (otal temperature and static pressure atexit, [MU Oct-97} m= 15 kg/s Py = 1.05 bar= 1.05 « 108 Nim? Ty = 40°C +273 =313K vets Tofind 1. Inlet area (A,), Total pressure and total temperature at inlet (Poy 20d Tov) 2, Exit area (A2), Total pressure, total temperature and static pressure at exit. (Pg, Toa and P, )L a 2.102 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Isentropic Flow 2.103 Isentropie Solution : Mass flow rate, = py Ai ey Refer Isetropic flow table for M, =3.6 and Y= 1.4 1 | aaa, —L- 0278 RT, Tot x 108 From gas tables page n0.38 is = EOS*I aye 1276.67 : = fae 7 ‘287 «266 : 11.38 « 1073 ‘Ay = 0.010 m? 7450 AL = AL= 1430 [From Table} = tye Ge -inssox “a oO” 9278 0.278 7 i Ate AL 2 0.010 2 1 545 193 m2 7450 ~ 7.450 7 I For fsenropie flow =. stagnation temperature At = 134105 m? », remains constant] i ee ee i LS arerears} Refer Isentropic flow table for ¥ = 1.4 and M; = 1 1.05 x 108 a = 0.555 [From gas tables page no.34] 11.38 « 103 = Poy = 92.26 « 105 Nini = py] {5° For lsenopie flow stagnation pressure remains constant] Mach number at entry, My > A, L687 AP = 1,687 * 1.34 «1079 ——__ ‘Ay = 22.60% 10 a? V1.4 x 287 x 313 ne Pa = OB Doz 0.128 * 92.26 x 105 c= 1276.67 mis Py = HB» 108 Nim?‘ Iseniropie Flow 2.105 2.104 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion Result 1 Ay = 0.010 m2 = poy = 92.26 * 108 Nin? Solution + ‘Mach number at entry, M Poi Tos To" 125.89.K 2. Ayn 22.60» Wom? py = 118 « 108 Nim? The pressure, velocity and temperature of air (y “14, qn Ailke K) atthe entry ofa nozzle are 2 bar, 145 ms and 330K. The exit pressure is 1.5 bar. find Refer Isentropic flow table for M, = 0.398 = 0.4 and (a) What is the shape of the nozzle 1 (6) Determine for isentropic flow b= 0969 () The Mach number at entry and exit a [From gas tables page no.29} Gi The flow rate and maximum possible flow rate. [MU Oct - 95) Given yola oy! Kifkg K = 1000 Wkg K p, = 2 bar =2 * 108 Nim? = 330. 0.969 y= 145 mis I Ty= 330K 5 «108 Nim? [vv For isentropic flow, To, = Toa] yo LS bar= Tofind 8) Shape of the nozzle ) (@ The Mach number at entry and exit (My, Mz) (Gi) The low rate (mm) and maximum possible flow rate (thyyax2.106 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion P; Refer Ienropic flow able for 2-= 0.673 = 0,676 and y= 14 M;=0.77 ty 2h 0.994 Toa [From gas tables page no.30] Aa = 1.052 a ‘Type of nozzle is convergent because mach number value is less than unity, (Mz = 0.77 <1, M, = 0.398 < 1) Inlet Outlet Fig, 2.17 Convergent nozzle Mas flow r,t = p A= A, €1=03/426) PAL) Ay ee Pr RT; 2x 105 287 « 330 ey x45 Ae sm? Fr 7 306.197 ka Isentropic Flow 2.107 ‘Maximum mass flow rate, ‘nar, ¥340.56_ a. (_2 pers ar 2apntes” Via (Taay 490.43 kg/s-mn? a Result : (@) Type of nozzle is convergent © @ M,-0398 Me 077 Gi) FE = 306.197 ke/s-m? A _ = 490.43 ke/s-m? GA conical air aiguser hasan tntt diameter of 40cm and an exit diameter of 80 em. Ale enters the diffuser with a static pressure o 200 kPa, static temperature of 37°C and velocity of 265 ms Cateutate 9) Mass flow rate i) Properties at exit IMU April- 96] = 80cm =0.80m = 200 kpa = 200 kIN/m2 = 200 = 103 Nim? =37C +273 = 310K = 265 mvs2.108 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion To find 1, Mass flow rate, m. 2 yy Tas Pa Solution ‘Area at inlet, Ay + @)2 ca? = Foy Ay = 0.126 m? Mass flow rate, mp, Ay) Py - Phy axe, er“ 200x109 9 196 x 265 287% 310 75.05 kels 5 1 Mach number atentry, My = —— Refer Isentropic flow table for, My = 0.75, Y= 1.4. Ty = 0.899 Tor Isentropic Flow 2.109 1 zim 0.688 Por At a 1.062 Ay ees > Ty= = Sie = sass k 7.399 0.899 Tom 344.83 K = Top [eT o1= Tel -2 Po.” “o.a88 = 200» 10? 0.688 906 » 108 Nim? [> Por ™ Pol [ay = 0.1186 m2= Aye ‘Area atexit, Ay = FE (@,)? x £0.80? Az _ 0.5026 © 4 9, = Ae ones “4755 A = | -4238 ar2.110 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion In this problem, dy> 4, => A> Ay, Sothis is divergent type diffuser. For divergent type diffuser mach number value is less than unity, (Refer section 2.9) Fig 2.18 Ay Refer Ientopie ow able for > = 4238 4.182 and Y= 14 My =0.14 Pa en 0.986 02 [ Froin gas tables page no.28] 1, 2. 9996 To A, (Note : For = 4.238 value, we ean refer gas tables page no. 28 and page n0.37, But we have to take Mach number less than unity corresponding values because itis divergent type diffuser). Pa = pt +0.986 Por > Py = 0.986 Pp = 0.986 « 2.906 « 105 Py = 2.86 « 105 Nim? 1; > 2 = 0.996 To Isentropic Flow 2.111 = Ty= 0.996 * Toy = 0,996 «344.83 Ty 33.45 K ‘ ach umber ett y= = = Mz *% = Myx V7RT, = 0d x (TA DET 348.48 e = S2 mls fetaeeee sees) - 2 = 2.86 *108 2. py = 2:86 108 Nim? py ™ 2.90 koi?2.112 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion QA certain quantity of air at a pressure 3.344 bar and temperature 627°C Is flowing through a C-D nozle. The exit pressure is 1.05 ‘bar. Determine the temperature, velocity and density of alr at exit Also determine the pressure, temperature, density and velocity of air at exit If the divergent portion is to act as diffuser. Assume isentropic flow in both cases, {Anna Univ May = 2004) Given Pp "3.344 bar Ty = 627C +273 = 900K 3.344 * 105 Nim? y= 1.05 bar 1.05 « 108 Nim? To find 1, Temperature, velocity and density of sr at exit, (Tp 02). 2, Pressure, temperature, density and velocity of air at ext if the divergent portion is to act as diffuser (P,.T, ¢ P2) Solution Case () 105 ee 1.05105 9 5435 Por 3.344% 105 »; Fe i flow ray {For sentropc fi Por Po™=Po1 *Poal P; Refer {sentrope flow table for G2—= 0.3139 =0314 and Y= 1.4 0 M,= 1.40 [ From gas tables page no.31} entropic Flow 2.113. > Ty= 0.718 * Tyg See [+ For Isentropic flow [he ewer Ty=To*Toal Mach mumberatexi, My = SE 2 gk Se aa - kd Jia 287 * 46-2 3 a i 509.55 © = 71337 mks Py Density atexit, Pp = 9g = 205 x 108 287 * 6462 Py = 0.566 kal? Case (i) Ifthe diverging section act as diffuser, the mach number value will be less than unity Inlet M< | Outlet —~—_| Fig.2.19 Divergent diffuser2.114 Gas Dynamites and Jet Propulsion A Refer henopie ow lefr A 2.115 © L11Band Y= 14 menos? T E+ oo7 Pa sha 0.740 Poo [From gas tables page no.30} > T= 0917 * Ty. = 0.917 «900 Ty" 8253K > Py = 0.740% poy = 0,740 «3.344 x 108 fp, = 2.47% 105 Nim? : Mach nmber at xi My = 2 = & Fie 2 Jina ss cy = 385.82 mis fe RT, O67 = Density at exit, P, ~ 247 x 108 287 = 8253 Py = 1.043 kgm? Jsentropie Flow 2.115 Result 1 1,=6462K e = 11337 mis py = 0.566 kw? 2. p= 247 « 105 Nim? 1,=8253K p= 385.82 mis y= 1.043 kg/m OYA convergent divergent diffuser has an exit aren to throat area ratio of 2. Air enters the diffuser with stagnation properties Po JMpa and Ty = 400K. The throat area is 6 cm?. Determine the mass flow rate of flow and exit properties. [MU Oct-98} Given Ay 2 we Pg = IMPa = 1x 106 Pa= 1x 108 Nim? (To= 400K At Gem? = 6 x 10-4 m? To find 1. Mass flow rate, m. 2, Exit properties, (Py, Tas &25 Pz) ‘Solution : Refer lsentopi ow ble for 82 =2.=2.038and Y= 14 My = 0.30 Tt Fyn 09822.116 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Py 0.939 {[ From gas tables page no.27] Por ee ce | M> 1 M<1 L Fig. 2.20 Convergent Divergent diffuser Ay [Note : For — A 2, we can refer gas tables page no. 28 and page no.35. But we have to take Mach number less than unity corresponding values because this is Convergent ~ Divergent type diffuser]. Ape xAN A 26x 10-4 Aye ld 104m? > T= 0.982 * To: = 0,982 « 400 Ty= 3928K = Py 70.939 * Pop = 0.939 1x 106 (+ To= Tor * Toa] By = 9.39% 108 Nim? Mach anberatexk, My = 82 VIR, 2 JVA% DT 2S, & = 19.18 ms 0x0 = Density at exit, P2 a Isentropie Flow 2.117 ees RT 39 * 108 287 392, Mass flow rate, m= p, Ap ¢ 832% 12 10-4« 119.18 m = 1.18 kgs I8kg/s 2. py 9.39 ¥ 105 Nin 1,7 392.8 K cy = 119.18 mvs py = 8.32 ke/m? A converging diverging woszle hs an exitarea to throat area ratio. af 2. Air enters the nozzle witha stagnation pressure of 7 bar and 1 stagnation temperature of 100°C. The throat area i 6.5 cm. Determine exit pressure, exit temperature, exit mach number and «exit velocity forthe following conditions. 4 Sonie velocity atthe throat diverging seclon acting asa nozcle. 2) Soni velocity at te throat, diverging section acting asa diffuser. [MU April 97)2.118 Gas Dynamies and-Jet Propulsion bar = 7 105 Nim? To = 100°C +273 = 373 K At = 650m? = 65 x 10-4 m? To find : Exit pressure (p,), Exit temperature (T), Exit Mach number (M,) and Exit velocity (c) for the following cases. 2, Diverging section acting as a nozzle, >. Diverging section acting as a diffuser Solution : Case (a) Diverging section acting as a nozzle Fig. 2.21 Convergent Divergent noztle Ay Refer Isentropic low table for 3 =2= 2.005 and Y= 1 M, = 2.20 T Fe 7 9508 [ From gas tables page no.35] Pa = 0.0935 Pox v Isentropie Flow 2.119 A, (Note: For we ean refer gas tables page no, 28 and page © 0.35. But we have to take Mach number greater than one corresponding values because this is Convergent ~ Divergent type diffuser. = 0.508 «Top = 0508 «373 ere [ee tessa] fe Te*To=Toa} = by = 0.0835 * ppp = 0,0935 x 7» 105 Py = 0.6545 « 108 Nim? re Po™ Por = Pod Mach number atest, My 2 ad 22 = Mp = 2.20 « /7RT; 220 x (TA 287 189.48 fer = 607.02 Case) Diverging section acting as a diffuser M<1 Fig. 2.22 Convergent -Divergent diffuser2.120 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 4 Refer isentropic flow table for SP = 2~ 2.035 and Y= 1.4 Mach number at exit, My = <2 M)=030 _ = = 0.982 To : [From gas tables page no.28} Pp =e = 0939 ea Ty = 0.982 «To 0,982 « 373, T, = 366.28K Pp = 0.939% Pop = 0,939 x 7% 108 657 « 105. Nin? 2 a = M; xa, = 030 * J7RT; = 030% /14% 287 «366.28 ey = 115 mis Isenuropie Flow 2.121 Result Case (a) P_= 0.6545 % 108 Nin? T= 18948 K My = 2.20 c= 607.02 mis Case (6) py = 6.57 * 108 Nim? Ty™ 366.28 K My ~ 0:30 ey IS mls BB] A convergent-divergent steam nozile has an area rato A/gu= 1.44, Calculate (without using gas tables) the mach number and pressure ratio (p/p,) for isentropic. supersonle flow taking 7 = Recalculate the above values in the subsonic section of the nozzle ‘for the same area ratio. {MSU April - 95) Given A ae yr13 Tofind 1, Mass flow rate, m. |, For subsonic flow and 2, Pressure ratio, Plpy | supersonic flow Solution We know that,2.122 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Awd eth ye]? [From equation 2.13] Substitute “AL andy values as set Lf 2 131 _ oie gl | = Lad= 3 [0.869 + 0.130 MPP! = 1.44 M = [0.869 + 0.130 M2p.833 => [1.44 M19833 = 0,869 + 0.130 M2 => [1.44 M]9261 = 0,869 + 0.130M2 = 0.130 M2 [1.44 M]?261 + 0,869 =0 = 0.130 M2 ~ 1.099 x M928! + 0,869 =0 =a) By trail and error method, we can find M ~ 0.46, and M = 1.764 For subsonic flow, M = 0.46 We know that, Tee fietpt na] Po 2 [From chapter 1— 43. Equation no.(1:8)} Poof 4 13l og4g)2] 3 > ei 0467 = ee 0873 Isentropie Flow 2.123 Result: 1. For subsonic flow M P cl py 7 O88 2. For supersonic flow Air expands froma large reservoir through a convergent divergent owe having the ratio of exit to throat area = 2.-The pressure in the reservoir is 700 kpa and back pressure of 400 kPa. Comment ‘on the flow and sketch the possible variation of pressure and mach number with the distance along the axis of the nozzle. Given : A [MRU Nov-96] Area ratio, 2. at Reservoir pressure, py = 700 kPa = 700 103 Pa= 700 x 10°Nin?2.124 Gas Dynamies and-Jet Propulsion Back pressure ic, exit pressure, py = 400 KPa = 400» 103 pa = 400 « 103 N/m? Solution : ‘We know that, atthe throat (*) mach number, M Refer Isentropie flow table for M= 1 and y= 14 [From gas tables page r0.31] pt = 0,528 » 700 108 ritical pressure, p* = 369.6 x 103 Nim? | Inlet pressure, py = 700 * 109 Nim? Critical pressure, (Ihroet) p* ~ 369.6 x 103 Nim? From that we know, the pressure decreases from inlet to throat. So, the convergent part act as nozzle. Mach number is zero at reservoir and increases upto throat where Mach number, M = 1. Back pressure, ie., exit pressure, p, = 400 « 103 Nim? Critical pressure, ie, throat pressure, p* = 369.6 x 10? Nim? From that we know that the exit pressure is greater than throat pressure, So, the divergent part act as diffuser. Pz 400% 103, _ Py 700 x 103 sm Refer Isentropic flow table for y = 1.4 p and 2s osti = 0572 0 {From gas tables page no.31) M,=093 Isentropie Flow 2.125 Exit mach numiber, M value is less than unity. $o this duct is act as a veturi Tage? Nim? P,™ 400%103 Nim? Pom M=0 ba 093 Y= 369.6 « 10° Nin? Fig 2.23 The stagnation properties of air entering a convergent nozzle are 200 kPa anil 400K. The throat area is Sem, Find the mass flow rate for the following back pressures (I) 105.6 kPa (li) 95 kPa (ti) 130 kPa. [MU Apr-99 & Qet’2000} Given :126 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion To fin Mass flow rate for the following, back pressures 105.6 « 103 Nim? () 105.6 kPa = 105.6 = 103 Pa i) 95 kPa = 95 x 103 Pa= 95 » 108 Nim? Gli) 130 kPa = 130 * 103 Pa = 130 x 103 Nim? Solution : Caseti) Back pressure, p= 105.6 * 108 Nin? : atio, P= 1056x108 Chamber pressure iio, B= oo gS Pi, Py 0528 Refer Isentropic flow table for M=1and y= 1.4 528 Po Critical pressure ratio, —-= 0.528 Po [From gas tables page no.31] a From ta we know, chamber presre "sega ote pressure rato i Po es wr townte, = 7M « /2t 2) -(2)" mastownie, Foe * FF] (Fe) ~ Ge [From equation no.(2.24)] 2 Le ae (0.528) 'Lo.s28) /287 = 400 Isentropie Flow 2.127 200210, 287 x 400 eee | 7404.34 kels-m? i 0.685 x Case(iy Back pressure, p, = 95 « 103 Nin? Ph _ 95 103 Chamber pressure ratio, 5 = <= = y Po” 200% 108 "0475 Py By 7 0475 Since the chamber pressure ratio is less than critical pressure ratio, 2 pt } + the mass flow rate will not change. 2404.34 kalo? Case) Back pressure, p, = 130 x 108 Nin? Po _ 130 108 200 103 fae Chamber pressure ratio, Here the chamber pressure ratio is greater than critical pressure ratio, (2 ca) PoeAsemiropie Flow 2.129 Mass flow rate, yl 2.128 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion _ Given : 7 2 : ah [oy afr Ay = 0.1m? A Po Ay = 0.44 m2 x 103 ra f TA, m A” x87 400 kg/s-m? 1, = 404.34 kg/s-m? (Por 105.6 kPa back pressure) 2, zt 404.34 kg/s-m? [For 95 kPa back pressure} 3. 391.11 kgs? [For 130 kPa back pressure) A conical air diffuser has an inlet area of 11m? and an exit area of 0.44 m2, Air enters the diffuser with a statie pressure of 0.18 MPa, static temperature of 37°C and velocity of 267 mis. Cateutace (A) the mass flow rate of air through the diffuser (2) the mach number, statle temperature and static pressure of the air leaving diffuser and (3) the net thrust acting upon the diffuser due to diffusion. (Anna Univ Dec-05) , 0.18 MPa=0.18 x 106 Pa = 0,18 * 106 Nim? 7,7 37C+273=310K = 267 mis For airy= 14 and R=287 kg K Tofind: 1. Mass flow rate, th 2. Mach number, static pressure and static temperature of the air leaving the diffuser, (Mp, py, Tp) 3. Net thrust, + Solution : ‘We know that, Mass flow rate i = pAc = pyAyc} = pyArey 0.18 x 108 287% 310 59.42 kgs O11 x 267 & ay Mach number at entry, My =2.130 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion a 267 J1.4 «287 * 310 M, = 0.75 Refer Isentropic flow table for 7= 1.4 and M, = 0.75 ob = 0.899 To. [From gas tables page no.30} 0.688 1.062 fete ae 355 0.8997 344.82 K For lsentropic low To=Tor= Toa) O18 = 108 0.688 Pop = 2.61 * 105 Nim? = Pop For isentropic flow A Po™ Poi™ Poa! > Ay. So, this is divergent type diffuser. For ivergent type diffuser, mach number value is less than unity [Refer section2.9] inet | Mt outlet Divergent diffuser A Refer Isentopie flow table for >= 4.28~ 4.182 and y= 14 M;=0.14 1, Fe 70996 o [From gas tables page no.28) Fi 0986 Pox2.132 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Az [Note : For “2 ~ 4.25 value, we can refer gas tables Ay page no, 28 and page no.37. But we have to take mach number less than one corresponding values because it is divergent type diffuser] Py 2 = 0.986 Poo = ay = 0986 pyy = 0986» 2.61 « 108 Fessianiattnreesi Pp = 257% 108 Nine] h Too = Ty = 0.996 * Top = 0,996 x 344,82 T= 343.44K At throat (*) section, M= 1, P’ py 70528 [From gas tables page no.31] > pt = 0528% py = 0,528 x 2.61 = 105 = 151 108 Nin? Ce Po" Por" Poal Pt = 151% 108 Win Net thrust, + = Fy Fy © 3.343 Fyh— 1.031 Fy 3.343 — 1.0317 * =2312F\* = 2312Ip,* Ay* #0] [eFte pear +9) = 2,312 [1.51 * 105 « 0.1035(1+1.4)] + = 86.72 « 103 N r= 594 kgs M;=0.14 Pp = 2.57 « 108 Nim? = 3044K T= 86.72 x 103 N2.134 Gas Dynamies and Jet propulsion 2.21 SOLVED DERIVATIONS 1. Derive the expression for the area variation in terms of Mach nurnber and velocity variation in terms of Mach number, [Anna University Dec-2003] [Refer section 2.11 ~ Equation (2.12) and (2.13)} 2. On T-s diagram show the isentropic and adiabatic expansion through ‘nozzle and give the reasons for the observed deviation, [Madras University Apr ~ 2003) (Refer section 2.4) 3. Derive an expression forthe mass low rate in low through a convergent divergent nozzle in terms of pressure ratio and inlet conditions of the sas [Madras University Oct~ 99} {Refer section 2.13 ~ Equation n0(2.25)] 4. Describe the behaviour of low in & convergent divergent nozzle, [Madras University Apr-2000] [Refer section 2.16.2} ive 9A = 2 yyy 5. verve SA = FM) [Madras University Oct — 99} [Refer section 2.5 ~ Equation no. (2.4)] ¥ 6. Derive. [2- : p [etl yet [Refer section 2,10 — Equation no. (2.9)) re (2 she] yl yal 7. Derive A a [Refer section 2.11 ~ Equation no. (2.13)) 10. nL Isentropie Flow 2.135 1eyM? wf {Refer section 2.12 ~ Equation no (2.21)] ‘Show that mT ‘APY [Refer section 2.13 ~ Equation no (2.25)) Show that ve ey (3h ap (R) lye) [Refer section 2.14 ~ Equation no (2.30)}, M vt ae= [ape ‘Show that 0404 crt te [Refer section 2.13 ~ Equation no (2.27)] Exphin briefly whats meat by ple anton and desive FL i+yM2 1 r* EM ban (ied Ean bu ofiety w} [Refer seetion 2.12 ~ Equation no (2.19)}2.136 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 2.22 TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: 1. Differentiate Adiabatic and Isentropie process. {Madras Univ, Oct99] Adiabatie process In an adiabatic process there is no heat transfer from the fluid to the surroundings or from the surroundings to the fluid Qro Isentropic process n an isentropic entropy remains constant and it is reversible, During this process there is no heat transfer from the fluid to surroundings or from the surroundings to the fluid. Therefore an isentropic process can be stated as reversible adiabatic process, ss = constant Qo. 2. Differentiate nozzle and diffuser. [Madras Univ, Apr"97 & Oct’ 97) Nozte It is device which is used to increase the velocity and decrease the pressure of fluids. Diffuser It is a device which is used to increase the pressure and decrease the velocity of fluids. 3. What are the types of nozzle? 1. Convergent nozzle 2. Divergent nozzle 3, Convergent — Divergent nozzle. 4. Whut are the types of diffuser ? 1. Convergent diffuser 2. Divergent diffuser 3. Convergent — Divergent diffuser. [Madras Univ, Apr’2003] “The sur of pressure force (pA) and Impulse forve (pAc2) gives Impulse function (F) What is Impulse function ? Fe pA + pac? 6. Differentiate between adiabatic flow and idiabatte flow. [Aime Unix, May’2004 & Madras Univ, Apr'2000] Diabatic flow Flow ina constant area duct with heat transfer and without friction i known as diabatic flow (Rayleigh flow] ‘Adiabatic flow Flow ina constant area duct with friction and without heat transfer is known as adiabatic flow [Fanno flow] statherin for esa fanon of Mach aoe [Madros Univ, Oct1995} A, aa -My r 4. Give the expression for = 0 and —E_ for isentropic flow through variable area interms of Mach number. [Madras Univ Apr'96 , Ape' 2000 & MSU Apr’ [From equation no(2.8))2.138 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 2 rer M 9 Convergent seetion acts as a diffuser unier ——- sonic condition and acts nozzle under: mn sonic condi [Madras Univ, Apr'96] Ans : Super, Sub 10 Give expresion fr P. and 2. forse 7 : [MU Oct’96] ‘Stagnation pressure ~ Mach number relation Atcritical state, M= 1; p= pt a Po Isentropie Flow 2.139 11, Sketch the isentropic and adiabatic expansion process in p.» diagram and T-s diagram. [MU Oct'96) Refer fig 2.1 and 2.2. 12, Draw the variation of Mach number along the length of a convergent divergent duct when it acts as a (a) Nozzle (B) diffuser (c) Verturt. [MU 0cr'96) M=1 Flow wt Met Nozzle M=1 low enemas Dituser Flow2.140 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propuision 13, Give he expression for © in terms of Mach number (MU Oct! 96 & Apr'97) er Neely ee at MFT 14, What is the critical pressure ratio of a nozzle interms of specific eats? [MU 0897] P(e rr Po AG) 15, What s clicked flow through a nozzle? [MU 0c97] ‘The Mass flow rate of nozzle Is increased by decreasing the back pressure. The maximum mass flow conditions are reached when the throat pressure ratio achieves critical value. After that there is no further increase in mass flow with decrease in back pressure. This condition is called chocking. AX chocklng condition M= 1 16 Find rte pressure catty P™ for a gs whch 7= 113 0 [MU Oct'98] a Po Y Isentropic Flow 2.141 17. Whar type of nozale used for sonic flow and supersonic flow. [MSU Nov'95) Constant area duct nozzle is used for sonic flow and divergent nozzle is used for supersonic flow. 18 When does the maximum mass flow occur for an isentropic flow with variable area ? { Bherathiyar Univ, Now'96] Mass flow rate will be maximum at throat section where the Mach number is one. 19. Draw the shape of the nozzle for the expansion of air from 1 MPa to 700 KPa. (Bharathiyar Univ, Nov'96} Flow ac = 700 KPa p= MPa Convergent Nezzle 20. For Isentropic flow write the expression for the density ratio between two section interms of mach number. [MSU Apr'97Ls] FLOW THROUGH CONSTANT AREA DUCTS 3.41. FLOWIN CONSTANT AREA DUCTS WITH HEAT TRANSFER [RAYLEIGH FLOW] 3.4.4 Introduction Flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer and without friction is known as Rayleigh flow. Inthe case of combustion chambers, regenerators, heat exchangers and intercoolers the fluid flow takes place with heat transfer. In such 2 flow, the following assumptions are made 1 2 3 4 s (One dimensional steady flow Flow takes place in constant area section. ‘There is no frietion ‘The gas is perfect. “Absence of work transfer across the boundaries. 3.1.2 Rayleigh Line (or) Curve Flow in @ constant area duct with heat transfer and without friction is described by a curve known as Rayleigh line (or) curve.4.2 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Toh Constant enthalpy may) R Maximum entropy ‘Temperature or enthalpy Constant entropy = Rayleigh Entropy () Fig. 3.1A Rayleigh line or curve We know that Mass flow rate, m= pAc 2 Bev = G- Bape where G > Mass flow density = Grpe Momentum equation is given by p+ pc? = constant ___Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow) 3.3 eg Substitute o= @ = ptpx constant o 2 pe Scant => | p+G2v= constant [-vspecific volume, » Equation (3.2) may be used for representing Rayleigh line on the bh-s diagram, as illustrated in fig3.1 In general, most of the fluids in practical use have Rayleigh curves of the general form shown in fig.3.1 The portion of the Rayleigh curve above the point of maximum entropy usually represents subsonic flow (M < 1) and the portion below the ‘maximum entropy point represents supersonic flow (M-> 1). ‘An entropy increases due to heat addition and entropy decreases due to heat rejection, Therefore, the Mach number is increased by heating and decreased by cooling at subsonic speeds. On the other hand, the Mach number is decreased by heating and increased by cooling at supersonic speeds. Therefore, like friction, heat addition also tends to make the Mach ‘number in the duet approach unity. Cooling causes the Mach number to ‘change in the direction away from unity. 3.1.3. Fundamental Equations ‘The following fundamental equations will be used to determine the variation of flow parameters in Rayleigh flows.3-4 Gas Dynamics andl Jet Propulsion 3 Continuity equation We know that ‘Mass low rate, m= pyAye1 = D2A2ey For constant area duct Ay = Ay = m= pie ~ pre > pier = P2e where 4 - Velocity of fluid at inlet ~ mis 2 - velocity of fluid at outlet — mis 154 > Density of Mud at inlet — kg/m? pa > Density of Mud at outlet — kg/m? 3.1.8. Momentum equation Momentum equation between State (1) and State (2) is given by P\A + me; = PyA + me PyA~PyA~ mep—me, > Pr PYA = mMey~ 1) > (P)- PA = mey~ me, = pyAey * 2 pyACy* 6 t =pAc] 2 oad = pyAee = Prd; cee ee Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer(Rayleigh Flow) 3.5. = @-P) = meF - eye? PioPa = prt pM?r = pl+ 7M?) 3.1.6. Mach number = huge ag- PL xmyexa? RTy RT t Pax Myx RTz Px My? IRT) RT) RT) = Mal SIRT = pM? Y —ppM?Y = pat PMY ~ mit 1M) Pa Pr 1+ YM? * aM? acne ‘The Mach number atthe two states are36 Gas Dynamics ond Jet Propulsion Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer{ Rayleigh Flow] 3.7 3.1.9. Stagnation pressure ‘Stagnation pressure ~ Mach number relation is given by 3.4.7. Energy The heat transfer during the proces is given by Qa me (To - Toi) where > Mass flow rate ~ kg/s cp > Specific heat t constant pressure ~ sik K Ty Stagnation enthalpy at State,2 To, > Stagnation enthalpy at State, 1 3.4.8, Impulse function Impulse function, F = [1+ 1 M2}p FL + (+ YM?) By = [1+ Y M23] py Ft YM? opp Ferm? Ph G7) Peg Ley M 2 By 15M? 66)3.8 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Ler? 3.4.10 Static temperature From Equation (3.5), we know that ey My My er oe - Ba YM? - G8) | Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer[ Rayleigh Flow] 3.9 BSH 7 1, Pe peel eeu Te T, Pe 2 [s,m t) Ty LM Ty M, = n[ 2 LM 2M, 2 ou. Pe3.10 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 3.1.11 Stagnation temperature (To) ‘Stagnation Temperature ~ Mach number relation is given by M2 deyMpy TMP aerM,ey Th. Maem? “Ty MpaHM,2? Perea reece Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flove] 3.11 3.1.42 Density ‘We know that fu oe Rr, 7 RT Pe Po Rhy erpraeae RT Pa me TL or my Py OT fy PMP eT PPL Maer)? 1 _ From Equation no. (3. 10] Tt atm? emmy fh From Equation no. eo] 1 Pa ME 17M? -@.12) PL My? 1+YM,? ‘We know that cy 2 M21 M2) 7 ear ans {From equation (3.3)]3.12 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 3.4.43 Change of entropy ‘We know that, Change in entropy 53~ 5, = Ta GF 7 (ey P My? (147M)? M2 MF = Q-5ney ln = 9-5) cy ln (ae sy?) My (147M? M,2 (147M,2)° Flow in constant area duets with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow]3.13 | 2» My? (U4 Y = yin | Mat [2M Mz? | YM? m ay | Mat (eM) My? 7M? a ve} 147M,2 My) (me arnt? o =n fae pessay ™)) [am4.14 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion Flow in constant area ducis with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.15 My? (1+ 1M27 (2+ Mp2 ~ Mp2) — My? (14 YM,2)? 24 M2 M3 2M? (147M,2) 3.1.14 Heat transi We know that, : Mg? (+ ¥2My4 + 27M 2) 2+ YM,2— MQ?) Mj? (1+ ¥2My$ + 27M2) (2+ YM)? ~ M32) Heat transfer, Q = mey (Toa ~ Ton) 2M? (147M?) For unit mass m This is on implication, we get = Tea ~ Tow) 2M2 + YMg# ~My ~ 2YM,? M,4 > (oT) = 2M,2 = YM 4+ My 2¥MQ2 M4 peorei (= -| aM? (147 MF % Ty (P-1)Mg$ = (-1)M 4 + My? (2-27 M,2-M2) =| Mj? (2-27 M,2 M32) 2M,2(14¥M,2)° Te ms 2. Tor (f+) (My? M42) (Mp2 + M2) + (M2 My?) «2 (1-M,2M,2) [ 2M? (149M)? M2 eae MP aM? 201M)? My?) + 1) My? + M29] YM? ~ Mm | My | 2M2(47M27 ari 2am? M2) + 0-1) (M32-+ M,2)] 2M? (M2 [ Gla) Mt Mm? | eM? eel tS aa fheMaximum heat transfer 7 We know that 2a. MYM? Pro fey My? [From equation n0.(3.4)} == =+G.15) [From Equation (3.8)] ~ 6.16) We know that = a _[Me], [Let T, (Me) Lt +YM,? (From Equation (3.10)5.18 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Substitute 37 [From Equation (3.11)] Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.19) Meee? | asm? ave (ot) 2 (Pe) cn To aNer) Tot asym? ----G.18) ‘We know that {From equation no.(3.13)]Gas Dynamics and et Propulsion Subatiute a= (B19) em rt) a 1HM,2 M 7 We know that MoM? STi 2M AM [2(-aM 2M) + 0-0 O42 +M,3)] [From Equetion (3.14)] Substitute tee Tae 20-1) + C1). 0+M8)] tM? aM a[zameeyervt—1—ve aN (aye [221 +r tome] 1-M2 _ » fer -ne-yne anny * [et -¥P-re | 1M? eM fay —me Bae cane *[OY-MOrD] pelea 22 (aye [a-na-s)] Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.21 ose Meee 2 ot adam “Le ~---6.20) Qua _ = Mae et | 2 (tM? [5 O°" Gna Q = ney ne 3.21: =| max 20M y ---~G21) 15 1 Stagnation temperature Jo Th 0s Sopersonie flow -—— 0 05 1 1s .20 25 ‘Mach number, M—> Fig. 3.2 Heat addition in subsonie and supersonic flows.3.22 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 3.1.46 SOLVED PROBLEMS Procedure for solving Rayleigh flow problems + Find entry Mach number (M;) (If not given) ‘+ Find stagnation temperature (To), stagnation pressure (pp) for] Static temperature (T), Stati pressure (p,) by refering Isentropie flow table at My + Find T*, pt, pots Tot values by referring Rayleigh flow table at My + Find'Tz,y€> Pp, values by refering Reylelgh flow table at Mp (on) . = Ty pts Pt Tot = Togt Parecteec Pat re teeeeseceeat The pressure, temperature and velocity of a gas in a combustion chamber at entry are 0.35 bar, 300 K and $5 m/s. The increase in stagnation enthalpy of the gas between entry and exit is II70 ki/kg. Caleulate the following 1. Exit Mach number, My 2. Exit Pressure, pz 3. Exit temperature, Ty 4, Bxit velocity, €> Take ¢y = 1.005 kUihg Ky y aon Foxe in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rel om) 3.23 Given: piv 0.35 bar = 0.35 « 108 Nim? 7, =300K ©) = 55 mis. ‘Change in enthalpy, Aig = Ao, —ho, = 1170 kSkg= 1170 + 102 kg, Cy 1.005 Kirke K > 1005 dike K 4 Y Tofind 1. Exit Mach number, My 2. Bxit Pressure, py 3, Exit temperature, Tp 4. Exit velocity, ¢) Solution : ‘Mach number at entry, My = a 7 aL VaR; 7 55, /14* 287 » 300 158 | Refer isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4 and My =0.158= 0.16 (From gas tables (SM. Yahya, Fifth edition) - page no.28]3.24 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 300. 9949) To © 301.54 K NTO«108 1005 (Typ ~ 301.54] M6418 = Tyq—301.54 seg eE ese = Ta = 652K} tt Top 1465.72 Togt 2622.08 Toa, Refer Reyleigh fow table for Y= 14 and ™ M, = 0.42 - 1.925 Po = 1.148 Poo! ty 2 = 0.653 3.25 (T= Tt] cy en") 0.56 = 0.568 [From gas tables page no. 111]3.26 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 0.39 cages ate (Note: For M2. = 0.564 , we can refer gas tables page no.111 io and page no 116, But we have to take M; < | corresponding values, since the inlet mach number is subsonic i., My< 1 Refer fig3.2) = Ppt py 1925 = 0.151 « 105 1.925 Py = 0.2906 » 105 Nin? = T, = TF 0.653 = 2189.78 » 0,653 1429.93 K = cy = "0339 = 932,200,339 316.09 mis Result : 1M, = 0.42 2. py 0.2906 » 108 Nim? 3.7, = 1429.93 K 4.) = 316.09 ms, fer (Rayleigh Flow] 3.27 constant area The pressure, temperasure and Mach number of air in a combustion chamber are 4 bar, 100°C and 0.2 respectively. The stagnation temperature of air in a combustion clainber is increased 3 times its initial value. Calculate 1. The Mach number, pressure and temperature at the exit 2, Stagnation pressure loss 3. Heat supplied per kg of ait. Given ppt ¢ bar = 4 » 105 Nim? T, = LOO°C +273 = 373 K M,= 02 Top "3 To To find 1. The Mach number, pressure and temperature at exit, (Mp, P, .T2) 2, Stagnation pressure loss (Ap,) 3. Heat supplied (Q) Solution Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4 and My T= 092 [From gostables page no 28) = 33 e376K 0.992” 0.9923.28 Gas Dynamics and et Propulsion Poy 4.11 «108 N To or onan eee Le O78 Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and M; = 0.2 = 316 >, FL -2a73 [From gas tables poye no. 111] 2 Tos" = Toa") Toit = 2160.91K = Tog* From given, we know that To: = 3* To: Po pS Pram 1.157 Por 7= 3327 105 Nim? = po* neg t [Payh= 3927» 10FNint Pe] C05 Pl es oss iy Soest [Note : Inlet Mach number is subsonic,i.e., My < 1. So, M; <1] 0207 - = ot 1.961 0207 1.759 » 108 «1.961 1801.93 K=Ty> [ety =ty Py 3A x LO Nin5.30 Gas Dymamies and Jet Propulsion = Pop = 1157 * gg? LUS7 3.327 x 105 = 3,849 » 108 Nim? ‘Stagnation pressure loss AP)™ Pot ~ Poo 4.11 108 — 3.849 « 105 |Apy = 0.261 * 108 Nim? Heat supplied, Q= mey (T93 -To1) For unit mess Q=65(Te2- Tor) = 1005 [1128 ~ 376} Q= 755.7 « 103 Jikg 40, py 3.449 % 105 Nim2, T, = 1108.18 K 2. Apy= 0.261 * 105 Nim? 3.Q= 755.7 « 103 Ike, heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.31 The conditions of a gas in a combustion chamber at entry are My = 0.28, Tyy = 380 K, Pq, = 4.9 bar. The heat supplied in the combus ion chamber ts 620 ki/kg. Determine Mach number, pressure und temperature of the gas at exit and also determine the stagnation pressure loss during heating. Take y = 1.3, y= 1-22 hithg Ke Given M,=0.28, Toy = 380K, Poy 4.9 bar = 4.9 105 Nim? Q= 620 kitky = 620 % 103 Jikg Take y = 1.3, ¢p= 1.22 klikg K= 1.22 * 108 kg K Tofind 1. Mach number, pressure and temperature of the gas st exit, {Mz P) and T2) 2. Stagnation pressure loss (Ap,) Sotation Refer Isentopic flow table for Y= 1.3 and My = 28 T, a 7 0988 [From gas tables page no.21] or Pi Gh =0.951 Po, > D) = Poy X 0.951 4.9» 10 <0.951 py © 4.659 « 108 Nim:3.32 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Gas Dynamics and et Propuisien Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rav Toy * 0.988 _ 31844 0342 = 380+ 0.988 paaadiee Tre Won Ret ee eee vet 7 = deaaK ea a 0.300 Refer Rayleigh ow table for Y= 1.3 and My = 0.28 300 21-2087 300 PL 01" = 1266.6 K = Tyg* a = L198 [ From gas tables page no.105] enee 1 Qe m5 (To2- Top) For unit mass Q = & (Tor Tox) 620 * 103 = 1.22 103 [Typ — 380] = pt Pr 4.659 * 108 9 93 105 Nin? = [Tq ~ 380] = 508.19 2087 2.087 I iraicieatisal > Tyo = 888.19 K Pit = 223 * 10° Nin? = pyP Pity") Toa. 888.19 a2, = 8.19 «0701 7 Pot ete Too” 1266.6 on" Ti98 T x 105, efer Rayleigh flow: =1.3.and 22 = 0.701% 49105 4.09 4 108 Wim? Refer Rayleigh ow able forY= 13 nd [= 0.701 0.708 1198 w M,= 0.52 Por" = 409% 10 Nim? = Ppg* = pet ham [From gas tables page no.105] 23.34 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion T, y= 0783 ay [ Note : Inlet Mach number My <1, SoM, <1] = Pp = pyt* 1.702 2.23 » 105 1,702 pp 73.79 * 105 Nim? = T, = Tyt* 0.783 = 1097.77 «0.783 7, = 859.55K > Pop = $103 * Pigg? = 1.103 * 4.09 « 108 Pop = 4511 * 108 Nin? Stagnation pressure loss APy™ Po~ Por 4.9 108 4,511 « 105 py = 0.389 » 105 Nim? Result 1 M,=0.52 By = 3.79% 108 Nim? T, = 859.55K 2. Stagnation pressure loss ‘pg = 0:389 108 Nin? Flow in constant area ducts with heat wransfer [Rayleigh Flow} 3.35 The pressure, temperature and Mach number of the gas at exitare 2 bar, 1200°C und 0.7 respectively. The ratio of stagnation is 3.85 Calculate the following. 1. Mact number, pressure and temperature ofthe gas at entry. 2. The heat supplied per hg of gas 4. The maxim heat supplied Femperagure at exit to entry 4, Is ita cooling or heating process Take y = 1.3, Cy ™ 1.22 kiihg K Given : pyr 2 bar=2* 105 Nim? Ty= 1200°C = 1200 +273 = 1473 K M,= 07 Te 22 = 585 To cp= 122 kik K= 1.22» 10 Wag Ks y= 13 Tofind: 1. The Mach number, pressure and temperature ofthe gas at entry, (M,, p, and T)) 2, Heat supplied, Q 3. Ma jum heat sup max) 4, Whether cooling or heating process Solution : Refer Isentropic flow table for ¥ = 1.3 and My = 0.7 [From gas tables page no.22ee ee Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.37 3.36 Gas Dynanics and Jet Propulsion Toa ae = Tye MB sgoarK Ty e” 9ox2 ” “o932 *” Goer paca area ans ipeinmapnacdan Tan A] _a ise lasses ERE 1567 From given T= 15327 K=T be tteTy] 1 Ja 23.5 Tos To = yr ‘903 on 385 1380.47 0.903 151047 gua * Lakasammitly Tox" = Tor'd Stagnation temperature at entry, Tq) = 410.51 K Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.3 and My = 0.7 Fe = 1.405 PY Po, = 1042 [From gas tables page no.106] Por’ % od To Toa* = 0.967 (pt py 410.51 1750.28 1 2 e020 Tor 1 Retr Raph ow ue fory= 13 md ZL = 0234 0281 M; «0.24 CE eager ee oe eae easy P Po = 1212 Por’ 1 ah = 0264 i [Note : Exit Mach number Mz +o PL 0156 «108 Nim? Pits apis SSIS 0.156 «108 Ni Py = 0.156 % 108 Nim? = py* Ce oy" =P,] x 108 = Pot = eben = 23SSAIO — 9.286 > 108 Nim? 1238 1.239 Boy? = 0286 * 108 Nin? = pyy® 1 0.098 = T= 310 0.098 t= 3163.26 K= 1, te3.42 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Tox eer a 0.086 31093 0.086 Tot» S6ISAGK = Tost B.008 ey 1363.64 nls = op" We know that, 4500 «10 : 1 oi $500 x 103 = = My —31093]=2233.25 = [im-2018% Ton 2544.18 3. Tae 3ersae 79 Tor Refer Raleigh ow tale or = 13 and T= 0.030.708 on M, =052 Pao 00 Pa) At sonic condition, M Flow in constant area ducts with heat wansfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.43 Por = 1.103 [From gas tables page no, 105) Pos 1, = 0.783 = pyt 1.702 0,156 « 105 « 1.702 Bp = 0.265 108 Nim? Ty = Tt * 0.783 3163.26 0.783 2476.83 K | eae ct 0.460 = 1363.64 «0.460 = 27.27 mis Refer Isentropic flow table for M= I and Y= 1.3 E «ox 1 From gesebespogeno 2] = 0.5463.44 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Te = Ty * 0.870 3615.46 x 0.870 T* =3145.45 K = pT = pt «0.546 0.286 x 105 x 0.546 p® © 0.156» 108 Nim? Result 1. py "0.265 * 105 Nim? Po) Pot* = Poa’ 2. T, = 2476.83 K 3. M,= 0.52 4, cy = 627.27 mis. 5. At sonic condition Tra 3145.45K pt = 0.156 « 105 Nim? ] Me condition of a gas in a combustion chamber at entry are Ty = 375 K, p, =0.50 bar, ¢; = 70 ms, The wir-fuel ratio is 29 and ‘he culorific value of the fuel is 42 MJ/kg. Calculate 1. The intial and final Mach number 2. Final pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas 3. Percentage of stagnation pressure loss 4. Masinuan stagnation temperature. Take ¥~ 1.4 and R= 0.287 kif K Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.45 Given T3375 K = 0.50 bar = 0.50 x 105 Nin? y= 70 mvs, Air fuel ratio = 29 Calorific value (2 Milkg~ 42 x 108 Jeg yeia R= 0.287 kg K = 287 Jikg K. To find : 1. The initial and final Mach number (M, Mz) 2, Final pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas (P2,T, ¢3) 3. Percentage of stagnation pressure loss 4, Maximum stagnation temperature (Toax) Solution : We know that, Mach number at entry, My = z © V7RT, 70 1.4287 «375, My = 0.180 Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4 and M, * 0.180 q sh = 0904 [From gas tables poge no,28} %Flow in constant area ducts with heat wansfer [Rayleigh Flow]3.47 3.46 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 7 POL an = pt ee Po oT 2ar eae 0.5112 x 108 ‘OL "0.994 ~~ {POTeteee aueres ese tay Ee Poy a Peat) Ty = S7726K at ae oe von in Por 0.978 oe 108 i = 9.50% 10 cs 0978 seine Coarse Poy = 05112 * 105 Name Tit = 2192.98K=T,¢ Refer Rayleigh ow table for = 14 and M, = 0.18, a > Tt on as Lr, «2295 {From gos tables page no.111] P,” Pot = 1.241 Poy ty oe oan ie = i 0.074 = 0.074 0.50 x 108 2.295. 218 «108 Nim? = pt ptt 61" = 945.95 mis ~ ep bret mer] Stagnation enthalpy rise due to the combustion of one kg of fuel is Calorific viaue of fuel ‘Air fuel ratio + T 42x 108 2941 Mg diy = 14 * 108 Jeg,3.48. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ‘We know that 14 106 65 (To —Toid R Mental x287 = 14% 108 = Tq) — 377.26) TAL tq -37726) > [Tq - 377.26] = 1393.73 = [fg T7055K] T Hatter rosin To? "2638.18 . Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and — = 0.67 = 0.561 Toa* 48 [Note : My <1 Mp <1) Lats Pa 1122 (From gas tables page no. 11] 2 % Ps > 09s « = oss 2 > Py = Pye * 1815 = 0218 105 1.815 Pp = 0.3956» 105 Nin] Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow]3.49 Tyt 0.758 2192.98 « 0.758 1662.27 K > cy = oF x 0418 = 945.95 * 0.418, = 395.41 mis > Pog = 16122 * Ppp® = 1.122 * 0.4119 « 108 Pop = 0.462 x 108 Nin? Percentage of stagnation pressure loss = Pax Poe. «109 Por 2 05112 x 108 0.462 105 . 0.5112 * 108 = 9.62% Maximum stagnation temperature 0 Tomar = To* = To2* = To' Tomax = 2638.18 K Result 1, My = 0.180, My = 0.48 2. py =0.3956 « 105, T, = 1662.27 K, ¢, =395.41 ms,3.50 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 9.62% 3, Percentage of stagnation pressure loss 4, Maximum stagnation temperatute, Toyggr = 2638.18 K The data for a gas (7 ~ 1.3, Cy = 2144 ki/kg K) at entry of combustion chamber are c, = 150 m/s, p,=4 bar and T= 395 K. If the exit Mach number is 0.78, calculate the following 1. The initial Mack number 2. Final pressure, temperature and veloclty of the gas 4. Stagnation pressure loss 4, Air fuel ratio required. Take calorific value of fuel is 42 Mifkg Given yr13 y= 2.144 Fkg K = 2,144 108 Jk K )= 150 ms pym A bar=4 « 105 Nim? « 1, =395K Mz ~ 0.78 Calorific value = 42 Mi/kg = 42 * 108 Jka To find 1. Entry Mach number, My 2. Pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas at exit, (pp.Tp, ¢) . Stagnation pressure loss, (AP) 4, Air fuel ratio Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow) 3.51 Solution : « ‘Mach number at entry, My =~ q i yD or, [ve * Fa 1P OSD, a5 jBs is 3D, 375 My = 0.305 Refer Isentropic flow table for My = 0.305 = 0.3 and Y= 1.3 1 Tose (From gas tablespage 21) Th Pr BL wos ey Th 395 a To 0.987 0,987 Ta = w030K Se 2 Gee = 4x 108 0048 Po) = 4.23 * 105 Nim?3.52 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.3 and M; = 0.297 0.30 FL =2059 prom as tates pager 05 ; Po = tot Pai" 1, tb = 0382 7 1, st = 0.336 Tor st = oes 1 Spt EL = BAN og e105 nim? 2.059 2.059 py = 1.94 105 Nim? =p Ty 0382 = 395 0.383 1034.03 K = T,* e oi8s = 150 = g10.81 ms 0185 c= 810.81 misc" Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.3 and My = 0.78 P; os 1 [From gas tables page no.106] 2, Fon. = 1.023 Pon3.54 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.55 > Py = Pgh * 1.284 1.94» 105% 1.284 Stagnation enthalpy rise, Calorific value of fuel 2.49 2 7 Paeaara eet Shy = “pir fuel ratio +1 442x108 = Pop = Pagt * 1.023 Se Ta Riera ene => 6p TeaepTor = RirfuetrationT — [Mo ep Tol ~ 3.55 « 108 x 1.023 Pg = 3:63 % 108 Nin? bd ¢pUTo2~ Toil = Air fuel ratio +1 : 42106 => T= Tx 1003 > 2144 x 109 {1133.89 400.20] = Aipfuel ratio FT = 1034.03 x 1.003 => Air fuel ratio+1 = 26.70 T= 1037.13 K => Air fuel ratio = 25.70 Tay Tyyh* 0952 => Airfuel vaio = 25.70: 1 = 1191.07 «0.952 ee Air Fuel 2 = 1133.89 | Result: 2 6 * Gh 0.181 1. M, = 0297 = 810.81 « 810.81 «0.781 2. py = 2.44 x 105 Nim? = 633.24 mis Ty = 1037.13 K ‘Stagnation pressure loss cy = 633.24 ms ‘Pp = Poi ~ Pox Apo = 0.6 x 108 Nim? 3 105 — 3.63 « 108 ene fee 4, Air fuel ratio = 25.70: 1 6 « 105 Ni3.56 Gas Dynamles and Jet Propulsion Ar at pressure of 25 bar, ~233°C and velocity of 125 mis flows ‘hrougie a constant area duct diabatclly and leaves with a velop 9f 25 ms, Find the heat transferred and the properties of air at exit Take Y= 1.4 and R= 287 Sig K. Given: Pym 25 ber =25 « 108 Nim? Ty 2-233 +273 = 40K = 125 mis = 25 ms yea R=287 kek Tofnd: 1. Heat wansferred, Q 2. Properties at exit, i, p>, T3s Pp Solution + Mach number at entry M, = Ty e* = 156.44 K = ©" Tot = tte or "0.9595 _ 4499 0.9595 = 46.88 Toi = 46.88 K = To." We know that é 2B a @ a is6aa OP be qt =e4] Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and & 159 M, =0.27 [From gas tables page no. 111] Te 22.178 2 T, py 70546 Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.59 T <% = 0292 Toa > py 72.178 * pt = 2,178 x 19.52 108 soe eee Py = A251» 10 Nin? > Ty = 0.346 T,* 0346 * 39.10 3.528 K = Top = Tog * 0.292 = 46.88 « 0.292 Pr Density Po Fy _ 42.51% 108 2515105 094 90 kaye? 3a7 x13 sag 40k 2 = 1094.90 kg/m? We know that Heat added Q™ mep (Too ~Tor! For unit mass, m= 1 Q= [Tor = Toi] = 1005 [13.688 - 44.99) (Q=3145 «10 ike | Negative sign in tes that the heat is leaving from the system.4.60 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.6] Result : 1. Q = 31.45 « 103 ike 2. py = 42.51% 105 Nim? T)> 13.528K = 1094.90 kg/mm? 3.4.17 UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS D A constant area combustion chamber receives air at 77°C, 05 bar and 75 ns. Ifthe air leaves the combustion chamber at a Mach umber of 0.85, determine conditions of air and the amount of heat transferred and also find change in entropy. {Madras Univ Aprit-2000) Given : T= 77°C +273 = 350K , = 0.55 bar = 0.55 » 108 Nim? e775 mis My = 0.85 Tofina : 1. Conditions of air Le. Py» Tas 6. 2, Heat transferred Q 3, Change in entropy, As Solution : Mach number at entry, My = Typ = Tyg! 05981 ~ 2027.70 x 0.981 1989.17 K = c= Gt 0.862 = 824.17 « 0.862 710.43 mis. Heat transferred, Q= mey (Toy -To1) For unit mass = 6p (Ta-Tas) = 1005 [1989.17 - 352.82} Q= 1.64 * 108 Jikg Change in entropy, As= [Refer section 3.113] = 55 pln 2-81 350 > y~ 8) 1005 In 0.55 « 105 Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow) 3.65 Result 1. py = 0.288 x 105 Nim? Ty > 1738.16K e = 71043 m/s 2. 3. a7 5)= 1796 kg K 64 % 106 Hkg Given diabatic flow(Rayleigh flow) of dry alr having of some section a Mach number is equal to 3 and a stagnation temperauure (of 300 K, while the stati pressure Is 0.5 bar. For some other section where mach number is 1.$. Find 1. Stagnation temperature 2. Stagnation pressure 3. Static pressure 4. Amount of heat transferred that caused the reduction in Mach number. {Bharathiyar Univ- Nov'95} Given : Inlet Mach number, My = 3 Stagnation temperature, Ty; = 300 K Statio pressure, p; = 0.5 bar= 0.5 * 105 Ni? Exit Mach number, My = 1.3 For it, y= 1.4 R= 287 kg kK. To fini 1. Exit stagnation temperature, Top 2. Exit stagnation pressure, pgp4.66 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 3. Exit static pressure, Py 4, Amount of heat transferred, Q Solution Refer Isentropie flow table for Y= 1.4 and M; = 3 Fi -0.0272 % (From gas tables page no.37] Por = 18.38 * 105 Nim? Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and My=3 = 0.176 [From gas tables page no.115] 5108 0176 84 * 105 Nim? pit = 2.84% 108 Nim? = p,* constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow] 3.67 Por 3.424 18.38 « 108 3.424 36 * 105 N/m? Pyx? = 5.36 * 105 Nim? = pot 1, = = Jon fo" * Qa = 300 0.654 Tot = 458I2K= Ty." Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and M;= 1.5 0578 1.122 [From gas tables page no.113) 578 x py* = 0,578 «2.86 * 108 Py = 164 % 108 Nim? > gg 71122 * Pog” 5 1,122 5.36 « 108 = 6013 ¥ 2 Pog = 6.013 * 108 Ni4.68 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion = Typ = 0.909 * Tygt 909 x 458.72 416.97 K We know that Heat transfer Q= me, (Ty Toy} For unit mass, m= 1 Qm ep To - Tord = 1005 [416.97 ~ 300} Qa 117 * 103 ska] Result: 1. Ty #41697 K 2. Bgg = 6.013 * 105 Nim? 3. py = L64 « 108 Nim? 4.Q = LAT «108 kg Airis heated in a constant area duct from a Mach number of 0.2 10 0.8, The inlet stagnation conditions are 2 bar and 93°C. Determine the stagnation conditions of air at exit, the amount of ‘heat transferred per unit flow and change in entropy. [MS Univ Nov-96] Given Inlet Mach number, My = 0.2 Exit Mach number, Mz = 0.8 Inlet Stagnation pressure, pg * 2 bar = 2 108 Nim? Inlet stagnation temperature, Toy = 93° C+ 273 = 366 K Flow in constant area ducts with heat wansfer [Rayleigh Flow) 3.69 | Tofind : Stagnation conditions of air at exit, Le, Tops Pop 2, Amount of heat transferred, Q 3. Change in entropy, As * Solution : Refer Isentropie flow table for 1= 1.4 and M, =0.2 z = 0.992 [From gas tables page no.28) oi Bt Fey 70973 > T= 0992xT, = 0.992 «366 Ty = 363.07K Py 7 0.973 * Poy = 0.973 «2% 108 Py = 1.94 * 108 Nim? Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and M, = 0.2 Py 2273 [From gas tables page no. 111] Py P t= 1235 Pou 2 9.207 tT3.70 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion To qh = 0174 To eo cn 4 2.273 = 142108 105. Nim? Soyo = 0.853 « 105) Py? = 0.853 © 105 Nin? = py eee or" ~ 7235 BHI 2 619» 108 Nin? 1235 619 « 105 Nim? = po,” ty 0207 = T= — 363.07 _ DoT 7 1753.96 K T)*= 1953.96 K=,* Tor O74 = 386 0.174 Toy* = 2103.44K = ot at Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and M; =0.8 Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.71 019 [From gas tables page no. 112) > = 1.266% p,* = 1.266 » 0,853 « 108 By = 1.079 « 108 Nit? = Pog = 1.019 * Poa* = 1.019 » 1.619 x 108 Pap = 1649 » 108 Nin? = Ty = 1.025 xT = 1.025 « 1753.96 Ty = 1797.80 K > Tyy 70.964 * Tyg” = 0,964 « 2103.44 Typ = 2027.71 K We know that Heat transfer, Q= mey (Tq ~ Tor] For unit mass, m= 1 > Q>eplToa~Torl372 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion = 1005 (2027.71 -- 366} Q= 167" 108 Ike We know that, ale [Refer section Change in entropy, As = cy In 3.1.13] 1797.80 363.07 ee] a = 1005 >In 1.94 105 [As = 1776.17 Jikg~K Result : 1. Typ = 2027.71 K 2. yp = 1.649 » 105 Nin? 3.Q 4,08© 1976.17 kg —K 67 «108 Sg In a heat exchanger the static temperature of air Is raised from 27°C t0 177°C, The inlet pressure is 1.03 bur and the inlet mach number is 0.07. Neglecting the effect of wall frietion, determine ‘the final mach number, (Bharathivar Univ-Nov'95] Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow] 3.73. Given : Ty #2790 +273=300K y= 17 +273 450K py 1.03 bar = 1.03 x 105 Nim? My =0.07 For air, y= 1.4 and R= 287 Vkg-K To find : Final Mach number, My Sotution : Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and M, = 0.07 [From gas tables page no.11!] 300 0.0285, Ty = 10,5263 K= Ty TT) We know that 1; Aine Ty 105263 T; Refer Rayleigh flow table for y= 1.4 and = = 0.0427 2 M, = 0.088 [From gas tables page no.t11] Result: Final Mach number, Mz = 0.088474 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.75 & A combustion chamber in a gas turbine plant receives ar at 350K, {185 bar and 75 mf, The air fuel ratio is 29 and the calorific value af the fuel is 4187 MUkg. Taking y = 14, R= 0.287 kite K for te gas, determine 4 Inifal and final Mach number b. Final pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas, ¢. Stagnation pressure loss in the combustion chamber. » T2 &2) 3. Stagnation pressure loss (Ap) 3, Maximum stagnation temperature (T9)yax Solution : ‘Mach number at entry M, Ta = 28 IM) = 0.199 = 0.20 Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4 and M, ~ 0.20 TY qo 0.992 [From gas tables page no.28) Tor Peon Po, 1, ‘i a Pee 350. fot ~ 9993 ~ D992 Ty = 35282 K we PLL 5 055% 108 om73 0.973 Poy * 0.565 * 105 Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and My = 0.20 a Por 21 = 227 Poi 1.235 [From gas tables page no.111] Por3.76 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion EE a. = 0207 no = 0.565» 105 1.235 Poi" = 0.457 x 105 Nim? = po oo 350 si Tr 0.207 0.207 Ty+ = 169082 K = Tye . To ne Tot= 0.174 _ 392.82 074 Tor" = 2027.70 K = Typ" _Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow) 3.77 y Stagnation enthalpy rise ‘Any = Calorie value of fut Air fuel ratio + 1 41.87 x 106 fgg hy = 41.87 108" bane 2941 Te ep Toy = 13.95 x 105 €p(To- Toi] = 13.95 x 108 91005 [Typ ~ 352.82] = 13.95 « 108 Typ 352.82 = 1388.06 = To. = 1740.88K T a 2, 10.88 4 sony To® ~ "2027.70 % and —% = 9.859 Refer Rayleigh flow table for y= m Ton [From gas tables page no.112]3.78 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Fan. = 1.061 Por’ 1 2. 0983 1 Ss 02s [Note : For = "2 = 0.859, we can refer gas tables page no.112 and page no.113, But we have to take M, <1 corresponding values since the inlet Mach number is subsonic ic., My < I. Refer fig.3.2] > Py ppt ¥ 1.525 = 0.2419 x 105 « 1,525 Py = 0,368 * 105 Nim? Pon = Ppa? * 1.061 = 0.457 * 105% 1.061 x 108 Nim? Pop = 0.48 » 108 Nit = T0933 = 1690.82 * 0.953, 11135 K} = o> cst x 0.625 2 = 824.17 «0.625, 2 = 515.106 ms Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow]3.79 We know that ‘Stagnation pressure loss, Ap, Por Pox * 0,565» 105 — 0.48 x 105 ee isp 0.085 « 108 Nin? Maximum Stagnation temperature (Tomax ~ Tog" = Tor* = To* => | Tomax = 2027.70 K Result LM, =0.20 My = 0.64 2. py = 0.368 « 105 Nim? T, = 16ILaSK ey = 515.106 ms 3. Op, 4. pmax ™ 2027.70 K 085 x 105 Nim? BA gas ota pressure of 0.69 bar and temperature of 278 K enters a combustion chamber ata velocity of 60 mis, The hea supplied in te combustion chamber is 1405.6 kl/kg. Determine the Mach hunter, pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas a he exit. Take 7= 14 ey 1.004 keg K (MU ~ 0ct'95] Given ym 0.69 bar = 0.69 * 105 Nim?o Q= 1405.6 kg = 1405.6 « 109g Ma 1.004 ki/kg K = 1004 Jhkg K eft") 1008 (14-1) : Tp 28685 Tha K R= 286.85 ke K Tofind 1, Mach number, Pressure, temperature, and velocity of gas at exit, (My, Pa Tas 2) ’ Solution : s Mach number at ents, My = Vint, 60 (14 «286.85 «378 0.179 os | M, IL Refer Isentropie flow table for'Y= 1.4 and My = 0.18 1, a = 0,994 (From gas tables page no.28) 1 Py gl 0978 Po, Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow} 3.81 To, = 279.67 K Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and My B= 2.295 Py P as 1.241 [From gas tables page no. 111} Pat Py 0.69 x 108 = 2.89 10° = 9.30% 105 Nim? 2295 2.295 ae ecco py* = 030 105 Nim? = p,* 4 278 =O ont” om Tit = 1625.73 K=Ty*4.82 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion = piomel te 074 er From given, = 1405.6 « 107 ska = mep[Top—To1] = 1405.6 x 103 kg For unit mass ep(Tor— Tor) = 1405.6 * 103 Wik, = 1004 (Typ —279.67] = 1405.6 « 108 = Top 279.67 = 1400 = Ty = 1679.67 K (ote Tor _ 1679.67 281 9 gsee = 0.859 Tot 1955-73 To Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y~ 1.4 and M, = 0.64 Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.83 = 1.525 22 = 1.061 {From gas tables page no. 112] a [Note : Inlet Mach number Seonae is subsonic ie., My <1 So, Mz <1] = 0.625 = py = pyt* 1.525 = 0.30 «105 x 1.525 Py = 0.457 % 108 Nim? => T, = 7,2 0.953 1625.73 « 0.983 1549.32 K oy" * 0.625 = 810.81 «0.625 6, = 506.75 mis, 2, py = 0.457 » 105 Nim? 3. Th 1549.32 4, 65 = 506.75 mis,LL 5.84 Gos Dynamics and Jet Propulsion __Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow) 3.85 lemperature ofa is raised from 88°C 10 376°Cin 1 i eetraen kenterreete Ot lee sen eae Refer Rapleigh low table forY= 14and = = 0955 4 heat exehanger. Ifthe inlet Mach number is 04, determine the i “final Mach number and percentage drop in pressure. Matos Gamauite face [MU Aprit 98) Given 2. = 1296 » Toy = 85°C +273 = 358 K Top" 376C +273» 649 K {Note Inlet Mach number, My <1. $o, My <1] bile I PL Be bt PSY To find a Percentage drop in pressure = ——g-—— * 100 1. Final Mach number, M ane 7 2. Percentage of pressure drop °7 Solution = 1961=1.296 99 Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and Mi = 0.4 1961 39% PL 98 * Result 1. My* 0.78 2. Percentage drop in pressure = 33.9 %. B) Airis heated in a frieciontess duct from an inital static properties of Py= 110 kPa and T; = 300K. Catculate the amount of heat necessary to check the flow at exit of the duct when the inlet Mach 0.529 number is (1) 2.2 and (2) 0.22. [MU = Apr'99] = 110 « 103 Pa= 110 2 a gyre To. 8 LOkPa= 110 x 103 Pa= 110 x 10? Nim’ 0.529 0.529 00 K Toy" = 676.75 K= Tyg Case (i) My=22 Te ‘ase =o Te 88. -o 958% 0.955 erat Typ" 916.78 Myx 0.22,5.86 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion To find : Heat transferred for case (i) and case (ii) Solution : Case M=2.2 Refer Isentropic flow table for My =2.2 and Y= 14 rT <> = 0.508 [From gas tables page no.35] To, Py 21 ~0.0935 Po, eae Ty 300 1 0,508 0.508 To, = 59035 K oH Py Por ~“g0035 = Ho x10? 0.0935, (eee eee Ppp = 11.76 x 105 Nim? Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y = 1.4 and M, = 2.2 (From gas tables page no. 114] 590.55 0.756 Tot = 181.15 K= Togt Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.87 Exit state is not given, So, we are assuming exit state Mach mumber is one. = M, Refer Rayleigh flow table for My =1 and y= 1.4, *, eet [From gas tables page no. 112] Tor" = To = Tea" Top = 781.15 K Heat transfer, Q = mC,(Ty2~Toil For unit mass, Q Cy [Toa = Tor) 1005 [781.15 ~ 590.55] Q = 191.55 « 10° sikg Case (i) M\=0.22 Refer Isentropic flow table for M; = 0.22 and Y= 14 Ty tb = 0.990 [From gas tables page no.28} To, Py PL 0,967 Poy ty = i = 300 10.990 0.990 Toy = 303.03 K3,98 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and My = 0.22 T OL = 0.206 [From gas tables page no.11] To" os Tyee OL = 303.03 1" 9206 ~ “0.206 Toy? = 1471.01 K = Teg” Exit state is not given. So, we are assuming exit state Mach number is one, = Mo Rofer Rayleigh flow table for M; = I and Y= 14, 1 = shel (From gas tables page no. 112] Tea" = To = Too* Toy = 14TLO1K Heat transfer, Q = mC, (To2—Tor] For unit mass, Q = Cp (Top ~Toi) = 1005 (1471.01 - 303.03] Q = 1B «10 Jey Result: 1 Qe 1955 «10? ig 2. Q= 1173.8 « 108 kg Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow) 3.89. D) The Mach number at inlet and exit for a Rayleigh flow are My =3 dnd M,~ 1.5, At inlet stati pressure of irs $0 kPa and stagnation lemperatnre ts 295 K. Find 4) All properties at exit 8) Stagnation pressure 6) Heat transferred @) Maximum possible heat transfer ©) Change in entropy between section 1 and 2. Given [MU= 00196 & Apr'97} M=3 My= 15 7 S0kPa = 50 « 108 pa = $0» 103 Nim? Ty = 295K For airy= 1.4 and R= 287 s/kg-K To find 1, Allproperties atexit, (pp, Tas 292) 2. Stagnation pressure [Poy Poa} 3. Heat transfer (Q) 4, Maximum possible heat transferred [Qeax) 5. Change in entropy [5-5] Solution Refer Isentropic flow table for My =3 and Y= 1.4 387 [From gas tables page no.37]5.90 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Ty = To 0387 295 «0.357 T, = 10531 K Poy = Ele © S010? 1” Qo272 ” “0.0272 Po, = 18.38% 108 Nim? Refer Rayleigh flow table for = 1.4 and M,=3 Fan ons 424 [From gas tables page no. 115} Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rapleigh Flow]3.91 = Pat s = = 5.36 * 105 Nim? 3.424 Por” * 5.36 * 108 Nim? = pyy* o tM ar (9° VR] 1.588 3x Y14* 287 10531 - SL = 388.60 mls 1.5883.92 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Po = 1 Paa* 1, k= 0753 ty? 1 7a_» o999 Ta 2 #1301 oF > p= ptt 0578 [From gas tables page no.113] = 2.84 « 105 « 0.578 By = 1.64» 108 Nim? = Pog * Pog" * 1.122 = 5.36% 105» 1.12; pn 6.01 x 105 Nim? = Ty = Tytx 0.753 = 374,76 « 0.753 T, = 282.19K = Top * Typ? x 0.909 = 451.07 «0.909 Typ 410.02 K > 7 et * 1301 = 388.60 1.301 cy = 505.56 mis Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Reyleigh Flow] 3.93 Sek = 2.02 kel? Prat” Ne ae = Py = 202 keh Heat transferred, Q = mCy{To2~ Toi} Forunitmess,Q = CplTia—Tal = 1005 {410.02 -295) Q = 115.59» 103 Ig ‘Maximum possible heat transfer MP 7 7, MD prom equation (3.201 ee 20+) 2 = 1005 » 10831 GFT 2H .a 56.19 * 10? kg, We know that cwesncwcrn, | Ts) sein Sa~ 817 Cpl - (@ \F 3.113) Pr (282.19 405.31) = yo 8, 2 1005 x In | "Fh ps aie | 50% 103.94 Gas Dynamics andJet Propulsion Result py = 164 «108 Nin? T, = 282.19K e, * $05.56m's Py = 2.02 kgim? bpp = 18.38% 108 Nim? Pop 7 6:01 * 105 Nim? Q = 15.59% 10 ig 8. Qyuy 196.79 108 ike fe. g— 8, = 649.51 Tike K GO) Airis moving in a constant area dct with a temperature of 50°C ‘and a pressure of 52.5 kPa. The velocity at this section is 167 mis, Find (i) Stagnation properties at the inter, (i) The maximum stagnation temperature if fuel is burned in the air and the properties at this section. (il) The properties at a section where ‘Static temperature is maximum, [Madras Univ April-96] Given Ty -S0°C +273 =223 K p, = 52.5 kPa~ 52.5 x 103 Pa= 52.5 x 103 Nin? oy 167 mis To find 1. Stagnation properties at inlet, Ty), Poy 2, The maximum stagnation temperature (To*) and the properties at this section (T*, pt e*), 3, Properties at a section where static temperature is maximum My, Py ead Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer Rayleigh Flaw) 3.95 Sotution ‘Mach number at entry, My = pret 1.668 525x103 1.668 pi” = 0.314 * 108 Nim? =p, = pt t= pt pat Ty" = 255.73 K= T,t= T* (oT T t= 7,4) oy*= 319.31 mis =e)" =eF For Reyleigh flow, static temperature is maximum at M = " Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y = 1.4 and My = 0.845 ~ 0.84 we = 1207 (From gas tables page no. 112] ze = 1028 a = 0.882 = pe pytet207 0.314 * 108 x 1,207 , = 0.378 * 105 Nim?3.98 Gas Dynamies andJet Propulsion > Tyo Tt 1.028 = 255.73 » 1.028 Ty = 262.89K 0,852 > Qe = 319.31 0.852 272.05 mis. Result ete Po, = 0.649 » 105 Nin? = 236.98 K 2. Ty = 306.57 K pt = 0.314 10 Nin? T= 255.73 K ot = 319.31 mis 3. py = 0.378 » 105 Nin? 7, = 20.89K © 272.05 mis, Air enters a constant area duct at My = 3, p, = atm and T= 300K. Inside the heat added per unit mass is Q=3 * 108 Jig. Cateutate the flow properties MyyPap Ty Py Top and Pon atthe exit, [Anna University Dec-2003] Given M=3 pia F atm = 1 * 105 Nin? Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.99 1, =300K Q=3™ 105 Ike, For airy = 14,R= 287 Jikg-K To find My 2.2 aT 4p 5.Typ 6.Poe Solution Refer Isentropic flow table for = 1.4 and M, =3 1, De o3s1 [From gastablespegeno.37] To, SL = 0027 i Ty ieee = = 840.34K a1” 0357 oi To = 034K 108 Fi 1x10 36.76 * 105 Nim? Pu" Soom ~ “ooare [connnneeeaanneerat Pp) = 36.76 * 108 Nim? 0.1763,100 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion i Par = 3426 [From gas tables page no.115] ae Be O76 Le108 68 » 108 Nim? 0.176 P." = 5.68 x 105=p,* ® = tu" Sar x 108 : = 36.1518 — 10.73 x 105 Wim? 3.424 Poy = 10.73 108 Nim? = pop*! Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow) 3,101 _ $4034 0.654 284.92 K Ty)" = 1286.92 K = Tyg* = pyta pt 1.588 = FL i see 1 = dais, 387 300 * 588 p,*= 1.844 kein? =p, Heat transfer, Q=m cp (Ty2— Tot] For unit mass Q= ep [Tox~ Tord 844 kg/m? > 3% 108 = 1005 (Tp) ~ 840.34] [> Forair cy = 1005 Jikg K] = 2410 = yy 840.34 : . 10054 fii = 298.50 = Ty) ~ 840.34 = Tog = 113885 K 1, ‘ or. 138.85 o 556 Tot 1284923.102 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.103 7 4 and —% = 0.886 0.884 Refer Rayleigh flow table for Toa" My = L60 P= 0524 P,* Poe 1.176 Pon* [From gas tables page ro.113] 1; = 0.702 0.884 , we can refer gas tables page n0.112 and page no 113. But we have to take My > 1 corresponding values, since the inlet Mach number is Supersonic i.e, My > 1) = Dy = Py? * 0.524 = 5,68 105 0.524 py =297* 105 Nim? > Poo = Poa* ¥ L176 = 10.73 » 105% 1.176 Pog = 12.61 * 105 Nin? = Ty = Tyt* 0.702 = 1067.61 «0.702 (1, = 14946 eS ary ~ Pa” 7340 hse 1.340 y= 1376 ke! Result 1. My = 1.60 py = 2.97% 105 Nin? = 749.46K 2 3 4. py 1376 kg/m? 5. Typ = 13885K 6 Pog = 1261.» 108 Nin? “Air having Mach number 3 with total temperature 295°C and static ipressure 0.5 bar flows through a constant area duet diabatically (0 ‘another section where the mach number is 1.5, Determine the ‘amount of heat transferred and the change in stagnation pressure. [Anna Univ May 2004] Given M\=3 Toy = 295°C + 273 = 568 K p= 0.5 bar= 0.5 « 105 Nim? M,= 15 To find 1. Amount of heat transferred, Q 2. Change in Stagnation pressute, (AP)3.104 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Solution Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4 and My =3 0387 [From gas tables pagena.37} 0272 u a = Ty «0357 368 * 0.357 = 202.77 K ope Bie = O5zI08 ‘Ml 0.0272 0.0272, Poy = 18.38 * 10° Nin Refer Rayleigh flow table for y= 1.4 and My = 3 8.38 x 105. Nim? [From ges tables page no.115] 05x 108 0.176 [pe = 2.84 * 108 Nim? = p,* Bye = 2.84 108 Nim? = p.? | = 2:84 * 105 Nim? Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.105 7 +. Pa Po"” Sapa 18,38 108 3424 Por? = 537% 108 Nin? = py, seed) = 5.37 «105 Nim? Te. 20277 = ON goer “oz T\*= 721.60K =T,* 868.50 K=Ty,* Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and Mz = 1.5 Poo 0578 Py’ 2 Pea = 1.122 from gas ables page no.113) Pon’ 1, ae 0753 1 1 —& = 0,909 Ty" Pay ~ Pogt x LD3.106 Geis Dynamics andset Pr 37% 105 » 1.122 25 « 108 Nin? | ee] = Top * Typ" * 0.909 = 868.50% 0.909 Qe mep(To3~ Tor) p (Toa = Tor) = 1005 [789.46 ~ $68} Heat supplied, For unit mass Q Q=2.22 « 105 Ike, Change in Stagnation pressure Pg = Por~ Pox = 18.38 x 105 - 6.025 « 108 2.355 * 108 N AP) Result 1 Q=2.22 * 105 Meg, 2, Apy™ 12.395 * 105 Nin? Air flows through a constant area duct with inlet temperature of 20°C and inlet Mach number of 0.5. What is the possible exit stagnation temperature? It is desired to transfer heat such that at exit of the duct the stagnation temperature is 1180 K. For this condition what must be the limiting Inlet Mach number? Neglect Jfrtetion, [Anna univ Dee ~ 2004) Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.107 Given : For airy = 1.4 and R= 287 Jikg K To find : 1, Exit stagnation temperature, Typ 2. Limiting inlet Mack number, Mi, Solution : Case () Refer Isentropic flow table for Y= 4 and My = 0.8 b= oss2 Tor [From gas tables page no.29] In Rayleigh flow possible exit Mach number is 1(As the inlet Mach number is subsonic ie., Mj <1). Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.6 and M; = ff 1 [From gas tables page no 112] 5(+ Tor" = Too*] > Case (i) Exit stagnation temperature, To = 1180 K (given) Inlet stagnation temperature, To, = 307.77 K Atexit My=1 Refer Rayleigh flow table fory = 1.4 and My = Tor _ | To? [From ges tables page no.112] = (e Tort = Too" Tot Refer Rayleigh flow table for 2 = 0.260 and = ‘ar My = 0255 [From gas tables page no. 111] Limiting Mach number, My = 0.255 Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow] 3.109 Result : |. Enit stagnation temperature, Ty, = 445.39 K 2. Limiting Mach number, My = 0.255 ir enters a combustion chamber with certain Mach number. ‘Sufficient heat is added to obtain a stagnation temperature ratio of 3 and a final Mach number of 0.8. Determine the Mach number ‘at entry and the percentage loss in static pressure. Take y= 14 and Gp 1.005 kip, Anna univ Dec~ 2005] Given: To ‘Stagnation temperature ratio, <= Tor Final Mach number, Mz = 0.8 yold ep 1.005 Kirkg-K = 1005 kek 1. Mach number at entry, My 2. Percentage loss in static pressure, (4p) Solution : Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and M,= 0.8 Pa = 1.266 Pat T = = 0.964 [From gas tables page no. 112} Te3.119 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion We know that To (Tat =To"l i Retr Rag ow eo HL, = 9301 -0510am8y= 14 or M,= 0.28 [From gas tables page no.111) 5 2163 1.266 2.163 4p fap = 41.47% Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow] 3.111 Result: |, Mach number at entry, My = 0.28 2, Percentage loss in static pressure, Ap = 41.47% ir at P, = 3 bar, Ty = 288 K and M, = 1.5 is brought to sonic velocity in a frictionless constant area duct through which heat transfer takes place, Calculate 1. Final pressure, final temperature and the heat added during the process. 2. What will be the mach number, pressure and temperature of air if this heat is extracted from the air? [Bharathidasan univ Apr-99] Given: py <3 bar= 3 ¥ 105 Nim? 7,9 288K M=15 Airis brought to sonic velocity, L¢., Ma = 1 Tofind : 1. Final pressure, final temperature and the heat adding during the process, [Py» Ts Q] 2. What will be the mach number, pressure and temperature of| air ithe heat is extracted from the air (Mo, Pp T2) Solution : Case Rofer Isentropic flow table for Y= 1.4 and My * 1.5 689 [From gas tables page o.32]3.112 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion 288 © 0.689 To = 417.99K Refer Rayleigh flow table for Y= 1.4 and My f= 0578 Pt 20.753 1 qT iL = 0,909 To* iE Cen eas erica Oo7m 3x08 0.578 [p,* = 5.19% 108 Nim? = p,* seuss 7 vn 0988 288. 0.753 ft? = 38247 K= Ty" ee = To * 509 _ 417.99 0.909 Tor? = 439.83 K= Toa” Ls (From gas tables page no. 13] (> pA pyh te Tet Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow] 3.113 1 Refer Rayleigh flow table for'y= 1.4 and Mz 2. [From gas tables page no. 112] > P= 19 « 108 Nim? > Tye Tyts30247K = Tag ™ Teg?" 459.83 K We know that, Heat added, Q= mC, (Ty. ~To)) For unit mass, m= 1 = =, T= Tor) 1005 [459.83 ~ 417.99], Q= 42.05 « 103 Ike, Case (ii) Heat is extracted from the air. So, Q is negative, > =Q= 6, (TT) = = 42.05 « 109 = 1005 (Ty) ~ 417.99) 242.0510 og _a1799) 1005 = = 41.84 = (To, 417.99)3.114 Gas Dynamies and Jet Propulsion Too 459.83 T, Refer Rayleigh flow table for re = 0.818 and ¥= 1 w My= 1.88 [From gas tables page no.114] 0.403 T [Note : For ae 0.818, we can refer gas tables page no.111 a and page no.114, But we have to take M,> 1 corresponding values, since the inlet mach number is supersonic i.e.,M, > 1] = py = ppt x 0403 = 5.19 « 109 « 0.403 = Tyr «0575 = 382.47 «0.575, T= 219.92K Result: Case () Le py 5:19 % 108 Nima? Tyo 38247K = 42.05 « 103 Jk Flow in constant area ducts with heat ronsfor [Rayleigh Flow]3.118 Case (i) 2. My L.88 py = 2.09 « 108 Nin? T, = 219.92K 3.4.18 SOLVED DERIVATIONS 1, Obtain an equation representing the Rayleigh line and draw the Rayleigh lines on hh~s plane. [Refer Section 3.1.2] 2, Prove that pp _ 1+¥M? Tere [0097- MU} Soution fer secton 31.5] 3. Prove that Stagnation pressure ratio (i tlm] [ay'2004 — Anna Univ] inion 18 om? [Tare ‘Solution ERefer section 3.1.10]3.116 Gas Dynamics andlet Propulsion 5. Prove that Stagnation temperature ratio ™& To, Solution {Refer section 3.1.11] 6 Show that TeYM? [Now'96 — MSU Solution [Refer section 3.1.12] % Prove that S78 R Solution [Refer section 3.1.13] 8% Show that 2-2 oO MEME att) + 0-0 2 + M2] ar aanaenaap 2° 1? My?) + QE) (Mg? + M,?)} Solution [Refer section 3.1.14] Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow]3.117 9. Prove that maximum possible heat transfer amy Sete Sri 71 3 Tay Me ‘Solution [Refer section 3.1.15] 3.1.19 TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. What is Rayleigh flow? fApr'2003 — MUT Flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer and without friction known as Rayleigh flow. 2. What are the assumptions made for Rayleigh flow? [pr'96— BU 1. One dimensional steady flow 2. Flow takes place in constant area section 3. The gas is perfect 4, Absence of work transfer across the boundaries 3. Sketch the Rayleigh line on h-s (or) T—s plane and explain the Significance of it (or) ‘Show the Rayleigh line in h-s diagram and give the different Mach umber regions for heating and cooling. [Apr99- MU} Most of the fluids in practical use have Rayleigh curves of the general form shown in fig ‘The portion ofthe Rayleigh curve above the point of maximum entropy usually represents Subsonic flow (M <1) and the portion below the ‘maximum entropy point represents Supersonic flow (M> 1).3.118 Gas Dynamics andJet Propulsion 4 5 Constant entropy ‘Temperature or enthalpy (T (or) hy Entropy () Aneentropy inereases due to heat addition and entropy decreases due to heat rejection. Therefore, the Mach number is increased by heating and decreased by cooling at subsonic speeds. On the other hand, the Mach number is decreased by heating and increased by cooling at supersonic speeds, Therefore, like friction, heat addition also tends to make the ‘Mach number in the duct approach unity. Cooling causes the Mach number to change in the direction away from unity Give ovo practical examples for Rayleigh flow. [4pr'2003 - MU] 1. Flow in Combustion Chamber 2. Flow in regenerators 3. Flow in heat exchangers 4, Flow in intercoolers. Write down the expression forthe pressure ratio of two sections interms of Mack number in Rayleigh flow. [Apr2000— MU) Pp L+YM? by TeyMy Flow in constant area ducts with heat transfer [Rayleigh Flow]3,119 6. State the stagnation pressure expression for Rayleigh process. (Apr'98— MU} 2. What is the value of Mach number of air at the maximum point in Rayleigh heating process. {Nov'95 - MSU ‘At maximum point in Rayeligh curve, the value of Mach number is one, 8. Define Isothermal flow with friction. [0c'96— MU} Flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer and friction is known as Isothermal flow. 9. Give the assumption made in Isothermal flow. ') One dimensional flow ii) Constant area duct iit) Frietional flow at constant temperature iv) The gas is perfect. 10, State the stagnation temperature expression for Rayleigh process.3.120_Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Flow in constant area ducts with friction [Fanno flow] 3.121 3.2 FLOW IN CONSTANT AREA DUCTS WITH FRICTION AND WITHOUT HEAT TRANSFER (FANNO FLOW) a G—Mass flow density 3.2.4. Introduction e-velocity of fuid Flow in a constant area duct with friction and without heat transfer Density of fluid and work transfer is known as Fanno flow, aaa In the previons chapter, frictionless flow in a constant area duct = G=pe was discussed. But in many engineering applications where the effect @ of friction may not be neglected. in this chapter, the frictional fees | HEC phenomena will be discussed, in a simplified manner. similar leigh flow, in a es i a Rayleigh flow, the following assumptions are made Stagnation enthalpy, iy = A+ ; s 1. One dimensional steady flow. Sate ae 2 2. Flow takes place in constant sectional area, = a+ = 3, There is no heat transfer, > : i > ha hy = (G23) 4... The gas is perfect with constant specific heats, 2 Absence of work transfer across the boundaries, Density (p) isa function of entropy and enthalpy. 3.2.2, Fanno Line (or) Curve aad pm fis.) Flow in a constant area duct with friction and without heat transfes Substitute p value in Equation no(3.23) is described by a curve is known as Fanno line or Fanno curve. ct > =hy= fp ‘We know that [6 MP Mass flow rate, m = pAc 2 eee cece hehy- yy (628) m fear » Tape Equation (3.23) or (3.24) may be used for representing fenno line an the f-s diagram as shown in fig 3.3,3.122 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Fig. 3.3 A Fanno line or curve ‘The curve consists of two branches AB and BC. At point B the flow is sonic ie, M= 1. The flow A to B is subsonic (M < 1) and C to B is supersonic (M> 1). In subsonic flow region (A to B), the effect of friction will increase the velocity and Mach number and to decrease the enthalpy and pressure of the gas, In supersonic flow region (C10 B), the effect of friction will decrease the velocity and Mach number and to increase the enthalpy and pressure of the gas. ‘We know by the second law of Thermedynamics that for an adiabatic flow, the entropy may increase but cannot decrease. So the processes in the direction B to A and B to C are not possible because they lead to ‘decrease in entropy. ‘The three fanno curves for different values of the mass flow density (G)isshown infig3.4 Flow in constant area ducts with friction [Fanno flow] 3.123, Fanno curves for various values of the mass flow density Fig 3.4 3.2.3 Fanno flow equations We know that Mass flow density, = pe > n(@)=Mnfpo} In@)=inp+ine Differentiating, é oe [+ Mass flow density & G= constant) c3.124 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion [ec@y=2ede ~ ale] ~~ (3.25) = de 2 afc] 22 Ges equation Pa s pot = poo kr = Inf) = InfoRT} = Infp] = Info] +la{R]+Mn(T] Differentiating oe ieee eee [s. R= constant] ~ (3.26) Le on ViRT, Sn) = infe}-mfyRT) = inet] [ny + nR+ nT Inf?) = Info?) tn {T] Flow in constant area ducts with friction [Fanno flow] 3.125 Differentiating G27 R= constant Stagnation enthalpy, hy h+ V2 c® = b+ Ae = by= constant Differentiating as 20M. 2 > GAT +ede~0 > qiteald]-o te bog ah= 67] = th. Dears wee-0 = WE.2. yaano oa = xs wect=o I V7 Multiply throughout by (1-1) : } = eh Beary T 2, Hl yee, =o, > wT? 2 ere [eo M=%)3.126 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion ay 7 act ME. (8.28) Fanning’s co-efficient of skin friction () Dynamic head t Ao Tw Ya pot 6.29) = fr, = tee ‘The area of the duct is given by dA, = perimeter « length GA, = pede - ‘The hydraulic mean diameter ofthe duct is given by 4A Deccepl aA [EeeseD Substituting perimeter p vale in equation (3.30) = 6.30) irea ducts with friction [Fanno flow] 3.127 The momentum equation between state (1) and state (2) is given by PA+me™(p + dp) A+m(c+de) Considering scar stress PA+me= p+ dp) Atm (c+ de) #Ty dAy => PA+me=pA+ Adp+me+mde+ T,,. dA, = Adp+mde+T,,dA,=0 = [inde=—[adp+T, 4A] (6.32) Substituting T,,and dA, values in Equation (3.32) = mide == [Adp + € = Yo pot $A dy] = ----633)