SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS OF AIME PAPER

NumER ;;3
6200 North Central Expressway
Dallas, Texas 75206

THIS IS A, PREPRINT - SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

The theory and practice of monitoring ‘and

%733
controlling dumpfloods
by

C. A. Davies, Oasis Oil Company of Lybia, Inc.,

Tripoli, Ubya

--- .. A--

~ tipyz@ht 1Y7Z
Ameriean Institute of Mining, Metallurgi~ and Petioletun Enginee~ Inc.

This paper was prepared for the SPE- European Spring Meeting 19’72 of the Society of Petroleum
Engineers of AIME, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, “May 18-18, 1972. Permission to copy is
restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations inay not be copied. The abstract
should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication
elsewhere after mhl iratio~
~__-._. in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF
PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request. to the Editor of the appropriate
journal provided agreement to give proper credit. is made.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers, P. O. Box 228, The Hague, The Netherlands. Such discussion may be
presented at the above meeting and, wit$ the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the
two -SPE magazines.

Abstract permits the determination of well bore proper-

The te”rmdumpflooding usually refers to the
technique of maintaining the pressure of an oil
reservoir by allowing a high pressure potential
water source zone to flow naturally into the
oil zone. The reason for using this technique
is primarily related to ita cheapness both in
initial capital expenditure and.in the routine
operating.expens”es. This technique becomes
particularly important in isolated areas where
there is insufficient ground water.
ties of both the source zone and the injected
zone from simple fluid levels and periodic
fluid travel logs.
Introduction
The’ technique of injecting water into an oil
producing reservoir. for either pressure main-
tenance or secondary recovery is a well-estab-
lished process in the worldwide. oil producing
industry.

There.has been a problem in monitoring the rate
at which the wells transfer water from a high
pressure potential zone”to a low pressure
potent%wl =::Le, ?’.L:~<s due to the fact that
there are two zones open to the well bore which
cannot be readily monitored independently.
The theory of dumpflooding has been developed
and due. to the complexity of solving the resul-
tant second order differential. equations, a
computer program has been written and presented
to assist analysts in monitoring the dumping
rates.
A technique has alao been developed which per-
“mits monitoring of the actual fluid injection
rate, within an acceptable accuracy, and also
The methods available for obtaining water for
injection purposes are numerous and the econo-
mics associated with the.injection project
usually dictate which source should be used.
The source.of water used ia dependent usuaiiy
on the quality and quanti~y of water available.
For instance, the sea or rivers may be used,
when avaiiahle, but treatment costs are often
very high. Subterranean water is often of
better quality but quantity and/or accessi-
bility usually involve large capital expen-
ditures for wells and pumps.
This paper deals with probably the cheapeat and
most effective method of injecting water into
an oil reservoir, that is, dumpflooding.

,rm dumpflooding refers to the process of
...owing a water-bearing reservoir of high
pressure potential to feed into an oil reservoir
of lower pressure potential by placing the two
zones in communication through a casing string
(Figure 1). The water source zone can be above
or below the oil reservoir, as long as there is
sufficient pressure potential to effect the
water transfer. (The equations associated with
dumpflooding apply equally well to both cases.
Appendix I).
This paper, however, is primarily concerned with
the monitoring of the dumpflood rates, a problem
which has existed in the oil producing industry
due to the fact that the rate may not stay con-
stant over the life of the dumpflood project.
This paper, which presents a derivation of the
equations describing the fluid transfer rate,
and a computer program to solve the equations of
flow, has been designed to alleviate the problem
of monitoring the dumpflooding rates.
The Theory of Dumpflooding
It can be readily demonstrated that the rate at
which fluid transfers from one zone to another
is a constant value if the reservoir static
pressure in both zones is maintained. (See
Appendix I, Case I). The equation* for fluid
transfer is :-
qw~+++~ = Pew- Pe~ constant
Sq the rate of transfer is dependent on the
productive and injective capacity of the source
and injected zones respectively, the friction
loss in the casing and the difference between
the reservoirs static pressures. The fluid
transfer rate is not time dependent.
It ‘is this constant rate phenomenon that is the
key to the successful monitoring of dumpflood
wells. The above example holds-true as long as
the static pressures of the two zones remain un.
changed. Inthe case where the two zones are of
finite size, then the static pressure in the
source zone wili decrease in accordance with its
water production and the pressure in the injec-
ted zone will change in accordance with its net
withdrawals (i.e. production minus injection).
The development of the dumpflood rate equations
for this system is”included in “Appendix I, Case
II”. The equation is :-
-BCt,+ A
~ = +1 ‘Piw - ‘io)e ., ~ (1 - e-Bet)
From this equation the dumpflood rate may be
calculated at any point in time. A summation
* See nomenclature - page 5 flow lines, transfer pumps, water gathering
SPE 3733
of rate per unit time would give the cumulative
injection to that point in time.
In the case where one zone is infinite and the
other is finite a diEferent set of equations
will apply which would be a simplification of
the above equation. (See Appendix I, Cases
III and IV).
The Significance of Pipe Friction -
If the water is dumped at a rate such that the
friction in the pipe is a significant part of
the total-resistance, term R in the dumpflood
formula, then it must be tai en into conside-
ration. One formula used to determine the pipe
friction for Newtonian fluids in turbulent flow
is :-
0.7? q0.79 0.207
FL = 518-P ●h, psi/BWPD
“P
d4:79
Since the pipe friction is rate dependent it
complicates the solution of the dumpflood
formulce. From this equation and the approp-
riate dumpflood equation a further non-linear
equation can be developed and solved for dumping
rate. The equations governing each situation
are shown in Appendix II. Since these equations
require an iteration technique to be solved, and
many cases will have to be run, the author haa
written a computer program (Appendix 111) to
facilitate the generation of the necessary 6ata.
. The program is written in FORTRAN for the IBM
360 model computer. The use of the computer
program is discussed in Appendix 111.
Due to the fact that pipe friction is a function
of rate and therefore controls, to a degree, the
dumpflood rate it may be used in two ways.
Firstly, the size of casing could be sufficien-
tly large to reduce the friction to a negligible
amount, in which case the dumpflood rate would
conform to one of the equations in Appendix 1,
Cases I to IV. Secondly, the friction in the
pipe could be used to control the dumpflood
rate. The water rate could be minimized by
allowingit to dump down a small diameter tubing
or in the tubing/casing annulus. (A better,
method, however, to minimize the transf&.rate -.
would be to limit th% ntitmJc*
cf pc=f:=-tions in
the injected r~mne). ~
4,-” J
Advantages of Dumpfl~oding .*,,
The advantages of dumpflooding will be discussed
in order of priority :
1. The capital costs of installing a conven-
tional waterflooding system exceed the
capital costs of dumpflooding by all those
costs upstream of the injection wellhead.
These capital costs include such items as’
SPE 3733
systems and water treating facilities.
2. The operating costs of maintaining a con-
ventional waterflood exceed the dumpflood
operating costs by all those costs assoc-
iated with equipment maintenance. The only
operating costs associated with dumpfloodin
which would not be necessary with a conven-
tional system wouiti be the periodie dow~l-
ho~e rate rnQniEQring and fluid level
measurements.
3. In remote areas where there is inadequate
ground water, dumpflooding would provide
the necessary injection and avoid the
extremely expensive water supply system.
(A water supply system would involve the
drilling of water supply wells and the
installation of the necessary pumping
equipment to provide the desired injection
rate):
4. In an area where dumpflooding was being
practiced, the injection rate could readily
be increased by converting a watered-out
producing well to dumpflooding. There
would be no reaaon to lay additional supply
lines , expand the pump capacity, etc..
5. Dumpflooding is a self-regulating process;
as the oil reservoir pressure rises the
rate declines and vice versa. Hence there
should be no tendency to over-pressure one
area or to lower the pressure in another.
6. The casing corrosion problems are reduced
since the fluid transfer occurs in a closed
system preventing oxygen from accelerating
any corrosion tendency.
Disadvantages of Dumpflooding
The disadvantages of dumpflooding will be
discussed in order of priority :
1. The main disadvantage of dumpflooding lies
in the difficulty of measuring the quantity
of water transferring from one zone of high
pressure to a second zone of lower pressure
One method would be to use a downhole meter
but these meters would require servicing
and calibration which would be expensive in
remote areas. It is anticipated that this
meaauring problem will be resolved, within
acceptable oil field limits, by application
of the techniques offered in this paper.
2. The rate of fluid transfer cannot readily
be controlled below the natural transfer
rate without the introduction of do...lhole
chokes. Ifa choke were used, and operated
below its critical velocity, then the moni-
toring technique suggested in this paper
would not work.
3
3. With two zones open within one well, the
servicing of either zone becomes more com-
plicated, hence more expensive. Certainly
the equipment to handle any conceivable
workover is available.
4. If sand or other particles were to be
deposited from the upper zone to a lower
~~ne then circulating the hole clean would
be a problem. ,.
5. If the fluid from the’source zone were
corrosive, then a ttibingstring would have
to be introduced jus,~be~ow the source zone
perforations (sinc”ethe fluid above the
perforations would be,essentially static)
for the introduction of corrosion-inhibitin~
chemicals.
The Application of the Dumpflood Theory
The dumpflood theory and resultant equations art
sufficiently complex to make their use on a
routine basis virtually impracticable. For thi~
reason the author has developed a technique
which will enable the field engineer to utilize
the theory, in a readily usable form, to monito]
the dumpfiood rates. Tinisis accomplished by
.-e-----.,
rauIIlarlv fluid levela (2-4 times
~.e~Su~@
monthly depending on fluid level stability) and
casing fluid travel logs about twice a year.
The data can be plotted on a “dumpflood chart”
from which the dumping ratea and well bore
properties can be read directly. The “dumpfloo{
chart” (Figure 2) can be obtained by plotting
the output data from the dumpflooding computer
program. (The uae of the computer program is
described in Appendix III). The chart is pre-
pared by plotting the dumpflood rate versus the
tubing fluid level for varioua values of the
source zone’s productivity and the injected
zone’s injectivity. Line of constant source
zone’s productivity and l?.nesof constant in-
jected zone’s injectivity make up the dumpflood
chart.
Before the two zones are placed in communication]
their individual static bottom hole pressures
should be meaaured. The well should then be
allowed to dump water until. sufficient time has
lapsed to ensure that a stabilized injection
rate has been established. Once this haa been
accomplished the rate should be measured using
a production logging technique, together with
.L a..--:--- C1..:.l 1 the
..4,1
L@ UUIUpLUg LLULU &~.=&.
~ti~ e:~=b~ishes
starting point on the dumpflood graph, point A
(Figure 2). Theoretically, the.rate and dumpinl
fiuid ievei shouiciremain constant depemli~g
solely on the relative sizes of-the two connec-
ted reservoirs. In practice the productivity
of the source zone and the injectivity of the
injected zone can change due to well bore damag~
If either zone were to change in capacity then
the rate of fluid transfer would change corres-
/, SPE 3733
1
1

pondingly; a fact which must be recorded. The for oil field practical purpos,ea. The”technique,
suggested method of control would be as follows: however, does require weekly to hi-weekly flukd
level measurements and periodic rate deter-
The starting point, ,A, on the dumpflood chart ha minations using production logging techniques.
been established in the above discussion
(Figure 2). It is now necessary to measure the Acknowledge nts
fluid Ieve”lat on- m two-week intervals and
note any change. If the fluid levels are rising The author wishes to express his appreciation to
then it would appear, from the graph, that the the Oasis Oil Company of Libya, Inc., for the
injected zone is becoming ‘damaged: Follow a lin opportunity to write this paper for the First
of constant source zone productivity until a Annual Meeting of the European S.P.E. to be held
point B is reached. If the fluid levels are in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, during May 1972.
dropping follow a line of constant injected zone
injectivity to a point C. Points B or C will be
at the same instant in t,ime,say, six months to
one year after the point A was established.”.
Again; run a rate determination and fluid level
and establish .a new point on the dumpflood ’graph,

I
If the new point lies at B or C, then the assum-
ptions over that period of time were correct, and
the dumpflood rate records will also be correct.
Let us now assume that the new rate was at”point
D instead of B or C. In other words, the system

I
suffered deterioration of both zones. In this
case the dumpflood r“ecordswould h~ve to be
changed io reflect the actual diiiiipflccdingi~t~ I

as determined from the line between “points.A and

D..
I
It can be readily demonstrated that regardless of
where the points A, B, C and D lie, the rate of
dumpflooding can be estimated closely, after a
point A has been established, and accurately once
points A and D are available.

If at point D the dumpflood rate’is considered

too low then either o; both” zones may be worked
over. In this instance the greatest increase in’
injection rate would be achieved by working ov”er
the injected zone, moving from point D to C on
the graph. Obviously after a workoverof either
zone, a new po,int.Aon the graph must be estab-
lished with a rate determination and static flui
level and the,whole procedure repeated.

The Elaboration of the”,DurnpfloodTechniques

The equations used in this paper couldbe elabor-

ated rea”dily to allow for a“variable net with-
drawal from the oil.producing zone. The proce- ‘a
dure could also be developed to match the
pressure/production performance of both the
source and the injected zones. From a history
match it would then be possible to predict future
dumping rates which would be most important if
t“hesource zone -----
were of fhl~te Size. ‘These
developments, however, have not,yet been under-’
taken.
I
1“
Conclusions

The author concluded from his investigation of

dumpflooding that the actual fluid transfer rate
can be monitored, within an acceptable accuracy
SPE 3733

Nomenclature Appendix I

API symbols are used whenever possible. CASE I - Both Source and Injected Zones of
Infinite Size
EY!?!m Description Unita
The simplest case of dumpflooding is where an
I Injectivity Index BWPD/ps
infinite source of water is dumping into an oil
J Productivity Index BWPD/ps zone also of infinite capacity. If the produc-
tivity of the water souce zone is J, BWPD/pai
N Original Oil in Place MMSTB
and the injectivity of oil zone is I, BWPD/psi,
N,*7 Original Water in Place MMBw then :

~. Oil producing rate BOPD

From Figure 1, we can show that for any source
~w Water producing rate BWPD zone of static pressure, pew, and any injected
zone of static pressure, Pee, that the followin[
Pe External boundary pressure psig
equationa* apply :
Pi pe at initial conditions psig
Example I*
t Time days
Upward Flow
Total compressibility psi-l
Ct
(oil zone) q /J =p - n (~)
w ew ‘Wf
c Total compressibility psi-l
tw
(water zone)
qwl~ = Pwf - Dpw - Peo (2)
N Oil production, cumulative MMSTB
P
w
adding:-
Water injected, cumulative MMBw
P
D Water pressure gradient psi qw (++$ = pew- Dpw- peo (3)
pw
between zones
FL Friction loss psi/BWPl Example II*
Pew Boundary pressure in water psig Downward Flow
zone
R-........ --A-,...--irloil Lulle
---- ----- qwlJ = P- + Dpw - Pwf (la)
Peo UUUUUCILY ~LC>bULC pslg ew
P.
lW Pew at initial conditions psig qwl~ = Pwf - Peo ‘ (2a)
P.
10 Peo at initial conditions psig
adding:-
Flowing bottom hole pressure psig
Pwf
Density of dumping fluid qw(++$=Pew-Peo+Dpw , (3a)
P gmslcc

P Viscosity of dumping fluid Cp

If we now convert all pressures to a common
d Diameter or equivalent* inches level, say, the oil reservoir datum then both
diameter of pipe, internal equations simplify to :
dc Internal diameter of casing inches
qw (+++) = pew - peo = constant (4)
dt Outside diameter of tubing inches
h Distance between mid-point of So, for an infinite reservoir dumping to
feet
source zone producing inter- another infinite reservoir we would have a
constant dumping rate, qw, where :
val to mid-point of injected
zone producing interval
qw(++$=P
. 4P (5)
iw -p io
~ The equivalent diameter of the annular space Pressures should be converted to the oil reser-
between casing and tubing is calculated auto- voir’s datum level. In the subsequent analysia
matically in the computer program using the it will be aasumed that pressures used are at a
formula : common datum level.

* See nomenclature on this page.

6 SPE 3733
CASE 11 - F30tkiscliirce
ad Injected Zcms Qf ~~~ A=qo B o NWC~w (16)
Finite Size

The most complex dumpflooding case would be a B = Net + NwCtw “(17)

finite source zone of initial static pressure
dumping into a finite reservoir of initial
;i~tic pressure p, which was producing at a ~/C = RINct NwCtw
constant rate of 4:.

The general equation can be developed as follows or c= l/RINct NwCtw (18)

At any point in time, t, the static pressure of

the source zone and injected zone would be p--- B and C in equation (15) above
ew
and p , respectively.
eo
Hence qwR1 = Pew - Peo (6) dq = Cdt (19)
w
A-Bqw
where =(++++FL) (7)
‘1
Integrate equation (19) w.r.t., t
and FL is the friction loss in the
casing; psi/BWPD. - ; log (A-Bqw) = Ct+K (20)

Material balance calculation over the oil zone r.,h am ~=(la = a.

WL.c...
-Y
at time, t, would be % ‘iw

so K= ~ log (A-Bqiw) (21)

w -NB=Nct(p (8)
P po eo - Pio)
Rearranging equation (21) gives :
Likewise, material balance over the source zone
would give Bqw - A . e-BCt
(22)
w = Nwctw (Piw - pew) (9) Bqiw - A
.
P
Differentiating equations (6), (8), (9) with -BCt A (l _ e-BCt,
respect to time would give the following or qw = qiw e (23)
‘I
equationa:
but qiw = + (piw - Pie) , (24’
Rldqw = dpew - dpeo 1
(lo)
r= c initial conditions
-BCt
and B dN = Nctdpeo (11) so qw = $ ‘Piw - pio)e
~- %& — 1
dt
+$ (1 - e-Bet) (25)
= -Nwctwdpew (12)
~
F
CASE III - Infinite Injected Zone, Finite
Source Zone”
but dN = q. and dW = qw (13)
$ $
Taking equation (25) Appendix I and making the
injected zone infinite, that is, N = m the
Eliminate pee, Pew, dNp/dt and dWp/dt we get: equation reduces to :
-Dt
qw = ~ ‘Piw - Pio)e (26)
Rldqw = -qw - qw + qoBo (14) 1

~ NwCtw q~
where, D = l/RINw Ctw

or Rldqw =
CASE IV - Infinite Source Zone, Finite
dt Injected Zone

q. B. NwCtw - ~ (NCt+NwCtw) (15) Again taking equation ,(25) Appendix I and

making the source zone infinite, that is
Nci N-- C&_ N = ~ ~~~ equation reduces to :
w LW
-‘w
 PE 3733

-Et f%w(i) ) is the derivative of the function.

qw = + (Piw - pio)e ‘Et + qoBo(l - e ) (27
1
The convergence to the root is quadratic or
linear if the multiplicity of the root to be
where E = l/R NC
It determined is equal to one or greater than one
Again ,taking equation (25); Appendix I and respectively and if f(~) can be differentiated
continuously at least twice in the range in
putting both zones of infinite capacity, that
which the iteration moves. Tolerance limits
is : N=N = CD the equation reduces to basic
equation (~) Appendix I. must be set to minimize the number of iteration
steps required.
Armendix II
Using the Newton iteration technique the
--.T-N;-..t90\ --- l.-
G.+UCILLULL \.C>) LaLL UC
d-..mlmdmd
UCVCLU~CU
c--
LUL
----
iZL1y
b:—-
LLUE, t
The equations used in Appendix I assume that
the friction loss in a pipe is directly propor- *
0.79
tional to throughput. In actual fact the Let f(qw) = R+Tq (31
w
friction loss in a pipe is a function of the -0.21
Reynold’s number and the roughness of the pipe differentiate f’(q ) = 0.79.Toqw (32
w
which, strictly speaking, should be taken into
consideration. One formula used to determine -tB
the pipe friction for Newtonian fluids in tur- let (33
‘dqW) = Gef(qw)
bulent flow in oilfield pipes is :
+ tBf’(qw)
0.79 q0.79 0.207 differentiate f’l(qw) = (34
FL = 518,fl h, psi/BWPD (28
w?
Gs(f(qw))2
d4. 79
let (Piw - Pie) =% (35
So equation (23) Appendix I, Case II, the most
complicated case, becomes : Equation (29) can now be expressed as
-Bt/G(R+ Tq 0“79) fl (qw) fl (qw)
Iw = qi~ e w fz(qw) = q - qi%e - -#(l-e ) (36
w
0.79
-Bt/G (R+ Tqw ), differentiating : f’2(qw) =
l-$ (1 - e

fl (Clw)
1- fl(qw),f’l(qw).e ● (q. -A/B) (37
0.79 0.20: h Iw
r=518m/o
d4.79 So equation (30) becomes :
.100;.’14401”79” .
)/f’2(qw(i)) (38
. ‘w(i+l) = ‘w(i) - f2 (qW(i)
: = Net Nw Ctw
which can readily be solved, preferably with a
computer. The value of qiw must be solved frou
q.lW = the rate at initial conditions
the equation
1
R= ~++ q.lw = (piw-pie)/(R+Tq~w79)

This is a non-linear equation in qw which can which governs the initial conditions. Since
be solved readily using Newtonts iteration this equation is non-linear it must be solved
technique. The technique is to refine an using the same techniques as above. (For
initial guess q of a root of the general details see Case”I, Appendix II).
fi=o}(qw) = (). This takes the
non-linear equal!lon
form of : CASE III - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction

- f(o . ..)/fO(rl ) (-j~ m....

J.LLC fi.d LUe
..,....4-:---
cqUCILLULIS
rl___
EG
-L- ---..-1 —-L-

‘w(i+l) = ‘w(i) ‘lW(l) ‘=w(i) dcLudl rLuw rdLe,

at time, t, for a system with a finite

‘w i+l)
A
so rce zone and an infinite injected zone
#here i=O, 1,2,3,4, ............. (constant static pressure) are as follows :

and is the root of the equation -Dt

qw(i+l) qw = qiwe (39

qw(i) is the guessed root where q.

lW
= (piw-pie)/(R+Tq:w79) (40

f(qw(i)) is the function

8 SPE 3733

md D= l/(R+T{”79) Nwctw (41) differentiate f’z(qw) =

fl (qw)
1- fl(qw) fzl(qw) e (qiw - qo) (57)
0.79
So let f(~) = R+ Tq (42)
w
-0.21
differentiate f’(qw) = 0.79Tq (43) Again in the last two equations the rate can be
w
calculated by iterating the expression :
Let fl(qw) = -t/(Nwctwf(qw)) (44)
= qw(i) - ‘2(qw(i))/f’2(qw(i)) (58:
‘w(i+l)
differentiate f~l(qw) =

t f’(qw)/Nwctw(f(qw))2 (45) CASE I - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction

fl (q”) This case is the simplest case where both zones

Let fq(qw) = q - qiw.e (46) are infinite. The equation to be solved is non-
w
linear.

differentiate f’z(qw) = 1.79

fl (qw) Rqw+T~ = (piw- Pio) =Ap (59)
~-rl (a >.f~i(qw).e (47) 8

‘iw*-
‘1 ‘=w’--
1.79 -~p
Using the last two equations the rate can be Let f(~) = R~+Tqw (60)
calculated by iterating the expression :
0.79
= qw(i) - ‘2(qw(i) ) /f’z(qW(i)) (48) differentiate fl(q ) = R+ 1.79Tqw (61)
%(i+l) w

This can be solved to give the actual flow rate. The rate may be obtained by iterating the
expression :
CASE IV - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction
- f(~(i) )/f’(qW(i)) (62)
‘w(i+l) = qw(i)
The equations to find the actual flow rate,
at any time, t, for a system which has
‘w(i+})
an In lnite source zone and a finite injected This equation must be used in Cases II, III and
zone are as follows : IV to solve for qiw which is the rate at initial
conditions.
-Et -Et
\ = qiwe + qo.’ 1 -e ) (49)
Appendix III

where q. = (Piw - P>O)/(R+ Tq;-79’ (50) CAM 1 - Pipe Friction Data

lW
‘Read into the computer program up to 40 values
0.79
and E = l/Net ● (R+ Tqw ) (51) of casing and casingltubing combinations. If
the tubing is set anywhere between the source
and the injected zones then the equivalent dia-
.–L c /_ 0.79 (~~) ~,ete~ f~~ ap.yep.p.l~~ar
flow is autcnnatically
beL I(qw) = ~+ Tq
w
calculated in the computer program for friction
loss purposes.
-0.21
differentiate f’(qwj = 0.79Tq (53)
w
Card Description Format
Column
let fl(qw) = -t/Net f(qw) (54) A4, Al
1- 5 Casing Size, i.e. 7 1/2
6-1o Tubing Size, i.e. 2 7/8 A4, Al
~~-~7 Casing Size: id. F7.5
differentiate f~l(clw)=
18-24 Tubing Size, od. F7.5
25-29 Fluid Viscosity, cp F5.3
t f’(qw)/Net.(f(qw))2 (55) 30-34 Density of Fluid, grmsfcc F5.4
35-38 Temperature of Fluid, “F F4.1
39-42 No. of these cards (first 14
= a - ~l:efl ‘qw) ,.”-A--1.,\
‘w LaLu ulzAy)
f~ (qw) 43-46 Card sequence 14
.- qoO(l - e ) (56)

,.
SPE 3733 9

URD2- Name Card (one per job) ;ARD 6 - Zone Basic Data
(Do not use if both zones are infinite)
Card Description Format
column :ard Description Format
:0lumn
1- 2 Any number between 1-99 12
3-14 Name of Field 3A4 1- 8 Aquifer size, MMRB F8.2
15-18 Concession Number A4 9-16 Reservoir size, MMSTB F8.2
19-30 Date 3A4 17-24 Total effective compressibility F8.2
31-38 Userfs Name 2A4 aquifer, psi-l 10-6
25-32 Total effective.-f”fi~gssibility F8.Z
CARD 3 - Basic Data oil zone psl
33-40 Duration of dumpflood, days F8.2
Card Description Format 41-48 Reservo{r production rate, RBPD 3?8.2
column 49-56 Number of time steps required 18
with finite injected zone,
1- 8 Name of Source Zone 2A4 i.e. enter 50 and with
9-16 Name of Injected Zone 2A4 duration of 1500 days the
17-21 Mid point of producing inter- F5.O time step will be 1500/50
val source Zone, subsea = 30 days
22-26 Mid point of injected Zone, F5.O
subsea You may introduce as many card type 6’s as
27-31 Static Pressure of Source Zone F5.O required; just include the number in card type
at the mid point of the 3 columns 62-65.
producing interval, psig
(not needed if static fluid Examples of the output may be seen in the paper
level included cc 77-80) after the program listing.
32-36 Static Pressure of injected F5.O
zone at mid point of the
injected interval.
37-41 KB Elevation, ft F5.O
42-44 KB to Master Gate Valve, ft F3.1
45-49 Fluid gradient, psi/ft F5.3
50-52 Casing/Tubing Combination 13
(see card type 1)
53-57 Tubing Depth KB, feet F5.O
58-61 Type of System 14
1 - Both Zones Infinite
2 - Finite Source Zone,
Infinite Injected Zone
3 - Finite Injected Zone,
Infinite Source Zone
4 - Both Zones Finite
62-65 Number of Card Type 61s to be 14
Analyzed
66-68 Number of Productivity Values 14
to be Analyzed
69-71 Number of Injectivity Values 14
to be Analyzed
72-76 Blank
77-80 Static Fluid Level of Source F4.O
Zone

CARD 4 - Injectivity Data

..-L.–
lnLrociuce 10 values of the injected zone!s
injectivity in BWPD/psi to cover the anticipated
range Format 10F8.2

CARD 5 - Productivity Data

Introduce 10 values of the source zonets

productivity in BWPD/psi to cover the
anticipated range. Format. 10F8.2
10 SPE 3733

. . <
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SPE 3733 11

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 SPE 3733

15
SPE 3733 13

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,, -= -----
u+,, L . -i
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450).0
4501.0
213>.3
170~.9
12).0
55Y. n
0.43330
1.0
6.156
3.530
4.332
5810.
0.590
1.>30
130.

L[Rv% .lLL%W I 1 F?,: T!CV ‘W~P 9ELT4 FL O,l%G FLJID LEVELS FQI:1104 dELL I+E61 X61E LOSS
.1 ,, ---- . ---- . ------ R&r E B UP W* 1J8[’i G C4SISG LTSS PeEssuR: 3.! ’43 1!3
F,, c,, oN
11 .1 pslle~~ qd. D *S1 PSIG *GW. FEET PST PSIG

25. 5, 9.7495. 5*35. 1981. 2191. 62’4. 519. 2.91 0. J 12.1

75. 1?. Q. 160R2 ?233. 923. 2$23. 9q5. 973. 7.58 0.3 53.9
25. 15. O.1O75P 12915. 005. 25o5. 1255. 1235. 12. Z6 0.3 113.8
?5. 20. 0.00116 16256. 713. .?613. 1456. 1439. 16.52 0.0 181.2

z.. 25. 0.09127 15033. 640. 2362. 1631. 1599. 20.29 0.3 2$9.5
25. 3C. 9.01659 17699. 580. 2283. 1755. 112!2. 23.6!2 0.2 315.9
2=, . 35. 0.07000 19575. 531. 2231. 1979. 1035. 26.53 0.3 379.6
?5 . 40. 0.066. Q 19557. 499. 2169. 197*. 1927. 29.05 0.0 431.1
25. +5. 0.06316 29396. 453. 2153. 2054. 2034. 31.32 0.3 +91.7.
75. 50. 0.06158 2111’.. 422. ZIZZ. 212+. z77t. 33.33 0.> .5$1.3
5>. 5. 9.22058 5895. 1179. 287?. 398. 392. 3.*O 0. J 15.4
50. 10. D. 120~3 1>752. 1975. 2775. 633. 517. v. 96 0.!3 82. *
53. 15. 0.08786 1+799. 997. 2687. 832. 80+. 17.6* 0.0 200.8
50. Zo. 0.07160 19210. 919. 2510. 109Z. ml. 25.57 0.3 358.1
53. 25. ‘2.0$158 2111%. 9+5. 25+5. 11+9. 1V95. 33.33 0.3 5*1.3
50. 30. 0. C5505 23617. 787. 2687. 1276. 1211. 40.73 0. ) 739.7
53. 35. 0.0s062 25?49. 73?. 2637. 13s8. 1311. +7.69 0.> 945.5
59. .0. 0.04 h’% 27693. bqz. 2392. 1436. 1399. 5+.16 1153.6
50. 45. 0.04427 23373. 653. 2353. 1576. 1676. 60.18 1359. $
5’2. 50. 0.04213 37Q55. 611. 2311. 1651. 1545. 65.17 1551.0

17
14 SPE 3733

JSER 3&s1s3 11

L13v&
.3LLaM0

“[P PC K=.0&117N OEPTli OF 5WQCE LO NF, FT SS 4503.0

~l@ PE@F??hT[CY ?EPTU n, 1vJ:CTE9 ZCME, FT SS 650).0
sT&TIC 0. SSS1)+= ~F SOU2CE ZIVF, PSIG 213$.3
5T~11C .RESSUR5 OF lNJECTEO Z(lNF, PSIS 1701.0
lY!, lAL sT411C GLU1O LEVEL, FT W 1?1.0
<8 CL FV%TIOV 553.0
FL(J1O Go blt Fv1, DS1/FT 0.43300
<E!-. w,cl 1.0
C~SING SIZE 7 0!0 1f2,1NCHFS b. 366
lu@l VG SIZE 1/7
3 CD, IKHES 3.500
EOII!VMFN1 O1hWFTER OF ~NNULUS, INCHES 4.332
lu?l YG DFPTM, CT, K8 5R30.
lwJFC IEn FLU19 VI, SC~SITV,CPS 0.500
IV J,CTEQ FLU19 DENSITY, C.R?SI:C 1.)00
lvJ.?Tf9 FLqJ13 lE.PEPa TU*E, F 13Q.
fiQ,lr FER VI IL!Y4E ,Y.9u ‘+>0.
FE5FRVO[R VOLUYF, WS?9 35>0.
::<, TFER TITAL C,lWPSf SSt6[L[TV,. S1-1 7.25
.C5FEVn1Z T.T4L CC. PRE5S191L[TV. PS 1-1 15.
1510.
3030.

llBv& ~OLL4N9 1 1 FP1CTIOU 9!14P DELT& FL?, [NG FLJ1O LEf ELS FR1CT104 .ELL HE&J 4~TE LOSS
PI 1! ---- . ---- + ------ R4TE WP B*. TU91VG CM.l VG LISS PRE5SUR: 3UI*G l.o
11 PI PSI /9PL1 3MOD PSI *SIG *Gv, FEET ,s1 PSIG FRICTION

5. Q. 20225 23s9. 41?. 2112. 2171. 2171. 0.52 0.3 2.6

503. 10. 9.lozle 1330. 133. 1933. 2816. 2915. 0.26 0.3 2.3
509. 15. 0.05877 !,55. <+. 17+6. 3022. 3022. 0.01 0.3 1.0
5(?1. 20. ?. 05205 292. 15. 1715. 3049. 3389. 0.02 0.3 0.3
50-). 25. 9. 0+203 12’.. 5. 1705. 3111. 3111. 0.03 0.3 9.1
509. 30. ~. 03535 52. 2. 1702. 311?. 3113. 0.@Ll 0.3 0.0
509. 35. 3.03050 21. 1. 1701. 3121. 312;. 0.03 0.3 0.3
50’). 40. 0.02700 9. 0. 1703. 3122. 3122. 0.09 0.> 0.0
509. .5. 0.02.22 *. 0. 170>. 3123. 31??. 0.00 0.0 0.0
50!3. 50. 9..27 ?n 1. Q. 1703. 31?3. 3123. 0.00 0.3 0.3
509. 5. 0. ?0192 ?050. 41?. 2112. 21?2. 2171. 0.52 0.3 2.6
600. In. O.lnl?. 13?5. 13?. 1972. ?817. 2916. 0.23 0.3 2.3
609. 15. 7. 753.3 648. 43. 1763. 3023. 3023. 0.07 0.3 1.0
600. 20. 0.05172 256. 16. 1714. 3090. 309!3. 0.02 0.0 0.3
609. 25. 3.o+ltq 123. 5. 1705. 3112. ;112. 0.00 0.0 0.1
6C9. 30. 0.03501 ,.. 2. 1702. 3119. 3119. 0.03 0. J 0.0
600. 35. 3.03026 1. 1701. 31?2. 31?2. Q.oo 0.2 0.0
600. +0. 9.02b57 8. 3. 1703. 3122. 3122. 0.03 0.> 0.0
609. 6s . 0.0?>30 3. 0. 1703. 3123. 31?1. 0.00 0.3 0.0
6.9. 50. 3.02167 1. 3. 170,. 3123. 3123. C.O’3 0.3 0.0

18

-.. .

JSER -3AS1521L

I“, rrrc’1 !OVF

lV, l.117Z S,WRCC Zr,4F, FT%411E 1,4, CCTEq 17.,.

... .
., .,.0
b501 .0
213+.3
1701,0
12>.0
55>.0
FL L41O C3U1[FY1. .ST IFT 0.43393
<8-. GV, =1 1.0
:iSIN2 SITE 7 0!0 13,1 NCHES 6.366
‘s.500
TURING SIZF 1 1/7 09,1 qCiFS
F0U1V4LEVT V164FTER n~ ANVULSJS,l VC*ES 4.902
TJP!UL 9EOTH, F1, K8 5910.
lVJECTEO .LU1? VISC~S1lV, CP5 0.530
lVJ, CTE~ FLUII OCNSITV, GR’4SICC 1.300
lVJFCTEg FLUID TEuPFQ%TUQ E,, 130.
bQul FEF V. LIIYE, w.Ow 35510.
RESCRV@l R V3L ,YE, WS18 510.
421J1FE8 T?lAL CO WP?F5S1P lLITV. PS 1-1 7.25
RESF VOIR TOT&L COMPRESS IRIL1l Y. PS1-I 15.
QJFA 10Y IF ~12. DFL@n~, OhYs 930.
RESF voIO PRWJUCTICV fiATE, *9, D 910.

IeY: M3LLhW 1 1 Ft[cr, lN ,“MP 9ELT4 FL!3d lqG FLJ1O LF+ELS S% ICTI04 ,(ELL MEA) ?4TE LOSS
PI 11 ---- . ---- + ------ RhTE P,w BHP TJ81XG CA51NG L3SS PRESSIM= OWIN; TO
11 c’! 0s1 t8PD 3UPD .s1 PSIG *GV. FEE1 PSI PS[G FRICTION

25. 5. 0.26040 3722. 7+4. 2949. 65s. 655. 6.2

25. 10. 7. l*OGB +4+1. 66+. 2810. 550. 555. 15.8
25. 15. 0.10716 ‘.911. 321. 2800. 58@. 57s.. 22.0
25. 20. 0.09049 *755. 233. 2603. 593. 577. 25.5
25. 25. 0. ORO+R 4632. 185. 2Q03. 576. 570. 27.6
25. 30. 0.07380 6405. 150. 2907. 555. 552. 28.3
35. 0.069)3 *354. 125. 2810. 5=.1. 55+. 2S.7
25.
25. 40. o. Qb5+b 6265. lob. 291+. 569. 546. 28.8
25. 45.. 0.06256 6138. 92. 281?. 562. 539. 28..5
25. 50. 0.06063 60s3. 01. 2923. 536. 533. 28.5
50, 5. ..22042 3898. 789. 2020. 3>5. 302. 7.3

50. 10. 0.120f. Q 6773. 4,7. 28*9 . 353. 369. 19.3

57. 15. 0.09715 $723. 315. 2895. 351. 357. 26.2 .
50. 20. % 07046 $+37. 223. 28q7. 356. 353. 2S.6
5*. 25. 0.06063 63$3. 162. 2303. 3*V. 3+7. 28.5
50. 30. 0.05373 3701. 123. 2’?03. 3+3. 3+1. 1.68 0.3 27.5
30. 35. 0.06896 3401. 97. 2905. 332.. 336. 1..?7 0.3 25.9
50. 60. 0.04535 31*4. 79. 2907. 33+. 333. 1.10 0.3 2+.3
59. 45. 0.04255 2927. 65. 2?0?. 3X2. 330. 0.97 0.3 22.8
51. 50. 0.0k031 2742. 55. 2903. 330. 329. 0.85 0.> 21. $

19
 15

*d, 13 1??2 JSER 34 S1S31L

L13v&
“3LL.,JO

650).0
6533.0
213?.3
1733.0
123.0
551.0
,.’,, ,0
1.0
6.366
3.530
6.432
TJ8TNG 9EDTH, =1, KB 5919.
1VJ?CTE7. FLU!9 vise Qsl Tv, cPs 0.5~0
!NJ.CTEO 6LIJ1n CEU2. ITY, CR. SKC 1.190
IN JCCTE9 FL!Jln 7EW.FRa TUR5,. 190.
49u1FER VIL!lVE, ~WOU 750.
RES. QVOIR vOLU’4E, WS1* 653.
aQ\,l FER 1’ITAL CC. PRFSSIRILt TV, PS 1-l 7.25
RE~FPvil[R Tfl T&L C014P. ES S1.91L1TV.9S 1-1 15.
OI2P6TIO4 OF r1114.FL?n0,04VS 7)>.
RE5cPv O19 PQ!IoI, CT ION RAT E, R%.9 13>9.

LIBYA 97LLAW 1 I F2ICTION ?lIYP )ELT 4 FL341VC FL Jl!l LE$ELS FO ICTICI! #ELt HEAI Q*1E L,3SS
PI 11 ---- + ---- ● ------ ?&l E 3PP q4P T(:311G CdSIX? L3SS PRESSUR: 1.IIV$ 1’3
1[ PI Psl/Bv O Q*PD Psl PSIG MW, CEET PSI PS[G FRICTt O~

25. 5. 0.24c12b 2111. 622. 2337. 1552. 1651. 0.=, + 0.2 2.2
X . 10. 0.16>23 10+3. 184. 220$. 19s6. 1955. 0.+2 0.> 3.0
2=.. 15. O.1O6F6 1$57. 97. 2161. 2057. 2057. 0.29 0.3 2.5
27. 20. Cl. Oqol $ 1156. se. 21.+. 20’39. 2C98. 0.19 0.3 2.1
25. 25. ‘?. P801$ 9;4. 39. 2135. 2111. 2117. 0.13 0.0 1.5
25. 30. ,1. 073-5 833. 21. ?131. 2121. 2127. 0.13 0.1 1.3
25. 35. 0.06869 592. 23. 212s. 2132. 2132. 0.07 0.3 1.1
25. *O. 9.06510 638. 15. Zlzq. 2115. 22.35. 0.05 0.0 0.9
25. +5. 0.06231 553. 12. 2127. 2139. .3138. 0.05 Q. 3 0. .s
25. 50. D. 030.>8 691. 1’2. ?125. 2139. 2139. 0.06 0.3 0.7
50. 0.22026 2113. 623. 2355. 0.3 2.5
+0. 1:: 0.12021 16.1. 15+. 2211.
1610.
IQ+>.
1509.
1%.?.
0.54
0.3+ 0.3 2.9
~~ . 15. 0.08682 1097. 7>. 2153. 2056. 205+. 0.17 0.3 1.9
50. 20. 9.07011 72$.. 36. 21.6. 2097. 2097. 0.03 0. a 1.1
50. 25. 0.06008 671. 20. 2135. 2116. 2115. 0.06 0.3 0.7
50. 30. 0.05339 343. 11. 2132. Zlzb. 212’5. 0.02 0.2 0.$
m . 35. 3.06862 2%7. 7. 212q. 2131. 2131. 0.01 9.3 0.2
50. 40. 0.04504 lq+. 5. 2129. 2134. 2136. 0.01 0.3 0.2
50. +5. 0.06225 I&o. 3. ?127. 2137. 2137. 0.03 0.3 0.1
50. 50.. 0.04002 139. 2. ?1.?6. 2138. 213S. 0.0.2 0.3 0.1

—=

= -— 2 1-1-
ea

. .

‘E
0

II

0
z
16 SPE 3733

..

DUMPFLOOD ANALYSIS CHART

FIGURE 2