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BOOK 2, CHAPTER 2: Air Logic Circuits
| Hydraulics & Pneumatics Jul 30, 2007
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Electrical and electronic devices, such as relay logic circuits,
programmable controllers, or computers, normally control
fluid power circuits. Fluid power systems can also 0be
controlled with "Air Logic." These controls perform any
function normally handled by relays, pressure or vacuum
switches, time delays, counters, and limit switches. While
the circuitry is similar, compressed air is the control
medium instead of electrical current. Hot Topics
Automate With Air Fluid Power Handbook
Environments high in dust or moisture are excellent places for air logic controls because & Directory Digital
practically no danger from explosion or electrical shock is possible even in these Edition
atmospheres. Water can splash on the controls with no effect on the operation. If there is View All
danger of explosion, air controls can not ignite the materials involved.
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Air logic can also be used on machines that have cylinders or fluid motors, but no type of
electrical device. In such instances, two services are required because the machine is
powered by air but controlled electrically. In cases where electrical and mechanical
maintenance come under different labor grades, air logic is also ideal because different
technicians work on different aspects of the machine -- one works on the circuit and the
other handles the machine parts that are electrically driven.
Air logic does have its disadvantages; most common is the lack of understanding of how
the components work and how to read the schematic drawing. If an air controlled
machine fails, very few persons can work on it. Also, air logic with long control lines will
have a noticeably slower cycle. Control lines longer than 10 to 15 ft fill and exhaust slowly
when compared to electrical signals. In addition, air quality must be above average for
long life. New blog posts
Bosch Rexroth Offers Educational
Air logic controls are basically miniaturized 3- and 4-way air valves. The actions of the
Resource Kits
valves provide on or off functions like relays or switches. They also exhaust the spent by Alan Hitchcox
signal. The symbols used for air logic are similar to electronic symbols. Some Posted 12 weeks ago
manufacturers use modified electrical symbols and ladder diagrams to show circuitry. in Fluid Power Talk
The following is an explanation of the basic logic components showing the ANSI logic Company proves it really does value its
symbol and ISO graphic symbol for a comparable directional control valve. employees
by Alan Hitchcox
And, or, and not symbols Posted 1 week ago
in The Hitch Post
Figures 21 and 22 show two types of "and" elements, which must receive two inputs
before it provides an output. This ensures that two functions have completed before there MAXIMIZE YOUR DIGITAL ADVERTISING
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is a command to continue the cycle. This can also be described by saying "this input, this EXPOSURE
by Michael Ference
input, and that input must be present before getting an output. Connect "and" inputs in a
Posted 1 year ago
series when using more than two inputs. The first "and" receives signals’ one and two
in Publisher's Blog
while the output of this element hooks to one input of the second "and." The other input
of the second "and" receives the third signal, making three inputs necessary before giving
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an output.
Figure 2-1: Passive "and" element
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Some manufacturers supply both types of elements. This gives you Figure 21 "and" with
Figure 22 designated as "yes." The difference in elements is that the "and" in Figure 2
1 uses the lower of the two inputs as an output. This is a passive element. In contrast, a
"yes" element has two inputs which obtain an output, but the designer has the choice of Subscribe to the
which input pairs with the output. Using this feature can amplify a weak signal. The weak
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signal pilots the valve open while the through signal comes from a full pressure supply.
The "yes" in this situation is an active element.
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Figure 2-2: Active "and" element
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Figure 23 shows the symbol for an "or" element. A shuttle valve serves the same training books available.
purpose as an "or" element. Both inputs to an "or" element provide an output. A pilot
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signal from two different sources can pass through to start the next function. This can bookshelves today!
also be described by saying this signal or that signal provides an output. An "or" element
differs from an inline "tee" because an "or" passes either input to the output but does not BROWSE BOOKS
allow the inputs to pass to eachother.
Figure 2-3: "Or" element

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Stacking "or" elements allows for more than two inputs. Use an extra "or" element for
each input after the first two signals.
Figure 24 shows the symbol for a "not" element, which is a normally open 3-way valve.
An input signal or pressure supply will go through the valve until there is a pilot signal at
port A. Pressurizing port A blocks supply and exhausts the output signal to atmosphere.
"Not" elements will block a signal or supply as long as there is pilot pressure on the A
port. The "not" always returns to a normally open condition without a pilot signal.
Figure 2-4: "Not" element
Replace a limit switch with a "not" element to indicate a cylinder is at the end of stroke.
Pressure from the cylinder port goes to port A of the "not" element, holding it closed. As
the cylinder moves to the work, pressure stays steady because of the meter-out flow
control. When the cylinder contacts the work, the signal on port A drops, the "not"
element opens and sends a signal to start the next operation. See Figure 221 and
accompanying text to review a circuit using "not" elements to replace limit valves.
The cylinder can stop at any position and the "not" output signal will indicate its
nonmovement. This will always happen whether the cylinder stopped where it should
have or if it stalled by some other means. Because this can happen, take care when using
a "not" element to replace a limit switch. In contrast, this feature can be advantageous
when clamping different sized parts. Use a "not" element for applications where different
work locations stop the cylinder.
Most manufacturers supply a different pilot ratio for a "not" element used as a limit
switch. The valve function is the same but it shifts at much lower pressure. Some
manufacturers make a special "not" element that mounts directly to a cylinder port. A
port-mounted meter-out flow control used in conjunction with this special "not" element
makes a compact installation.
Caution! Pressure control valves only show pressure buildup. When a
positive location must be made, use limit valves.
Flipflop circuits
"Flip flop" elements, with their symbol shown in Figure 2-5 are double piloted 5-way
valves that send supply air to either outlet port with a signal at pilot ports S or R. Supply
can be system pressure or air from another logic element. The main use for a "flip flop" is
to eliminate the first pilot signal to a directional control valve. This allows a second signal
on the directional valve’s opposite pilot port to shift it back. "Flip flops," sometimes called
"memory" elements, stay in their last shifted position even with no air supply. Whether
the signal maintains or drops out, output from the "flip flop" stays the same.
Figure 2-5: "Flip flop" element
The S and R signals stand for "set" and "reset." The "set" signal shifts the "flip flop" for a
function; whether the signal continues or not, the element stays shifted. The "reset" signal
returns the "flip flop" back to its original position until the next cycle.
"Flip flop" can also be used to set up a new cycle, allowing the operator to momentarily
push the start buttons. Use this same "flip flop" to eliminate unwanted signals and set up
the circuit for cycle completion as required.
Figure 26 shows another valve actually called a "memory" element, which is a normally
closed 3-way valve with a built in shuttle valve. The shuttle valve uses the "memory’s"
output air to hold it shifted once it receives an S "set" signal. A momentary "set" signal
gives continuous pilot output. An R "reset" signal shifts the "memory" element to normally
closed and exhausts output air. In addition, turning supply pressure off returns a
"memory" element to its start position.
Figure 2-6: "Memory" element
There are three different types of time delays in air logic control. Fixed- or adjustable-
time delays are common in both normally closed and normally open configurations. Some
time delays use an orifice and accumulator chamber for delays up to one minute. Some
manufacturers use air actuated diaphragms and orifices that eliminate system pressure
fluctuation inaccuracies.
A "one-shot" timer, shown in Figure 27, is sometimes called an "impulse timer." A "one

shot" timer takes a signal and passes it on to the circuit. At the same time, the input signal
goes through an orifice to an accumulator tank. The setting of the orifice and size of the
accumulator give a certain time delay before the normally open 3-way valve closes. After a
"one shot" times out and closes, it remains closed as long as it has an input signal.
Figure 27 shows an adjustable time delay before it loses its output. Leaving off the
sloping arrow in the symbols makes it a preset time delay. Times range from to 2 or more
sec on valves with preset time delays.
Figure 2-7: "One shot" element
Many circuits uses "one shots" to eliminate opposing signals. When a valve receives a
signal to extend to a cylinder, it resists a return pilot signal to itself until loss of the first
pilot. Using a "one shot" element drops the extend signal shortly after iniatiation.
However, when the short duratoinj signal meets a hard-to-shift valve, the time may not
always be long enough to move the valve spool. The cycle will stall if the valve does not
have time to shift. For best results, use a "flip flop" to drop unwanted signals after it
performs a task. Figures 217 to 220 and accompanying text further describe "flip
flop" valves.
Passing a signal through the element after timing stops is done with an adjustable,
normally closed "time-on" time delay. Figure 2-8 shows the symbol for this element. A
"time-on" delay is a preset fixed timer without the sloping arrow. Most anti-tie down
circuits use a fixed time delay, thus forcing the operator to actuate both palmbuttons
concurrently.
Figure 2-8: "On delay timer"

element
The symbol in Figure 28 shows an input A moving towards the blocked port of a 3-way
directional valve. Signal A also moves to a meter-in flow control to fill an accumulator.
After the accumulator is filled, pilot pressure shifts the 3-way valve, allowing air to pass
on to the next operation. As long as the input signal stays on the time delay stays open.
Some brand of "time-on" delays use shop air to the normally closed port A of the 3-way
valve while the signal to the timing section comes from another logic element or limit
valve. This allows a strong passing signal to travel long distances or to quickly shift several
other logic elements.
With a built-in accumulator tank, the time delay length is usually unjer one-to-one and
one-half minutes. With added external accumulators, time delays up to 5 min are
possible. The repeatability of long time delays using accumulators is poor. Often,
diaphragm type timers go to 3 min with good repeatability.
With a normally open 3-way valve in place of a normally closed 3-way, the delay is "time
off." Figure 29 shows the symbol for a "time off" delay timer. A continuous input to the
supply gives an output until a set time after receiving a signal at A. When A receives a
signal, the time delay starts and continues timing. When the accumulator fills, it closes
the normally open 3-way valve and exhausts the signal. As before, a preset, non-
adjustable time delay is available.
Figure 2-9: "Off delay timer"

element
"Time-on" and "time-off" delays often are identical in appearance. The part number may
be the only way to tell these units apart.
To get different functions, connect air logic elements together like the examples in
Figures 210 and 211. These two common pairs might be familiar to anyone using air
logic. A "nand" element, shown in Figure 210, uses an "and" to signal a "not." The term
"nand" means "not this and this." As long as there are not signals at A and B, air passes.
If signals A and B are present, the "not" closes and exhausts the output signal.
A "nor" element, shown in Figure 2-11, uses an "or" to signal a "not." The term "nor"
means not this or this. As long as there is not a signal at A or B, air passes through the
"not." If a signal is present at either A or B), the "not closes and exhausts the output
signal.
Figure 2-10: "Nand" element
Figure 2-11: "Nor" element
Some other commonly used air logic elements include:
Amplifiers to detect a low pressure signal (down to 3-in. water column) and send it on as an
80 psi signal.
Pressure or vacuum sequence elements shift after reaching a set pressure or vacuum.
Programmable controllers are combination elements that are used to design complex circuits
with minimum knowledge of circuit design.
Air-operated indicators show circuit condition and/or function. Several colors are available
but none emit light.
The following text and images depict examples of air logic circuits, showing how some
basic circuits perform machine control functions.
Antitie down air logic circuit, using logic symbols
The two-hand, anti-tie down circuit schematic in Figure 212 uses ANSI air logic
symbols to simplify schematic drawings. However, most mechanics do not understand the
hardware behind the symbols. An electrician may recognize the symbols but often does
not understand how air logic functions. So like most problems with hydraulics and
pneumatics, changing parts, turning knobs, and swapping lines continues until the
machine starts working or an expert is called.
Figure 2-12: Anti-tie down air logic circuit using logic symbols
To make the cylinder in Figure 212 extend, depress both palm buttons at the same time
and hold them shifted. Tying either palm button more than one second before actuating
the second palm button keeps the cylinder from moving. Depressing the second palm
button within one second after the first palm button makes the cylinder extend and stay.
Letting up on either or both of the palm buttons causes the cylinder to retract. This means
that if the operator tries to use one of his hands to adjust or hold a part, the cylinder
retracts. To start another cycle, release both palm buttons to reset the time delay. Both of
the operator’s hands must stay on the palm buttons when the cylinder is extending.
Notice that the AND1 and OR1 elements on the left receive signals from the palm buttons
at the same time. AND1 uses both signals to get an output while ORr1 gives an output
when depressing either palm button.
Actuating palm button PB2 sends a signal through OR1 to start TIME ON DEL1. After
approximately one half to one second, TIME ON DEL1 opens, sending a signal through
normally open NOT1 to close normally open NOT2. Depressing PB1 after NOT2 closes
gives an AND1 output, but it cannot go through to shift the directional valve. Actuating
either palm button separately blocks the signal to shift the directional valve at PB2.
Shifting both palm buttons concurrently sends a signal through OR1 starting TIME ON
DEL1. At the same time, an output from AND1 passes through NOT2, shifting the
directional valve to extend the cylinder. The output ofNOT2 also closes NOT1, blocking
the output from TIME ON DEL1. Depressing and holding both palm buttons extends the
cylinder and keeps it there.
Releasing one palm button while the cylinder is extending drops one output of AND1.
When AND1 drops out, the directional valve spring returns, the cylinder retracts, NOT1
opens, and TIME ON DEL1 output closes NOT2. Depressing the released palm button
again leaves the cylinder retracted because TIME ON DEL1 closes NOT2. To start another
cycle, release both palm buttons to reset TIME ON DEL1. Figure 213 shows this
operation using ISO valve symbols.
Antitie down air logic circuit, using ISO symbols
Figures 213 to 216 show the previous anti-tie down circuit in ISO symbols. Most
people understand ISO symbols since they show valve function more clearly.
The circuit is at rest in Figure 213. PB1 and PB2 are not actuated, so there is no signal
being sent to the directional valve. This schematic is what the machine supplier sends
with his documentation for the machine.
Figure 2-13: Anti-tie down air logic circuit at rest,

air on
Figure 214 shows the circuit when depressing only one palm button. Here, PB2 sends
an air signal to one port of the and element. The and element does not send any output
because it needs two signals. The air signal from PB2 does go through the or element and
starts TIME ON DEL1 timing. If PB1 is not shifted within a short time, TIME ON DEL 1
times out. When TIME ON DEL1 times out, it sends a signal through NOT1 and closes
NOT2. After TIME ON DEL1 closes NOT2, the signal from PB1 through the and element
becomes blocked at NOT2. Either palm button gives the same results. This protects the
operator because depressing both palm buttons is the only way to cycle the machine.
Before a cycle is possible in this condition, the palm buttons must exhaust any air signal
from the or element, resetting TIME ON DEL 1.
Figure 2-14: Anti-tie down air logic circuit, one

palm button depressed
Depressing both palm buttons simultaneously gives the results shown in Figure 215.
Either one of the signals to the or element starts TIME ON DEL 1but one of the signals to
the and element passes through NOT2, on to the directional valve. The signal from NOT2
also pilots NOT1 closed, blocking the output from TIME ON DEL 1. As long as both
buttons stay shifted, the cylinder extends and holds.
Figure 2-15: Anti-tie down air logic circuit, both

palm buttons just actuated
After TIME ON DEL 1times out, the circuit changes to the one shown in Figure 216.
Output from TIME ON DEL 1L1 stops at NOT1 because the start signal from the and
element is holding it closed. With this circuit the operator has to keep both hands on the
palm buttons to make the cylinder extend.
Figure 2-16: Anti-tie down air logic circuit, both

palm buttons actuated, time delay timed out
The following circuits show other uses for these elements and how more complex circuits
use other logic valves.
Antitie down, nonrepeat, flip flop air logic circuit
Figures 217 through 220 show a two cylinder circuit with CYLA extending (A+,

CYLB extending (B+), CYLB retracting (B), and CYLA retracting (A-).
Notice CYLB retracts immediately after extending, which means there would be an
extend signal opposing a retract signal if the circuit only has limit valves for control.
Using a "one shot" valve to stop the opposing signal works, but is less reliable than the
"flip flop," FF circuit shown here.
Figure 217 shows both palm buttons depressed, causing the output of the anti-tie down
circuit (see the previous explanation of an anti-tie down circuit) to shift FF. The output of
the top port of FF sends a signal to shift a doubled pilot valve and extend CYLA. The FF
output will also supply the normally closed port of limit valve LVA1. Shifting the FF also
drops the signal from limit valve LVB0 that retracted CYLA. CYLA extends until it
contacts limit valve LVA1.
Figure 2-17: Anti-tie down, non-repeat flip flop

circuit, cylinder A extending
When CYLA contacts LVA1, Figure 218, air from the top port of FF passes through it
and shifts a double piloted valve making CYLB extend. The signal to retract CYLB came
from the bottom port of FF that is now exhausting to atmosphere. CYLB continues to
extend until it contacts limit valve LVB1.

circuit, cylinder B extending
The normally closed inlet port of LVB1 has a constant air supply, so when CYLB contacts
it, Figure 219, it shifts FF back to starting position. A signal from the bottom port of the
FF shifts a double-piloted valve to retract CYLB and supplies air to the normally closed
port of limit valve LVB0. After FF shifts back to the starting condition, it drops the extend
signals to both double piloted directional valves. This makes it possible to shift the double-
piloted valves to retract the cylinders. CYLB continues to retract until it contacts LVB0.

circuit, cylinder B retracting
A signal from LVB0 shifts the double-piloted valve to retract CYLA as shown in Figure
220. This cylinder can retract since its extend signal dropped out when FF shifted from
LVB0. CYLA retracts to home position and ends the cycle.

circuit, cylinder A retracting
The nonrepeat feature is possible because when the circuit is in the at rest position, there
is a supply to the left palm button from the rod end port of CYLA. After the cycle starts
and CYLA reaches the end of its stroke, the left palm button loses its supply. Whether the
operator lets off the palm buttons or not, loss of air to the left palm button disables the
anti-tie down circuit.
With both palm buttons supplied with direct shop air, if the operator kept the palm
buttons shifted all during the cycle, the machine would probably stall after CYLB
extended. The nonrepeat feature adds little cost, but may save lost production.
Using modified "not" elements as limit valves
The circuit in Figure 221 operates the same as Figures 217 through 220 on the

preceding page. The only difference is pressure controlled "not" elements replace limit
valves.
Figure 2-21: Anti-tie down, non-repeat and flip flop circuit, using modified
"not" elements as limit valves
"Not" elements can replace limit valves when the movement they are detecting is not
critical. "Not" limits operate any time the cylinder has a pressure drop. The pressure drop
could be end of stroke or any place the cylinder stops for any reason. If actuator
position is critical, always use limit valves.
Using a standard "not" to replace limit valves works, but the special low pressure "not" is
best. Some manufacturers call this an "inhibitor", others, a "pressure trip release."
Whatever the name, the modification causes the valve to shift at a lower differential
pressure. This keeps a reduced backpressure at the cylinder port from giving a premature
signal.
Using "not" elements in place of limit valves makes installation and plumbing easier, but
can make troubleshooting more difficult. Placing the "not" elements in the control box
works, but cylinder port mounting is best. No matter the location, they must read the air
between the cylinder port and a meter-out flow control. This location ensures they see
backpressure when the cylinder is moving.
Because a "not" is normally open, pressure holding the cylinder in position and
backpressure from a meter-out flow control when the cylinder is moving give the signal to
hold it shut. When the cylinder stops, pressure drops, allowing the "not" to open and
send a signal to continue the cycle.
The circuit in Figure 221 uses "not3" to tell CYLB to extend, "not5" to tell CYLB to
retract, and "not4" to tell CYLA to retract.
Since the "not" works on loss of pressure, a cylinder with leaking seals can keep it from
shifting. After a slowly moving cylinder stops, slow deterioration of pressure may delay the
output signal.
Loss pressure valves have many benefits. For example, it does not matter when the
cylinder contacts the part. Whether the part is 1 or 20 in. thick, when the cylinder makes
contact, there will be an indication. In addition, air pressure changes have little or no
effect on them as the "not" only reads minimum pressure. Finally, maximum pressure
setting does not affect a "not" like it does a sequence valve. "Not" elements are a preferred
choice over sequence valves because sequence valves only work with meter-in flow
controls. Any air cylinder has better control with a meter-out circuit and overrunning
loads require meter-out flow control.
Always use loss of pressure controls with caution since they can operate any time cylinder
pressure drops below their minimum shifting pressure.
Antitie down, nonrepeat and flip flop air logic circuit with automatic cycling air drills
Figure 222 shows a clamp cylinder, CYLA, and three self-contained automatic air
powered drills controlled with air logic.
Some circuits clamp a part then start the drills with a "one shot" element. As long as all
the drills start there is no problem. However, if any drill fails to cycle, parts may come off
the fixture with one or more holes missing. When double drilling is necessary, part costs’
and scrap increase. The circuit in Figure 222 eliminates this problem with air logic
elements and piping.
Figure 2-22: Anti-tie down, non-repeat and flip flop circuit, with automatic
cycling air drills
When the anti-tie down circuit shifts "flip flop" FF, a signal from its top port goes to
extend clamp cylinder CYLA. FF top port output also supplies the normally closed port of
limit valve LVA1. CYLA extends, clamps the part, and shifts limit valve LVA1. Use a limit
valve here since the drills could sling a loosely clamped part out of the fixture. A pressure
operated "not" circuit could allow premature cycling of the drills, resulting in damage
and safety concerns.
After clamping the part, FF output goes through limit valve LVA1 to the drills’ start ports.
When the drills start they give a run signal when they move from home position. This run
signal remains on until the drills fully retract. On most of these types of air-operated
drills, the output is the same air that turns the air motor in the drill. One brand of air drill
has an output when at rest and exhausts that signal when it starts.
The drill run signals go to the input ports of two "ands" and two "ors". When the two
cascaded "ands" have three signals indicating all the drills are moving, their output shifts
FF back to its starting position and exhausts the drill start signal. The three inputs to the
two cascaded "ors" pass through to close "not3" so the clamp will not open until all drills
have retracted. Output from the lower port of FF goes to the inlet of "not3" to set up
clamp CYLA open sequence.
The drills will continue forward until they meet their internal limit valves and retract. The
run signals drop out as each drill finishes and retracts to home position. When the last
drill is home, the run signal from the last "or" element exhausts and "not3" opens. When
"not3" opens, its output shifts the clamp valve to retract CYLA.
If starting of one of the drills is sluggish, the run start signal stays on until it moves. If a
drill fails to start, the run signal stays on and the running drill stay extended. In either
case, the operator knows when a problem exists. If one of the drills hangs in the part, the
clamp will not open until the drill is free to retract. For every added drill, use another
"and" and "or" element. With air indicators installed in each drill run signal line, picking
out a nonrunning drill is easy.
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3/30/2014 BOOK 2, CHAPTER 2: Air Logic Circuits | Other Technologies content from Hydraulics & Pneumatics

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Figure 2-1: Passive "and" element

allow the inputs to pass to eachother.

Figure 2-3: "Or" element

Figure 2-4: "Not" element

Figure 2-5: "Flip flop" element

Figure 2-6: "Memory" element

A "one-shot" timer, shown in Figure 2­7, is sometimes called an "impulse timer." A "one

Figure 2-7: "One shot" element

Figure 2-8: "On delay timer"

Figure 2-9: "Off delay timer"

Figure 2-10: "Nand" element

Figure 2-11: "Nor" element

Some other commonly used air logic elements include:

Figure 2-13: Anti-tie down air logic circuit at rest,

Figure 2-14: Anti-tie down air logic circuit, one

Figure 2-15: Anti-tie down air logic circuit, both

Figure 2-16: Anti-tie down air logic circuit, both

Figures 2­17 through 2­20 show a two cylinder circuit with CYLA extending (A+,

Figure 2-17: Anti-tie down, non-repeat flip flop

Figure 2-18: Anti-tie down, non-repeat flip flop

Figure 2-19: Anti-tie down, non-repeat flip flop

Figure 2-20: Anti-tie down, non-repeat flip flop

The circuit in Figure 2­21 operates the same as Figures 2­17 through 2­20 on the

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A "one-shot" timer, shown in Figure 27, is sometimes called an "impulse timer." A "one

Figures 217 through 220 show a two cylinder circuit with CYLA extending (A+,

The circuit in Figure 221 operates the same as Figures 217 through 220 on the