EIM ** MEASURING DEVICES A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity. In the physical sciences, activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of LIQ g a s and events, Established standard objects Soe and events are used as units, and the process of measurement ie ae ee are the means by which these relations of numbers are obtained. All measuring instruments are quality asstrance, and engineering, measurement is the real-world of gives a number relating the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement. Measuring instruments, and formal test methods which define the instrument's use, subject to varying degrees of instrument error and measurement uncertainty. » MULTIMETER A multimeter or a multilester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one —— unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. | Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common due to their cost and precision, but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when g Pp monitoring a rapidly varying value. _A multimeter can bea hand-held device usefal for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench instrument which can measure lo a very high clegree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide arvay of industrial and household devices such as lectronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems. » FREQUENCY METER A frequency meter is an instrument that displays the frequency of a periodic electrical signal. Various types of frequency meters are used. Many are instruments of the deflection type, ordinarily used for measuring low frequencies but capable of being used for frequencies as high as goo Hz. These operate by balancing two opposing forces. Changes in the frequency to be measured cause a change in this balance that can be measured by the deflection of | a pointer on a scale. Deflection-type meters are of two types, electrically resonant circuits and ratiometers. An example of a simple electrically resonant circuit is 2 moving- coil meter. In one version, this device has two coils tuned to different frequencies and connected at right angles to one another in such a way that the whole clement, with attached pointer, can move. Frequencies in the middle of the meter’s range cause the currents in the two coils to be approximately equal and the pointer to indicate the midpoint of a scale, Changes in frequency cause an imbalance in the currents in the two coils, causing them, and the pointer, to move. » VOLTMETER voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points ian electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion tothe voltage of the circuit: digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted in a panel are used (0 monitor generators or other fixed apparatus, Portable instruments, usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in the form ofa multimeter, are standard lest instruments used in electrical and electronics work. Any measurement that ah be converted to a voltage can 4 ee _ |be clisplayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated; for example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process plant General purpose analog voltmeters may have an accuracy of a few reused with voltages from a fraction ofa volt percent of full scale, an to several thousand volls. Digital meters can be made with high accuracy, ypically beter than 196, Specially calibrated test instruments have higher accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters using amplifiers can measure tiny voltages of microvolts or less. AMMETER ‘An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments which relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric Power systems. Itis generally represented by letter 'A' ina circle, Ammeters have very low resistance and are always connected in series in any circuit. ‘Types of Ammeter : © Moving Coil © Moving Magnet © Electrodynamic © Moving Iron © Hot Wire © Digital © Integrating : />» WATTMETER The watimeter is an instrument for meast ing the electric power (or the supply rate of electrical energy) in watls of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wallmeters are used for measurement of wllty frequency andl auulio frequency power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements. The traditional analog waltmeter is an electrodynamic instrument. The deviee consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils, and a movable coil known as the potential coil. The current evils are connected in series with the circuit, while the potential coil is connected in parallel, Also, on analog wattmeters, the potential coil carries a needle that moves over a scale to indicate the measurement. A cwrent flowing through the current coil generates an electromagnetic field around the coil. The strength of this field is proportional to the line current and in phase with it. The potential coil has, as a general rule, a high-value resistor connected in series with it to reduce the current that flows through it. GALVANOMETER A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument used for detecting and indicating electric Vv current. A galvanometer works as an actuator, by producing a rotary deflection (ofa pointer"), in response to electrie current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field. Early galvanometers were not calibrated, but their later developments were used as measuring instruments, called ammeters, to measure the current flowing through an electric circuit, Galvanometers developed from the observation that the needle of a magnetic compass is deflected near a wire thal has electric current flowing through it, first described by Hans Christian rsted in 1820. They were the first instruments used to detect and measure small amounts of electric currents. André-Marie Amptre, who gave mathematical expression lo Orsted's discovery and oe after the Halian electricity jerk