Emergency Medicine in Ancient

Indian Literature

R.G. Singh", H.S. Bajpai**

The paper highlights scope of utilisa- the mankind. With the passsage
tion of Ayurveda in handling emergen-
of time and with contem-
cies. References to poisoning. surgical
porary influences, this ancient
and obstetrical emergencies are made.
science of Ayurveda became a
systematised medical system
explaining with meticulous care
on diseases, drugs and other par-
Introduction: ticulars like health regimens. Her-
mann Bass has summed up the
The emergency cases in medical Indian medicine in his "Outline
practice have got their own import- of History of Medicine and the
ance and peculiarity. Theyrequire medical practitioner" (1889) by
an immediate attention, consistent saying. "We must assign to it,
with scientific approach for their at all events, a superiority over
appropriate management. the Egytian and Jewish, indeed
it may claim even the first rank."
Ayurveda is one of the oldest The Neubergers also expressed
systems of medicine known to similar opinion in his book.
"History of medicine". But still
the present available literature on
Ayurveda may not be the true
reflection of the treasure of know-
ledge as majority of things were
• Lecturer in Medicine
lost due to the lack of press and
•• Professor and Head Department of
Medicine
printing facilities. But still we
Department of Medicine Institute' of seti that 'Ayurveda' was in
Medical Sciences. Banaras Hindu all its competency a fully establi-
University, Varanasi-221005. shed system and the concept of

358
 emergency management was a ing patients may be blessed with
well recognised speciality in it. life. Bhaishajya Ratnawali also
There are evidences to support endorses this view by saying.
that even the seminars and dis-
cussions were also organised to lfTCfa 'fi1J3iTa: srl1lTHflCfa 'fiflfT srffff"filfT I
"' "'

express and exchange their views 'fi~ff"f;;;~q1l1lt<f ~lSelhlSeTfq ;:;rrCff<:rII

on this speciality. The Father of -i'rq'Jlf <:~<JTCf~rI
the Surgery, Maharshi Sushruta
has clearly mentioned the definite "Appropriate treatment must be
importance of emergency manage- carried out ti II the Iast breath of
ment over the ordinary manaqe- the patient's life because some-
ment in Sushruta Samhita as times luckily even the dying pat-
ient may su II, ive".
~f<:rqrf<:r~ <:1~~ i?r;:~nif'6ffll# f"ll'loti.
5f~rC<:rPTHCf:;;~"tl;:r"a?f ~lfTq 5ffa- In this very short communica-
tion, it is attempted to present a
f"filfTl! II ~o~o V'q
glimpse of the concept of the
"In emergency cases, the doctor emergency. For the purpose of
should not apply the routine met- convenience, the concept can be
hoes of treatment, instead he sho- divided as below
uld act as if his own house is on
(a) Concept of emergency in
fi re."
Kava Chikitsa
The identification of the under-
(b) Concept of emergency in
lying disease is very important in
Salya Salakya
the management of an emergency
(c) Concept of emergency in
case and to know the progress
Charaka Samhita has clearly Prasuti Tantra
classified the diseases into two, (d) Concept of emergency in
depending upon the prognosis Kaumar Bhritya
of the case, as curable and (e) Concept of emergence in
incurable diseases, the incura- other diseases
ble group is again subdivided into
palliable and cornplete.v irreversi- (A) Con.::ept of emergency
ble to the treatment. medicine in Kayo Chikitso

In the manaqerncnt of the em- Kaya Chikitse is one of the

ergency cases, each and every
known resuscitative measure, de-
pending upon the case was in
practice and even the practitioners
were advised to fight the death till
last because some times the dy-
eight branches of Ayurveda which
deals with the medical aspect of
diseases. Most of the medical
diseses have been described in
the ancient literature; the approach
is based on the pri nciple of Tridosha

359
 and other aetiopa thogenesic lines.
Though the common medical con-
ditions have been described in
detail but sti II an emphasis has
been put on the emergency mana-
gement of the suitable cases.
Even the diseases havebeenclassi-
fied as per prognosis, etiology,
clinical features, severity and
complication. The common medi-
cal emergencies dealt are different
types of fainting, unconsciousness,
liver failure, heart ailments incl-
uding the cardiac arrest.. Respira-
tory diseases, acute generalized
oedema, inflammatory brain dis-
eases and various types of poison-
ing etc. in Charak and Susruta
Samhitas. Vagbhatta had taken a
middle path and even had impro-
ved same parts especially in the
management.
The fainting and unconscious-
ness has been dealt in great detail
in Charak Samhita. The Murcha
due to' Tridoshe' i.e. vata, pitta and
'Kephe' has been dealt with in
good length. In those days sop-
histicated equipment and the
machines were not available for
the resuscitation but still Charak
Samhita highlights the principles
involved in the management of
unconsciousness as application
of stimulating substances as col-
Iyrin, smoke sunff, needling
burning, causing pain, pick-
ing of hairs, biting by teeth,
giving stimulating drinks etc.,
While stressing the importance
360
of immediate action, Charaka
mentioned.
. ~ ;:rr ~;:1:fTmt;:1:f~cr:'iiPSof"lJcrr 1!crr'Tll: I
~I~fq~;r~a- ~'h:r" ~'Rqr ~~: 'fi~T
f'ii1:fTll.:II
~if~+rf~ 1:f~r 11;r~~ '~T~;:f ~H1:fT q~: I
, ""
~~;:rf1:fTcr cr'-'flf>rrcCfTcr~T ~;:'lHfqTf~(illll
C , ,
'qo ~o ~){I){¥I){X
"Sudden loss of consciousness
and vital function (e. g. cardiac
arrest) making the patient almost
dead and wood-like demands
measures that are immediately
effective, otherwise the life will
extinct soon. In such cases action
should be taken with the same
quicknesswith which a wise person
would try to grab the utensil
which has fallen in deep waters
before it reaches the bottom."
Vagbhatta also in his Ashtang
Hridaya' mentioned these
measures.
The poisioning is other common
emergency calling for immediate
action. It has been discussed at
length in our literature and even
the'rnoderntext books of toxicology
might not have dealt with to that
extent. The routes of administra-
tion of poisons as well as the
effect of poisonous foods on ani-
mals and different birds have also
been described. The poisoning
through poisonous girls (fq~ ;n;:1:fT)
was a common mode of poisoning
in royal families. The Kalp
Sthana' of Susrutasamhita' is
mainly devoted to the poisoning.
The effects of poisoning on the
tongue and its treatment has been
beautifully mentioned as.
~ ~a.: 'sHnG:rr~)~T~T aG:;",:!q~qa-
9;fliol;n!qT!'aT f\if~qT <lqc!n:~~t~.,T
(];'aa- ~~a- ~Tfq Q~!)~T
a;r ifTtilf<:cf ifili ll:;;~
ifiTfliOifil!, II ~ 0 cp 0
"If such poisoned food is
taken through carelessness or
by temptation, the tongue be-
comes stone-like, loses the sensa-
tion of taste, bricking and burn-
ing pain is felt in it and copious
mucoid discharge comes out of the
mouth. The measures already
laid down for the treatment of the
poisoned food vapours as well as
those to be described for the poi-
soned tooth brush should be
adopted.
When the poison is administered
orally, the treatise advocates use
of emetics and other methods
and the following verses provide
a glimpse of approach prescribed.
t;I::;;~Y ~fG:qcr')~H~Tell'T;:f
<qf'~lI'TlIJ't~ ci~c~ fllTG:TcpTQTllrm~ II
a;rTSJ; ~G:.,r;,;rF~f.f1:ifTifi)QTmifi')qj~:
g,ct;:f ~e~G:f~q~>rll'T~~FfT
~ o cprq e ~ I'¥ =, '¥ ~ I
"When the food is mixed with
poison and when it reaches the
stomach, there is fainting, vomit-
ing, diarrhoea tympanits, burning
sensation, tremors and derange-
ment of the sense organs. an
emetic consisting of madana
elebu, bimbi and kosataki fruits'
should be administered along with
II
Yoghurt, butter milk or with rice
II
washing."
~TPHa.:
~fU:;;llij I In modern practice of toxico-
~lI'T~G:r;a-
logy also, it is observed that the
emetics play an important role in
~ I~t;, H
orally administered non-corrosive
poisons; if proper aspiration is
not possible, the emetics have
been advocated in classical trea-
tise of Ayurveda to protect the
heart. The importance given on
protecting heart is well described
in Susrutasamhita (Kalpasthan)
in the following couplet:
fq(q;,;rT~'lifielhQT~~8l<:UTl'~f~: I
~<t~~'1(a~G:!iT <lfelcf lI'fG: ci fCf"i'~ II
~o 'fi" ~It;~ I
"If a man has taken a poison
his heart should be well protected
and he should be made to vomit
with pippa/i, madhuyasti. honey.
sugar, expressed juices of sugar-
cane and water."
G:T~~q~
A similar reference is available
also in Ashtanga Sangraha.
I
a1l3~ Tl'~/rr II The snake bite is another com-
mon problem calling for immediate
attention. The elaborate descrip-
tion includes types of snakes. their
individual effect of poisons on
361
 different systems and their treat- elective surgery was added in the
ment. Even the importance of 'Selve' especially in cases of
the age of the snake and other fistula-in-ano, piles, hydrocoele,
factors responsible for the plastic surgery of burns etc.
fatality of the bite is also given
due consideration in the manage- The importance of the blood
ment. The following verse of was an established fact and it
Sushurta Samhita stresses the used to be considered as origin of
importance of age of snake in life. During the surgery, all
fatality. attempts were put to preserve it
because the transfusion facility
G"<ff'li~l
~Tf'illFoT
-
~q ol!(!TT Gf~T t:rusf<1rr~o~r
~
I
GfilTllt::<rT ;:;rTlF~ 1!~l];~oGf : I
was not existing in those days.
The following verse from Sushurta
rr~<1Tff<1oT OI"T"I"T
OI"Tfl:f0l"5T~ffT: ~~T :
Samhita stresses-

~~r ~ifcW'.l"'qT +JTffr: ~qTHCH;qfOl"qT:

~~~r.r~f\;"ft ~~ ~f\;"f~~q \;"fT;f~ I
~lloT: " ~ 0 1ii0 )( I ~ =l
otllTWfilrr ftr.~'l/·Ha ;:;rrq~fa f~trfa: II

Darvikara snakes of young age, ~o~" ~)(I)()(

Mandalin of old age and Rajimat

"Blood is the origin of the body;
snakes of middle age are the cau-
the body totally depends upon it
ses of death in a victim.
and hence every attempt must
be made to preserve it. In other
These snakes which are rava-
words, blood is equivalent to the
ged by mangoose, or very young
life itself."
or are disstressed on account of
water, or emaciated and also those The importance was attached
which are old. Those which have to the water and electrolyte
cast off their skin recently or balance of the body and its
frightened are said to be less imbalance was a recognised con-
poisonous." dition which isclear by the follow-
of Emergency ing verse of Charak Samhita.
(8) Concept
Medicine in Sa/yo U~: efllJfTf~ ~WT ci o«f~'fTq'qrr.r~I
Sa/akya-
~o~o ~=lIH
The surgical part of Ayurveda
"In case of quick loss of fluid
mainly evolved to deal with
immediate replacement restores
the emergencies. If we trace
the balance and stabilizes the
the history, most of the
patient. "
operations were performed initi-
ally as an emergency procedure The nausea and vomiting
of treatment and later on only, the produces lot of problems during

362
the operation, starvation is manda- case, surgical intervention is
tory as a pre-operative measure required and extraction is con-
to ensure a good operation. The sidered desirable, it should be
following verse of Sushruta done only after carefully examining
Samhita stresses the need of the vital organs."
starvation before emergency
The significance of the artificial
su.gery.
respiration and importance of the
~?;lT~I~T~1 S~l1~TlllT;:~'ljl::cf'ftitl>q- first aid in the patients of impen-
'!CfCfCfCf:'filf ,!q1:r I ~o~ XI ~ ~ ding shock is mentioned as below
in Susruta Samhita.
"The patient should be comple-
QJ')CI~rt ;jf~;f;j ~:;;~;:Cll1qij''if~a:. j
tely starving before surgical
procedures as abdominal condi- ~~~~flf lJl1if~ l1§u~;;mJ~:;;'if a-~ II
tions, piles, calculous diseases, ~o~o ~191 ~ ~ I
fistula-in-ane, and surgical condi-
tions of the mouth." "Cold water should be sprin-
kled on the patients who are
In ancient days, wars and gradually loosing consciousness;
aggressions were the order of the his vital parts should be protected
day and the injury with the and his respiration should be
arrows, knives and spears were revived again and again.
quite frequent in surgical practice,
The venesection was the emer-
which in turn may lead to exces-
gency method of choice in the
sive haemorrhage and shock. The
treatment of hypertension and
following verse of the Sushruta
other hypervolumic states. Vagb-
Samhita describes the prodromal
hata mentioned in Ashtang
features of shock due to excessive
sangraha that even the excessive
haemorrhage on account of
bleeding may lead to shock.
accident or foreign body.
A detailed management of such a
~:;rTf~~cr ~ CfCf:~'T~>J:, state is also described.
~<'fTlfa- rt~lffa- 'ifTflf ~~T I The injury to the vital parts
~CfT f~ ~cli fqfrt~~' fl1:;;~"t, has been considered as of
1111TtUrlfc?rrt Q-tle'lf 'fiia:. I immense importance. The signifi-
cance of injury at different
~o~To ~I~"
'mermes' (vulnarable areas) were
"After an accident or intro- the deciding factors for the nature
duction of foreign body there is of operation. The purpose of
intense amount of pain with knowing the extent of 'mermes'
gradual loss of and consciousness has been highlighted in the
ultimately resulting in shock. In following couplets.

363
t:!:er(,5fll'T~ll'fll',fte=lf ~~f;er er;;'~T:
~~;l~Cf).r'fi~l:!f qf~~(,lf 'fiTli~ II
lfW.rTf+lc:rTfererll'llr~ f<J~f;er ll'~
er~l:rrf~ ll'.rq~.r Ilf1:Cf;;f<JTlf~ II
~o~~TO
'The experts advise that one
should operate keeping in mind
the measurements of those marmas
to avoid them. Injury in the neigh-
bourhood of marmas can also
kill a person and, therefore, the
vulnerable areas must be excluded
(from the operation field).
collectively or separately in the
intestines of the patient, the faeces
alongwith the dosas gradually
accumulate in him like that in a
drain.'
~ I){ 0
The faeces then get obstructed
in his rectum and even when it
comes out, it is in very small
amounts and with difficulty. It
distends his abdomen between the
praecordium and umbilicus and
faecal smell is present in the
vomitus; this condition should be
known as baddhagudodara.

The abdominal emergencies as The orthopaedic emergency

intestinal colic, haemetemesis, cases accounts for a good bulk of
intestinal obstruction and disten- work in any casuality department
tion were well recognised entities. even to day. The various ortho-
Their clinical features, signs and paedic emergencies as fractures,
symptoms and their management dislocation and sprains are desc-
have been well described in ribed in a great detail in Sushruta
Susruta Samhita. The signs and Samhita including their specific
symptoms of the intestinal obst- management. The classification of
ruction described in Susruta
the fractures and sprains in
Samhita are given below: Sushruta Samhita reflects of deep
penetrating observation. A sample
lf~l(F'!fll';:;f(iIl~fqf~Cfi OfT~T~ll'f+lCfT
verse on fractures is furnished
~f~~: ~~'''fT I
below for appreciation.
~'<I'tlfij Cf'!fll'{1: q~l~: ';filT~ <JT~lfTfll'~
q~<:T f~ I er1i\!TH~Tfrr rr~ll;:a- +l;;'lf;:a-rr{1Cf)Tfrr~ I J

f<J'l~lfff '<I'Hlf l];~'];~Tq' f'l=t fer ~'ii~T~fq' Ofill!{1Tfrr fCff~~Fa- f~cfi'Cf (i'<l''fiTfrr 'q' II
'<I'l~q'll'~qlf ~o f<J~rro tY,.I~~, ~13

&;:<JTf+lll'eit Ilf~~f~lTfer Cf:;;'<I'T~~

"The cartilaginous bones bend
f .(~qll';rf'<1'1'i '<I' I
the tubular bones break, the flat
5f'ii3;~lf"t Of;g:,!~T fq+lToll:~erer: lff~QI'r-
bones get fissured and the small
ol];~~ f<JiiiTc:rI ~ 0 f<J~T<J0 131~ 13,~ t;, H. bones get cracked."

'When food or slimy subs- Tetanus was also known and

tances, hair or small stones gather the description from Susruta

364
Samhita will be interesting tion where strict bed rest is recom-
(Susru ta Nidansthan, Chap. 2) mended as the first and foremost
necessity.
(C) Concept of Emergency
Medicine in Ancient Obst- The diagnosis and treatment of
etric (Prasuti) Practice. the intrauterine death which at
times may need an emergency
The various obsteric and intervention has also been
gynaecological diseases have been mentioned in the'sarirsthan' of
described and practiced in great Susruta Samhita. The signs of
detail in the ancient medicallitera- the death described in Susruta
ture when the so called modern Samhita is as below:
advanced countries of today were
passing through their stone age. q"lli~q;:~'llfrq'hff !:f~m: ~!Hq'lTO;oT I
This is probably the result of the "llcrc1!:;;~"fr~!J:fcn:cf
~~ 'if1;:oJie- f~~itII
close observation and speculation ~o fij 0 C;I n
of our Maharshis and Physicians in
those days. The method of normal "Stoppage of foetal heart and
delivery has been covered well labour pains, occurence of cyanosis
in Ashtanga Sanghraha (Sarirsthan or palor, foetid odour in the
Chap. III) The abnormal ectopic breath and pain occur after the
presentation, their clinical features death of the foetus."
and method of treatment is also
discussed (Chap. 3 and 4 of Sarir Sushruta indicated the signs
Sthan of Ashtang Sangraha). The of imminent death of the
manoeuvers to be followed incase foetus which in turn may be
of delivery of the obstructed labour injurious for the mother too. The
reads that the lady should lie verse regarding this is as below :
supine with folding leg and a pad
should be kept below the waist to !:fforelifa-f~'T liT ~ ~fTClT1i:rf'f"{'l:or'lr I
raise her waist. The Surgeon then 'fl;:;rT:;rof~n:T~f;:tr ~T fPT ~ 'if trf trtfT II
should apply the lubricating gum ~ 0 f'f 0 C; It t
on the hand and extract the
product. "The mother who is cons-
tantly shaking her head and whose
The types of abortion and their
body feels cold or that woman
management is also described in who is shameless or has prominent
Sarirsthan of Ashtang Sangraha. bluish veins kills the foetus; so
It is said that abortion is very also, the foetus kills her."
common during the first
trimester of the pregnancy, the Indication for caesarian section
treatment of the threatened abor- is clearly given by Sushruta as

365
 qHilfT~fqq''iPH: ~f~:srt'q.~~ lff~ I Samhita clearly show the recogni-
Cfc~IlTI;;:;jf;lf1fir~ a' qT(!flfccrT~~~f~li[~ II tion of dehydration and their
~of;;~ro c;q'(l
treatment in infants.

+tT~~:!,;Ye:tlfTtrt'lfqT~HH~qft'''i ;;Tlf~~ II
"If the bleatings are still there
in the womb (of the mother) in Cf~lf q:~~'lf~'fCf~lf ~fq;f~<:if;:~CfJt "

labour suffering as a dying goat, qT'iT'j:<i"l'ilftztl;;:<i ~)cfll:~~'iI;:fCf"iT i I

the physician should deliver out ~e~o ~ol'(~

the foetus immediately, after
opening the abdomen." Due to shrinkage of mastulunga,
vata depresses the anterior
(0) Concept of Emergency fontanelle. Such a chi Id suffers
Medicine in Ancient from thirst and looks ill. It
Paediatric Practice shou Id be given ghrta processed
with madhura group of drugs for
The ancient paediatric practice
sipping and massage and the
was included under'KumarBhritya'.
child should be kept alert by
'Charaka' initially considered that
(sprinkling) cold water on the
most of the diseases prevalent in
face.
adults are also common to the
children and treatment only varies
Diphitheria was a common
by substantial reduction in the
disease of the children and it was
dose of the medicine but 'Sushruta'
known by the name of Rohini in
and 'Vaqbhatta' considered it to be
parlance of Ayurveda. The fol/ow-
due to effect of 'Grehes' i.e. an
ing verse of Sushruta samhita pro-
effect of the external power and
vide clearly the aetiopathogenesis
described accordingly in the form
picture of the diphitheria as.
of symptom-complexes. Later
on various emergency conditions iT~~frr~: fq~1fiq;l :q ~f'ij~Cf1
of the children were well recognis-
Q"il.T1fi
t:. •.•.
trlf~Cfr~:q a~q ~tfmCflf.•.• '"
,
ed and suitable prescriptionswere
~~(;lf lmf iT~~)ftr'i)S6~<:lrr I
given according to the nature of
the diseases. ~~f.cr lfT'i trTS~~<:T f~ <:)f~llT) II
~o f;;~To ~\'¥131
The various diseases of the
gastrointestinal tract leads to an The fatal disease, in which the
early and quick dehydration in the throat is afflicted by (vitiated)
children in comparison to the vata, pitta and kapha separately
adults so due importance and or all together and also by sonita
attention is given for the recognisa- which vitiates the muscular tissue
tion of dehydration in the children. and produce buds which obstruct
The following verse of Sushruta the throat, is cal/ed Robini."

366
 Thus the emergency measures Acknowledgement:
were indicated in these conditions
affecting the paediatric age group. The authors are thankful to
Prof. K.N. Udupa, Director, Insti-
(E) Other Emergency Cases: tute of Medical Sciences, for
his direction and Prof.
Other emergency conditions
G.N. Chaturvedi, Dr. G.P. Dubey
like drowning, alcoholism, psychia-
and Dr. K.P. Sukla of the Deptt.
tric illness as Schizophrenia,
of Kaya Chikitsa for their conti-
mania etc. were also gives due
nuous help.
importance in the Ancient Indian
literature.

The few foregoing examples

highlight the concept of emer-
gency management of various ~~ ~l.?I' ~ il'Tq-Cf~T("f);r fq~T"Cf~n-
disorders; an elaborate ex-
;;r'l:i qf~f~~fCfl:il it il'rl~}i~)l:i wriT ~1
ploration is mandatory to explore
this treasure of the knowledge in
~ql:i)fqCfT it; ~at6T it SI'~r ~I ~T("fT qlfT
order to serve the suffering ~ I fq~, ~~lf, Sl'ij'fcrfcnrrrr)
~ !JfTqTcr-
,
humanity. ~r("frrr ~i'~1f~';:'<!Cf f~lJ qit ~ I

REJ:ERENCES

Deo, Atri, Ghanekar, 1968 Sushrut Samhita, IV ed.,

S. B. G. Motilal Banarasi Prasad Delhi.

Gupta, Atrideo 1951 Ashtang Samgraha, Part I. Ed.,

Nirnaya Sagar Printers, Bombay.

Gode. P. K. 1956 The oldest dated paper manus-

cripts of Vangasena, Chikitsa
Sar Sangraha, I. J. H. M.,
1-2 29.

Herman Bass (1889) 1973 History of Science and Techno-

quoted by Jaggi OP logy in India, Vol. IV.

Jaggi, O. P. 1973 History of Science and Techno-

logy in India Vol. IV Indian
System of Medicine First Ed.
Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.

367
 Emergency Medicine in Ancient Indian Literature

Kutumbiah, P. 1962 Ancient Indian Medicine, Orient

Longmans, Madras.

Neuberger, 1973 History of Medicine quoted by

O.P. Jaggi in History of Science
and Technology in India,Vol. IV.

Rao, B. K. 1956 Gynaecology in ancient India,

I. J. H. M.

Rao, B. K. 1963 Obstretics in India over 2000

yrs. ago, I. J. H. M. 8: 1 and
2 : 17.

Sharma R. K., Dash V. B. 1976 Charaka Samhita, Vol. I. Ed. Ist,

Chowkhambha Sanskrit Series,
Varanasi.

Shastri, R. D., Upadhyaya,Y., 1962 Charak Samhita of Agni-

Pandey G.S., Gupta, B.D. vesa, Revised by Charaka and
Dridhabala, Hrst Ed. Chowk-
hamba Vidya Bhawan, Varanasi.

Sinqhal. G. D., Singh, LM., 1972 Diagnostic consideration in An-

Singh, K. P. cient Indian Surgery, 1st Ed.,
Sammelan Mudranalaya,
Allahabad, India.

Singhal, G. D., 1976 Toxicological consideration

Dwivedi, R. N. in Ancient Indian Surgery, 1st
Ed. Sinqnals Publications.

Singhal, G. D., 1973 Anatomical and Obstretical con-

Guru, L. V. sideration in Ancient Indian
Surgery, 1st Ed., B. H. U. Press.

Singhal, G. D., 1963 Surgical ethics in Ayurveda, 1st

Gaur, D. S. Ed., The Chowkhamba Sanskrit
Series, Varanasi.

Singh, L. M. Susruta's contribution to the

Fundamentals of Surgery, I.J.H.
Sc., 5 : 136.

368
Upadhyaya, y. 1975 Ashtang Hridaya of Bagbhatta,
Fifth Ed., Chowkhambha Sanskrit
Sansthan, Varanasi.

Vidvalankar, A. D. 1960 Ayurved Ka Itihas, lst.. Ed. Hindi

Sahitya Sammelan, Prayag.

369