Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系 Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系

Principle of Physics, 9th Ed Principle of Physics, 9th Ed

Halliday & Resnic Halliday & Resnic

8th Ed【CH39】Matter-Wave Traps 8th Ed【Problem 39-9】：9th Ed【Problem 39-11】

9th Ed【CH39】More About Matter Waves An electron is trapped in a one-dimensional infinite potential well. For what (a) higher quantum
number and (b) lower quantum number is the corresponding energy difference equal to the energy
8th Ed：Homework of CH 39
of the n = 5 level? (c) Show that no pair of adjacent levels has an energy difference equal to the
3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 33, 35, 37, 41, 45
energy of the n = 6 level.

8th Ed【Problem 39-3】：9th Ed【Problem 39-5】

What must be the width of a one-dimensional infinite potential well if an electron trapped in it in
the n = 3 state is to have an energy of 4.7 eV?
<解>：Let the quantum numbers of the pair in question be n and n + 1 , respectively. We note that

En +1 − E n =
bn + 1g h
2
2
n2h2
2

2
=−
b g
2n + 1 h 2

8 mL 8mL 8mL2
Therefore, En +1 − En = (2n + 1) E1 . Now
<解>：We can use the mc2 value for an electron from Table 37-3 ( mc 2 = 511×103 eV ) and
hc = 1240eV ⋅ nm by writing Eq. 39-4 as b g
En +1 − En = E5 = 52 E1 = 25E1 = 2n + 1 E1 ,

En =
n2h2
=
n hc b g2 2
which leads to 2n + 1 = 25 , or n = 12 . Thus,
8mL2 8 mc 2 L2c h
.
(a) The higher quantum number is n + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13 .
(b) The lower quantum number is n = 12 .
For n = 3 , we set this expression equal to 4.7 eV and solve for L:

b b g
(c) Now let En +1 − En = E6 = 62 E1 = 36 E1 = 2n + 1 E1 ,
L=
b g
n hc
=
3 1240 eV ⋅ nm g = 0.85 nm. which gives 2n + 1 = 36 , or n = 17.5 . This is not an integer, so it is impossible to find
8cmc h E
2
n c hb
8 511 × 103 eV 4.7 eV g the pair that fits the requirement.

8th Ed【Problem 39-7】：9th Ed【Problem 39-1】 8th Ed【Problem 39-11】：9th Ed【Problem 39-9】
An electron in a one-dimensional infinite potential well of length L has ground-state energy E1 . Suppose that an electron trapped in a one-dimensional infinite well of width 250 pm is excited from
The length is changed to L′ so that the new ground-state energy is E1′ = 0.5 E1 . What is the ratio its first excited state to its third excited state. (a) What energy must be transferred to the electron for
this quantum jump? The electron then de-excites back to its ground state by emitting light. In the
L′
? various possible ways it can do this, what are the (b) shortest, (c) second shortest, (d) longest, and (e)
L
second longest wavelengths that can be emitted? (f) Show the various possible ways on an
energy-level diagram. If light of wavelength 29.4 nm happens to be emitted, what are the (g)
longest and (h) shortest wavelength that can be emitted afterwards?

<解>：According to Eq. 39-4 En ∝ L– 2. As a consequence, the new energy level E'n satisfies

En′ FG IJ = FG L IJ
L′
−2 2
1
En
=
L H K H L′ K =
2
,
<解>：We can use the mc 2 value for an electron from Table 37-3 ( mc 2 = 511× 103 eV ) and
hc = 1240eV ⋅ nm by rewriting Eq. 39-4 as
L′
which gives L ′ = 2 L. Thus, the ratio is = 2 = 1.41.
L
En =
n2h2
=
b g
n 2 hc
2

2
c h
8mL 8 mc 2 L2
.

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Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系 Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系
Principle of Physics, 9th Ed Principle of Physics, 9th Ed
Halliday & Resnic Halliday & Resnic

(a) The first excited state is characterized by n = 2 , and the third by n′ = 4 . Thus,
8th Ed【Problem 39-13】：9th Ed【Problem 39-15】
( hc ) (1240eV ⋅ nm )
2 2

ΔE =
8 ( mc 2 ) L2
( n′ 2
−n 2
)= (4 2
−2 2
)
8 ( 511× 103 eV ) ( 0.250nm )
2 An electron is trapped in a one-dimensional infinite potential well that is 100 pm wide; the electron
is in its ground state. What is the probability that you can detect the electron in an interval of width
= ( 6.02eV ) (16 − 4 ) Δx = 5 pm centered at x = (a) 25 pm, (b) 50 pm, and (c) 90 pm? (Hint: The interval Δx is so
= 72.2eV . narrow that you can take the probability density to be constant within it.)
Now that the electron is in the n' = 4 level, it can “drop” to a lower level (n'') in a
variety of ways. Each of these drops is presumed to cause a photon to be emitted of
wavelength

l=
hc
=
8 mc 2 L2
c
c h
h
En ′ − En′′ hc n ′ 2 − n ′′ 2
. z
<解>：The probability that the electron is found in any interval is given by P = ψ dx , where the
2

integral is over the interval. If the interval width Δx is small, the probability can be
For example, for the transition n′ = 4 to n′′ = 3 , the photon emitted would have approximated by P = |ψ|2 Δx, where the wave function is evaluated for the center of the
wavelength interval, say. For an electron trapped in an infinite well of width L, the ground state
c hb
8 511 × 103 eV 0.250 nm g 2 probability density is
l=
b1240 eV ⋅ nmgc4 − 32 h = 29.4 nm,
ψ =
FG IJ
2 2 px
H K
2 2
sin ,
L L
and once it is then in level n′′ = 3 it might fall to level n′′′ = 2 emitting another F 2Δx IJ sin FG px IJ .
P=G
H L K H LK
2
So
photon. Calculating in this way all the possible photons emitted during the
de-excitation of this system, we obtain the following results: (a) We take L = 100 pm, x = 25 pm, and Δx = 5.0 pm. Then,
(b) The shortest wavelength that can be emitted is l 4→1 = 13.7nm.
(c) The second shortest wavelength that can be emitted is l 4→2 = 17.2nm. P=
LM 2b5.0 pmg OP sin LM pb25 pmg OP = 0.050.
2

(d) The longest wavelength that can be emitted is l 2→1 = 68.7 nm. N 100 pm Q N 100 pm Q
(e) The second longest wavelength that can be emitted is l 3→2 = 41.2 nm. (b) We take L = 100 pm, x = 50 pm, and Δx = 5.0 pm. Then,
(f) The possible transitions are shown next. The energy levels are not drawn to scale.
P=
LM 2b5.0 pmg OP sin LM pb50 pmg OP = 010
2
. .
N 100 pm Q N 100 pm Q
(c) We take L = 100 pm, x = 90 pm, and Δx = 5.0 pm. Then,

P=
LM 2b5.0 pmg OP sin LM pb90 pmg OP = 0.0095.
2

(g) A wavelength of 29.4 nm corresponds to 4 → 3 transition. Thus, it could make either
the 3 → 1 transition or the pair of transitions: 3 → 2 and 2 → 1 . The longest
wavelength that can be emitted is l 2→1 = 68.7 nm.
(h) The shortest wavelength that can next be emitted is l 3→1 = 25.8nm.
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N 100 pm Q N 100 pm Q
8th Ed【Problem 39-15】：9th Ed【Problem 39-13】
A one-dimensional infinite well of length 200 pm contains an electron in its third excited state. We
position an electron-detector probe of width 2.00 pm so that it is centered on a point of maximum
probability density. (a) What is the probability of detection by the probe? (b) If we insert the probe
as described 1000 times, how many times should we expect the electron to materialize on the end of
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Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系 Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系
Principle of Physics, 9th Ed Principle of Physics, 9th Ed
Halliday & Resnic Halliday & Resnic

the probe (and thus be detected)? unacceptable?

<解>：The position of maximum probability density corresponds to the center of the well:
x = L / 2 = (200 pm) / 2 = 100 pm.
(a) The probability of detection at x is given by Eq. 39-11:
2
⎡ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞
p ( x) = ψ n2 ( x)dx = ⎢ sin ⎜ x ⎟ ⎥ dx = sin 2 ⎜ x ⎟ dx
⎣ L ⎝ L ⎠⎦ L ⎝ L ⎠ （圖 39-7）
For n = 3 , L = 200 pm and dx = 2.00 pm (width of the probe), the probability of
detection at x = L / 2 = 100 pm is
L 2 ⎛ 3π L ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3π ⎞ <解>：Schrödinger’s equation for the region x > L is
p ( x = ) = sin 2 ⎜ ⋅ ⎟ dx = sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ dx
2 L ⎝ L 2⎠ L ⎝ 2 ⎠ . d 2ψ 8π 2 m
+ 2 E − U 0 ψ = 0.
2 2
= dx = ( 2.00 pm ) = 0.020 dx 2 h
L 200 pm If ψ = De2kx, then d 2ψ/dx2 = 4k2De2kx = 4k2ψ and
(b) With N = 1000 independent insertions, the number of times we expect the electron to d 2ψ 8π 2 m 8π 2 m
2
+ 2 E − U 0 ψ = 4 k 2ψ + 2 E − U 0 ψ .
be detected is dx h h
n = Np = (1000)(0.020) = 20 . π
This is zero provided k =
h
b
2m U 0 − E . g
8th Ed【Problem 39-17】：9th Ed【Problem 39-17】 The proposed function satisfies Schrödinger’s equation provided k has this value. Since U0
An electron in the n = 2 state in the finite potential well of Fig. 39-7 absorbs 400 eV of energy is greater than E in the region x > L, the quantity under the radical is positive. This means k
from an external source. Using the energy-level diagram of Fig. 39-9, determine the electron’s is real. If k is positive, however, the proposed function is physically unrealistic. It increases
kinetic energy after this absorption, assuming that the electron moves to a position for which exponentially with x and becomes large without bound. The integral of the probability
x > L. density over the entire x-axis must be unity. This is impossible if ψ is the proposed function.

8th Ed【Problem 39-33】：9th Ed【Problem 39-37】

<解>：According to Fig. 39-9, the electron’s initial energy is 106 eV. After the additional energy is A neutron with a kinetic energy of 6.0 eV collides with a stationary hydrogen atom in its ground
absorbed, the total energy of the electron is 106eV + 400eV = 506eV . state. Explain why the collision must be elastic—that is, why kinetic energy must be conserved.
Since it is in the region x > L, its potential energy is 450 eV (see Section 39-5), so its kinetic (Hint: Show that the hydrogen atom cannot be excited as a result of the collision.)
energy must be 506eV − 450eV = 56eV .

8th Ed【Problem 39-19】：9th Ed【Problem 39-21】

(a) Show that for the region x > L in the finite potential well of Fig. 39-7, ψ ( x ) = De 2 kx is a <解>：If kinetic energy is not conserved, some of the neutron’s initial kinetic energy is used to
solution of Schrödinger’s equation in its one-dimensional form, where D is a constant and k is excite the hydrogen atom. The least energy that the hydrogen atom can accept is the
positive. (b) On what basis do we find this mathematically acceptable solution to be physically difference between the first excited state (n = 2) and the ground state (n = 1). Since the
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Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系 Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系
Principle of Physics, 9th Ed Principle of Physics, 9th Ed
Halliday & Resnic Halliday & Resnic

energy of a state with principal quantum number n is –(13.6 eV)/n2, the smallest excitation
energy is

−13.6 eV −13.6 eV <解>：The energy E of the photon emitted when a hydrogen atom jumps from a state with principal
ΔE = E2 − E1 = − = 10.2 eV .
( 2) (1) quantum number n to a state with principal quantum number n′ is given by
2 2

⎛ 1 1 ⎞
E = A⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟
The neutron does not have sufficient kinetic energy to excite the hydrogen atom, so the ⎝ n′ n ⎠
hydrogen atom is left in its ground state and all the initial kinetic energy of the neutron ends E
where A = 13.6 eV. The frequency f of the electromagnetic wave is given by f = and the
up as the final kinetic energies of the neutron and atom. The collision must be elastic. h
c
wavelength is given by λ = . Thus,
f
8th Ed【Problem 39-35】：9th Ed【Problem 39-33】 1 f E A⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= = = ⎜ − ⎟.
What are the (a) energy, (b) magnitude of the momentum, and (c) wavelength of the photon emitted λ c hc hc ⎝ n′2 n 2 ⎠
when a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from a state with n = 3 to a state with n = 1 ? The shortest wavelength occurs at the series limit, for which n = ∞ . For the Balmer series,
4hc
n′ = 2 and the shortest wavelength is λB = . For the Lyman series, n′ = 1 and the
A
hc λ
shortest wavelength is λL = . The ratio is B = 4 .
A λL
<解>：(a) Since energy is conserved, the energy E of the photon is given by E = Ei − E f , where Ei

8th Ed【Problem 39-41】：9th Ed【Problem 39-51】

is the initial energy of the hydrogen atom and E f is the final energy. The electron
What is the probability that in the ground state of the hydrogen atom, the electron will be found at a
−13.6eV radius greater than the Bohr radius? (Hint: See Sample Problem 39-8.)
energy is given by , where n is the principal quantum number. Thus,
n2

−13.6 eV −13.6 eV
E = E3 − E1 = − = 12.1eV .
( 3) (1)
2 2

<解>：According to Sample Problem 39-8, the probability the electron in the ground state of a
(b) The photon momentum is given by hydrogen atom can be found inside a sphere of radius r is given by

p=
E
=
b
12.1 eV 160 gc
. × 10−19 J eV h
= 6.45 × 10−27 kg ⋅ m s .
c
p ( r ) = 1 − e −2 x 1 + 2 x + 2 x 2 h
c 3.00 × 108 m s
where x = r/a and a is the Bohr radius. We want r = a , so x = 1 and
(c) Using hc = 1240eV ⋅ nm , the wavelength is p(a ) = 1 − e −2 (1 + 2 + 2) = 1 − 5e −2 = 0.323.
hc 1240 eV ⋅ nm The probability that the electron can be found outside this sphere is 1 − 0.323 = 0.677 . It can
λ= = = 102 nm .
E 12.1eV be found outside about 68% of the time.

8th Ed【Problem 39-37】：9th Ed【Problem 39-31】 8th Ed【Problem 39-45】：9th Ed【Problem 39-43】
What is the ratio of the shortest wavelength of the Balmer series to the shortest wavelength of the In the ground state of the hydrogen atom, the electron has a total energy of −13.6eV . What are (a)
Lyman series? its kinetic energy and (b) its potential energy if the electron is one Bohr radius from the central
nucleus?
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Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系
Principle of Physics, 9th Ed
Halliday & Resnic

<解>：(a) and (b) Letting a = 5.292 ×10−11 m be the Bohr radius, the potential energy becomes

U =−
e2
=
c hc
8.99 × 109 N ⋅ m2 C 2 1602
. × 10−19 C h 2

= −4.36 × 10−18 J = −27.2 eV .

−11
4 πε 0 a 5.292 × 10 m

The kinetic energy is K = E − U = (−13.6eV ) − (−27.2eV ) = 13.6eV .

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