Professional Documents
Culture Documents
consolidated financial
statements
for 2015 year ends
PwC’s IFRS, corporate reporting and governance
publications and tools 2014/2015
IFRS technical publications
Manual of accounting – IFRS 2015*
Global guide to IFRS providing comprehensive practical guidance on how to prepare financial statements
in accordance with IFRS. Includes hundreds of worked examples and guidance on financial instruments.
The Manual is a three-volume set comprising:
• IFRS 2015 – Vol 1 & 2
• Illustrative IFRS consolidated financial statements for 2014 year ends.
counting
eporting 2015
nting’ contains PwC’s comprehensive guidance on preparing
rts under IAS 34, ‘Interim financial reporting’. It includes a
on the requirements of IAS 34 together with an illustrative
im financial statements, including additional guidance in
reporting 2015 High-level outline of the key requirements of
n how to present this information. Also included in the book
– IFRS 2014
oviding comprehensive practical guidance on how to prepare
Manual of
accounting
accordance with IFRS. Includes hundreds of worked examples,
accounts and guidance on financial instruments. The Manual is a
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financial statements.
-OS_v8.indd 1-3 19-09-2014 22:23:05
IFRS and US GAAP: similarities and Preparing your first IFRS financial
differences statements: Adopting IFRS
Comparison of the similarities and differences Explains how companies should select
between the reporting methods and the their new IFRS accounting policies and
subsequent impact on entities. Updated apply the guidance in IFRS 1, with specific
in October 2014. Download from considerations for the US market. To download
pwc.com/usifrs or order hard copies from visit pwc.com/usifrs > Publications >
kerstine.stephenson@us.pwc.com Related IFRS publications or order hard copies
from kerstine.stephenson@us.pwc.com
Hard copies can be ordered from www.ifrspublicationsonline.com (unless indicated otherwise) or via your local PwC office.
See the full range of our services at pwc.com/ifrs
Also available as eBook from www.bloomsburyprofessional.com/pwcbooks
Only available in electronic format as PDF, download from inform.pwc.com
VALUE IFRS Plc
Illustrative IFRS consolidated
financial statements
December 2015
This publication presents the sample annual financial reports of a fictional listed company, VALUE IFRS Plc. It
illustrates the financial reporting requirements that would apply to such a company under International
Financial Reporting Standards as issued at 30 April 2015. Supporting commentary is also provided. For the
purposes of this publication, VALUE IFRS Plc is listed on a fictive Stock Exchange and is the parent entity in a
consolidated entity.
VALUE IFRS Plc 2015 is for illustrative purposes only and should be used in conjunction with the relevant
financial reporting standards and any other reporting pronouncements and legislation applicable in specific
jurisdictions.
This content is for general information purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for
consultation with professional advisors.
About PwC
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VALUE IFRS Plc
Illustrative IFRS consolidated financial statements
December 2015
Financial statements 5
Statement of profit or loss 8
Statement of comprehensive income 9
Balance sheet 15
Statement of changes in equity 18
Statement of cash flows 20
Appendices 175
PwC 2
Introduction
This publication presents illustrative consolidated financial statements for a fictitious listed company, VALUE IFRS Plc. The
financial statements comply with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued at 30 April 2015 and that
apply to financial years commencing on or after 1 January 2015.
We have attempted to create a realistic set of financial statements for VALUE IFRS Plc, a corporate entity that manufactures
goods, provides services and holds investment property. However, as this publication is a reference tool, we have not
removed any disclosures based on materiality. Instead, we have included illustrative disclosures for as many common
scenarios as possible. Please note that the amounts disclosed in this publication are purely for illustrative purposes and may
not be consistent throughout the publication.
New Format
There is a general view that financial reports have become too complex and difficult to read and that financial reporting
tends to focus more on compliance than communication. At the same time, users’ tolerance for sifting through information
to find what they need continues to decline. This has implications for the reputation of companies who fail to keep pace. A
global study confirmed this trend, with the majority of analysts stating that the quality of reporting directly influenced their
opinion of the quality of management.
To demonstrate what companies could do to make their financial report more relevant, we have given our Illustrative IFRS
consolidated financial statements a makeover this year. Not only has our company changed from IFRS GAAP Plc to VALUE
IFRS Plc, but we have also ‘streamlined’ the financial report to reflect some of the best practices that have been emerging
globally over the past year. In particular:
Information has been reorganised to more clearly tell the story of financial performance and make critical
information more prominent and easier to find.
Additional information has been included where it is important for an understanding of the performance of the
company. For example, we have included a summary of significant transactions and events as the first note to the
financial statements and a net debt reconciliation, even though neither of these disclosures are currently required.
The language used has been simplified, the document reformatted and hyperlinks added to make it easier to
navigate between sections and find related information.
Accounting policies that are significant and specific to the entity are disclosed along with other relevant information,
generally in the section ‘How the numbers are calculated’. While we have still listed other accounting policies in note 25, this
is for completeness purposes. Entities should consider their own individual circumstances and only include policies that are
relevant to their financial statements.
The structure of financial reports should reflect the particular circumstances of the company and the likely priorities of its
report readers. There is no “one size fits all” approach and companies should engage with their investors to determine what
would be most relevant to them. The structure used in this publication is not meant to be used as a template, but to provide
you with possible ideas. It will not necessarily be suitable for all companies.
Significant changes arising from new or revised requirements are identified with shading in the reference column in the
illustrative financial report. For 2015, the only mandatory change relevant for VALUE IFRS Plc arose from the 2010-2012
annual improvements cycle (see below), which required additional disclosures about the aggregation of segments. This is
illustrated in note 2.
None of the standards that will apply for the first time from 1 January 2015 required a retrospective change in accounting
policy in the consolidated financial statements of VALUE IFRS Plc. However, Appendix C illustrates the impact of the
amendment made to IAS 41 Agriculture regarding the accounting for bearer plants on an entity’s accounting policy and the
associated disclosures (assuming early adoption).
Readers should also consider whether any of the other standards that are mandatory for the first time for financial years
beginning 1 January 2015 could affect their own accounting policies. Appendix D contains a full list of these standards
(including those that have only a disclosure impact) as well as a summary of their key requirements.
PwC 3
Early adoption of standards
VALUE IFRS Plc generally adopts standards early if they clarify existing practice but do not introduce substantive changes.
These include standards issued by the IASB as part of the improvements program such as Annual Improvements to IFRSs
2012-2014 Cycle and amendments made to IAS 1 in relation to the Disclosure Initiative.
As required under IFRS, the impacts of standards and interpretations that have not been early adopted and that are
expected to have a material effect on the entity are disclosed in accounting policy note 25(a). A summary of all
pronouncements relevant for annual reporting periods ending on or after 31 December 2015 is included in Appendix D. For
updates after the cut-off date for our publication please see www.pwc.com/ifrs.
The source for each disclosure requirement is given in the reference column. Shading in this column indicates revised
requirements that become applicable for the first time this year. There is also commentary that (i) explains some of the
more challenging areas, (ii) lists disclosures that have not been included because they are not relevant to VALUE IFRS Plc,
and (iii) provides additional disclosure examples.
The appendices give further information about the operating and financial review (management commentary), alternative
formats for the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and the statement of cash flows, and industry-
specific disclosures. A summary of all standards that apply for the first time to annual reports beginning on or after 1
January 2015 is included in Appendix D and abbreviations used in this publication are listed in Appendix E.
As VALUE IFRS Plc is an existing preparer of IFRS consolidated financial statements, IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of
International Financial Reporting Standards does not apply. Guidance on financial statements for first-time adopters of
IFRS is available at www.pwc.com/ifrs.
The example disclosures are not the only acceptable form of presenting financial statements. Alternative presentations may
be acceptable if they comply with the specific disclosure requirements prescribed in IFRS. Readers may find our IFRS
disclosure checklist 2015 useful to identify other disclosures that may be relevant under the circumstances but are not
illustrated in this publication.
VALUE IFRS Plc does not illustrate the disclosures specifically relevant to specialised industries. However, Appendix C
provides an illustration and explanation of the disclosure requirements of IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of
Mineral Resources, IAS 11 Construction Contracts and IAS 41 Agriculture. Further examples of industry-specific
accounting policies and other relevant disclosures can be found in the following PwC publications:
PwC 4
IAS1(49),(51)(a)
VALUE IFRS Plc
Annual financial report – 31 December 2015 1-10
IAS1(51)(b),(d) These financial statements are consolidated financial statements for the group consisting of VALUE
IFRS Plc and its subsidiaries. A list of major subsidiaries is included in note 16.
The financial statements are presented in the Oneland currency (CU).
IAS1(138)(a) VALUE IFRS Plc is a company limited by shares, incorporated and domiciled in Oneland. Its
registered office and principal place of business is:
VALUE IFRS Plc
350 Harbour Street
1234 Nice Town
IAS10(17) The financial statements were authorised for issue by the directors on 23 February 2016. The
directors have the power to amend and reissue the financial statements.
All press releases, financial reports and other information are available at our Shareholders’ Centre
on our website: www.valueifrsplc.com
PwC 5
Financial statements
Financial statements
Materiality
IAS1(7) 9. Whether individual items or groups of items need to be disclosed separately in the primary
See: IAS1R(BC30F)
(as amended in financial statements or in the notes depends on their materiality. Materiality is judged by
December 2014) reference to the size and nature of the item. The deciding factor is whether the omission or
misstatement could, individually or collectively, influence the economic decisions that users
make on the basis of the financial statements. In particular circumstances either the nature or
the amount of an item or an aggregate of items could be the determining factor. Preparers
IAS1R(BC30F) generally tend to err on the side of caution and disclose rather too much than too little.
However, the IASB has emphasised that too much immaterial information could obscure useful
information and hence should be avoided.
Disclosures not illustrated: not applicable to VALUE IFRS Plc
10. The following requirements are not illustrated in this publication as they are not applicable to
VALUE IFRS Plc:
Item Nature of disclosure
IAS1(38C),(38D) Additional comparative information(eg Include the additional comparative
third statement of profit or loss and information also in the relevant notes
other comprehensive income)
IAS27(17) Separate financial statements Disclose why they are prepared, a list of
significant investments and the policies
applied in accounting for these investments
IAS27(16)(a) Exemption from preparing consolidated Disclose the fact that the exemption has
financial statements been used and details about the entity that
produces consolidated financial statements
which include the reporting entity in question
IAS21(51),(53)-(57) Foreign currency translation Disclose if the presentation currency is
different to the functional currency, if there
have been changes in the functional currency
and clearly identify supplementary
information that is presented in a currency
other than the entity’s functional or
presentation currency
IAS1(36) Reporting period is shorter or longer Disclose the period covered, the reason for
than one year different period and the fact that the amounts
are not entirely comparable
13
Finance income 5(d) 1,871 1,154
IAS1(82)(b) Finance costs 5(d) (7,335) (6,194)
Finance costs – net (5,464) (5,040)
Cents Cents
IAS33(66) Earnings per share for profit from continuing operations
attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the
15,16
company:
Basic earnings per share 22 54.9 43.2
Diluted earnings per share 22 54.0 43.0
The above consolidated statement of profit or loss should be read in conjunction with the
accompanying notes.
17-19,25-26
Other comprehensive income
IAS1(82A)(b) Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss
IAS1(82A),(7)(d) Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale
IAS39(55)(b)
financial assets 9(c) 234 (830)
IAS1(82A),(7)(e) Cash flow hedges 9(c) 83 1,642
IAS39(95)(a)
IAS1(82A) Share of other comprehensive income of associates and
18
joint ventures accounted for using the equity method 9(c) 20 15
IAS1(82A),(7)(c) Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations 9(c) (617) 185
IAS21(32)
IFRS5(38) Exchange differences on translation of discontinued
20
operation 15 170 58
IAS1(82A),(7)(c) Net investment hedge 9(c) 190 -
IAS39(100)
IAS1(91) Income tax relating to these items 9(c) (101) (248)
* See note 11(b) for details regarding the restatement as a result of an error.
The above consolidated statement of comprehensive income should be read in conjunction with the
accompanying notes.
Operating profit
IAS1(BC56) 9. An entity may elect to include a sub-total for its result from operating activities. While this is
permitted, care must be taken that the amount disclosed is representative of activities that
would normally be considered to be ‘operating’. Items that are clearly of an operating nature,
for example inventory write-downs, restructuring or relocation expenses, must not be excluded
simply because they occur infrequently or are unusual in amount. Similarly, expenses cannot
be excluded on the grounds that they do not involve cash flows (eg depreciation or
amortisation). As a general rule, operating profit would be the subtotal after ‘other expenses’,
ie excluding finance costs and the share of profits of equity-accounted investments.
Re-ordering of line items
IAS1(86) 10. Entities should re-order the line items and descriptions of those items where this is necessary
to explain the elements of performance. However, entities are again governed by the overall
requirement for a ‘fair presentation’ and should not make any changes unless there is a good
reason to do so. For example, it will generally be acceptable to present finance cost as the last
item before pre-tax profit, thereby separating financing activities from the activities that are
being financed.
11. Another example is the share of profit of associates. Normally, this would be shown after
finance cost. However, there may be circumstances when the line item showing the investor’s
share of the associate’s result is included before finance cost. Where the entity presents a
subtotal for operating profit, it could be included in operating profit or presented immediately
below operating profit. This might apply where the associate (or joint venture) is an integral
vehicle through which the group conducts its operations and its strategy.
IAS1(82)(c), IAS18(7) 12. However, the share of the profit or loss of associates and joint ventures accounted for using
Framework(4.29)
the equity method should not be included as part of the entity’s revenue. The share of an
associate’s or joint venture’s profit is in the nature of a net gain. It does not represent a gross
inflow of economic benefits and hence does not satisfy the definition of revenue in IAS 18
Revenue. Combining the entity’s share of the associate’s revenue with its own revenue would
be inconsistent with the balance sheet treatment where the entity’s investment is presented as
a separate line item. This is different to the accounting for joint operations where the entity
combines its share of the joint operation’s revenue with its own. Where a group conducts a
significant proportion of its business through equity-accounted investments and wishes to
highlight that fact to the reader of the statement of comprehensive income, it may choose to
give additional financial information by way of a footnote and cross-reference to the notes.
Finance income and finance cost
13. IAS 1 requires an entity to present finance costs on the face of the statement of profit or loss,
but it does not require the separate presentation of finance income. The classification of
finance income will depend on an entity’s accounting policy for such items. Where earning
interest income is one of the entity’s main lines of business, it will present finance income as
‘revenue’. However, in other circumstances entities may consider it more appropriate to
include finance income that arises from treasury activity (for example, income on surplus funds
invested for the short term) outside operating profit. Where finance income is just an incidental
benefit, it is acceptable to present finance income immediately before finance costs and
include a sub-total of ‘net finance costs’ in the statement of comprehensive income, as we
have done in this publication. Alternatively, entities could also present finance income as other
revenue or other income. As entities have some discretion in the way in which finance income
is presented, the policy adopted should be applied consistently and explained if necessary.
Discontinued operations
IFRS5(33)(a),(b) 14. Entities shall disclose a single amount in the statement of comprehensive income (or separate
IAS1(82)(ea)
statement of profit or loss) comprising the total of (i) the post-tax profit or loss of discontinued
operations and (ii) the post-tax gain or loss recognised on the measurement to fair value less
costs to sell or on the disposal of the assets or disposal group(s) constituting the discontinued
operation. An analysis of this single amount is also required by paragraph 33 of IFRS 5 Non-
current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. This analysis may be presented in
the notes or in the statement of comprehensive income (separate statement of profit or loss).
In the case of VALUE IFRS Plc it is presented in note 15. If it is presented in the statement of
profit or loss it must be presented in a section identified as relating to discontinued operations;
that is, separately from continuing operations. The analysis is not required for disposal groups
that are newly acquired subsidiaries that meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale on
acquisition (refer to paragraph 11 of IFRS 5).
Discontinued operations
20. IFRS 5 is unclear as to whether entities need to separate out items of other comprehensive
income between continuing and discontinued operations. We believe that it would be
consistent with the principles of IFRS 5 to do so, as it would provide a useful base for
predicting the future results of the continuing operations. We also note that entities must
IFRS5(38) present separately any cumulative income or expense recognised in other comprehensive
income that relates to a non-current asset or disposal group classified as held for sale.
Information to be presented either in the statement of comprehensive income or in the
notes
Material items of income and expense
IAS1(97) 21. When items of income and expense are material, their nature and amount must be disclosed
separately either in the statement of comprehensive income (statement of profit or loss) or in
the notes. In the case of VALUE IFRS Plc these disclosures are made in note 4.
IAS1(86),(97) 22. IAS 1 does not provide a specific name for the types of items that should be separately
disclosed. Where an entity discloses a separate category of ‘exceptional’, ‘significant’ or
‘unusual’ items either in their statement of comprehensive income or in the notes, the
accounting policy note should include a definition of the chosen term. The presentation and
definition of these items must be applied consistently from year to year.
23. Where an entity classifies its expenses by nature, it must take care to ensure that each class
of expenses includes all items related to that class. Material restructuring cost may, for
example, include redundancy payments (ie employee benefit cost), inventory write-downs
(changes in inventory) and impairments in property, plant and equipment. It would not be
acceptable to show restructuring costs as a separate line item in an analysis of expenses by
nature where there is an overlap with other line items.
24. Entities that classify their expenses by function will have to include the material items within
the function to which they relate. In this case, material items can be disclosed as footnote or in
the notes to the financial statements.
Reclassification adjustments
IAS1(92),(94) 25. An entity shall also disclose separately any reclassification adjustments relating to components
of other comprehensive income either in the statement of comprehensive income or in the
notes. VALUE IFRS Plc provides this information in note 9(c).
IAS1(7),(95) 26. Reclassification adjustments are amounts reclassified to profit or loss in the current period that
were recognised in other comprehensive income in the current or previous periods. They arise,
for example, on disposal of a foreign operation, on derecognition or impairment of an
available-for-sale financial asset and when a hedged forecast transaction affects profit or loss.
They do not arise on changes in a revaluation surplus of property, plant and equipment or
remeasurements on defined benefit pension schemes. While these components are also
recognised in OCI, they are not reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods.
Dividends: statement of changes in equity or notes only
IAS1(107) 27. The amount of dividends recognised as distributions to owners during the period, and the
related amount per share must be presented either in the statement of changes in equity or in
the notes. In the case of VALUE IFRS Plc these disclosures are made in note 13(b).
Classification of expenses
By nature or function
IAS1(99),(100) 28. An analysis of expenses shall be presented using a classification based on either the nature of
expenses or their function within the entity, whichever provides information that is reliable and
more relevant. Entities are encouraged, but not required, to present the analysis of expenses
in the statement of comprehensive income (or statement of profit or loss, where applicable).
IAS1(105) 29. The choice of classification between nature and function will depend on historical and industry
factors and the nature of the entity. The entity should choose the classification that provides
the most relevant and reliable information about its financial performance.
30. Within a functional statement of comprehensive income (statement of profit or loss), costs
directly associated with generating revenues should be included in cost of sales. Cost of sales
should include direct material and labour costs but also indirect costs that can be directly
attributed to generating revenue; for example, depreciation of assets used in the production.
Impairment charges should be classified according to how the depreciation or amortisation of
the particular asset is classified. Entities should not mix functional and natural classifications of
expenses by excluding certain expenses such as inventory write-downs, employee termination
benefits and impairment charges from the functional classifications to which they relate.
IAS1(104),(105) 31. Entities classifying expenses by function shall disclose additional information about the nature
of their expenses in the notes to the financial statements, see note 5(c). According to IAS 1
this includes disclosure of depreciation, amortisation and employee benefits expense. Other
classes of expenses should also be disclosed where they are material, as this information
assists users in predicting future cash flows.
32. We have illustrated a classification of expenses by nature on the face of the statement of profit
or loss in Appendix C.
Materiality
IAS1(29) 33. Regardless of whether expenses are classified by nature or by function, materiality applies to
the classification of expenses. Each material class should be separately disclosed, and
unclassified expenses (shown as ‘other expenses’ in VALUE IFRS Plc) should be immaterial
both individually and in aggregate.
34. The classification of expenses may vary with the type of expense. For example, where
expenses are classified by nature, wages and salaries paid to employees involved in research
and development (R&D) activities may be classified as employee benefits expense, while
amounts paid to external organisations for R&D may be classified as external R&D expense.
However, where expenses are classified by function, both the wages and salaries and external
payments should be classified as R&D expense.
Offsetting
IAS1(32) 35. Assets and liabilities, and income and expenses, must not be offset unless required or
permitted by an IFRS. Examples of income and expenses that are required or permitted to be
offset are as follows:
IAS1(34)(a) (a) gains and losses on the disposal of non-current assets, including investments and
operating assets, are reported by deducting from the proceeds on disposal the carrying
amount of the asset and related selling expenses
IAS1(34)(b) (b) expenditure related to a provision that is recognised in accordance with IAS 37
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and reimbursed under a
contractual arrangement with a third party (eg a supplier’s warranty agreement) may be
netted against the related reimbursement
IAS1(35) (c) gains and losses arising from a group of similar transactions are reported on a net basis,
for example, foreign exchange gains and losses or gains and losses arising on financial
instruments held for trading. Such gains and losses are, however, reported separately if
they are material.
36. Income which falls under the scope of IAS 18 Revenue cannot be netted off against related
expenses. However, this does not preclude an entity from presenting interest income followed
by interest expense and a sub-total such as ‘net interest expense’ on the face of the statement
of profit or loss as we have done in this publication.
Current assets
IAS1(54)(g) Inventories 8(e) 22,153 16,672 15,616
IAS1(54)(h) Trade and other receivables 7(a) 18,935 12,184 8,243
IFRS7(8)(c)
IAS1(54)(d) Derivative financial instruments 12(a) 1,854 1,417 156
IFRS7(8)(a)
IAS1(54)(d) Financial assets at fair value through profit or
IFRS7(8)(a)
loss 7(d) 11,300 10,915 10,370
IAS1(54)(i) Cash and cash equivalents (excluding bank
overdrafts) 7(e) 55,360 24,843 17,593
109,602 66,031 51,978
IAS1(54)(j) Assets classified as held for sale 8(f),15 250 4,955 -
IFRS5(38)
Total current assets 109,852 70,986 51,978
* See note 11(b) for details regarding the restatement as a result of an error.
EQUITY
IAS1(54)(r) Share capital and share premium 9(a) 83,104 63,976 62,619
Other equity 9(b) 1,774 (550) (251)
IAS1(54)(r) Other reserves 9(c) 18,168 12,439 7,395
Retained earnings 9(d) 47,169 35,533 21,007
IAS1(54)(r) Capital and reserves attributable to owners
of VALUE IFRS Plc 150,215 111,398 90,770
IAS1(54)(q) Non-controlling interests 16(b) 9,462 5,689 4,940
Total equity 159,677 117,087 95,710
* See note 11(b) for details regarding the restatement as a result of an error.
The above consolidated balance sheet should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.
Balance sheet
IAS1(106)(d) Balance at 31 December 2014 63,976 (550) 12,439 35,533 111,398 5,689 117,087
IAS1(106)(d) Balance at 31 December 2015 83,104 1,774 18,168 47,169 150,215 9,462 159,677
The above consolidated statement of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with the
accompanying notes.
IAS7(43)
IFRS5(33)(c)
Non-cash financing and investing activities 10(b)
3
Cash flows of discontinued operation 15
The above consolidated statement of cash flows should be read in conjunction with the accompanying
notes.
2 Segment information 26
3 Revenue 31
4 Material profit or loss items 34
5 Other income and expense items 36
6 Income tax expense 39
7 Financial assets and financial liabilities 43
8 Non-financial assets and liabilities 59
9 Equity 88
10 Cash flow information 95
Risk 98
PwC 22
Contents of the notes to the financial statements
1. There is no requirement to disclose a summary of significant events and transactions that have
affected the company’s financial position and performance during the period under review. We
believe that information such as this would help readers understand the entity’s performance
and any changes to the entity’s financial position during the year and make it easier finding the
relevant information. However, information such as this could also be provided in the
(unaudited) operating and financial review rather than the (audited) notes to the financial
statements.
Disclosures not illustrated: going concern disclosures
IAS1(25) 2. When preparing financial statements, management shall make an assessment of an entity’s
ability to continue as a going concern. Financial statements shall be prepared on a going
concern basis unless management either intends to liquidate the entity or to cease trading, or
has no realistic alternative but to do so. When management is aware, in making its
assessment, of material uncertainties related to events or conditions that may cast significant
doubt upon the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, those uncertainties shall be
disclosed. When the financial statements are not prepared on a going concern basis, that fact
shall be disclosed, together with the basis on which the financial statements are prepared and
the reason why the entity is not regarded as a going concern.
3. Where there are material uncertainties about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern,
this fact should be disclosed upfront, for example in a note such as this.
4. A disclosure of material uncertainties about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern
should:
ISA570(18)(a) (a) adequately describe the principal events and conditions that give rise to the significant
doubt on the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern
ISA570(18)(a) (b) explain management’s plans to deal with these events or conditions, and
ISA570(18)(b) (c) state clearly that:
(iii) there is a material uncertainty related to events or conditions which may cast
significant doubt on the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and
(iv) the entity may therefore be unable to realise its assets and discharge its liabilities in
the normal course of business.
PwC 24
How the numbers are calculated
Not mandatory This section provides additional information about those individual line items in the financial
statements that the directors consider most relevant in the context of the operations of the
entity, including:
(a) accounting policies that are relevant for an understanding of the items recognised in the
financial statements. These cover situations where the accounting standards either
allow a choice or do not deal with a particular type of transaction
(b) analysis and sub-totals, including segment information
(c) information about estimates and judgements made in relation to particular items.
2 Segment information 26
3 Revenue 31
4 Material profit or loss items 34
5 Other income and expense items 36
6 Income tax expense 39
7 Financial assets and financial liabilities 43
8 Non-financial assets and liabilities 59
9 Equity 88
10 Cash flow information 95
PwC 25
2 Segment information 5
(a) Description of segments and principal activities 1
IFRS8(22) The group’s strategic steering committee, consisting of the chief executive officer, the chief financial
IAS1(138)(b)
officer and the manager for corporate planning, examines the group’s performance both from a product
and geographic perspective and has identified six reportable segments of its business:
1,2: Furniture manufacturing – Oneland and China: this part of the business manufactures and
sells commercial office furniture, hardwood side boards, chairs and tables in Oneland and China.
The committee monitors the performance in those two regions separately.
3: Furniture retail – since January 2015, the manufacturing business has been supplemented by a
IFRS8(22)(aa)
chain of retail stores in Oneland. While the committee receives separate reports for each region, the
stores have been aggregated into one reportable segment as they have similar average gross
(New requirement) 1
margins and similar expected growth rates.
4,5: IT consulting – business IT management, design, implementation and support services are
provided in the US and in a number of European countries. Performance is monitored separately for
those two regions.
6: Electronic equipment – Although this part of the business is not large enough to be required to
be reported under the accounting standards, it has been included here as it is seen as a potential
growth segment which is expected to materially contribute to group revenue in the future. This
segment was established following the acquisition of VALUE IFRS Electronics Group in April 2015.
IFRS8(16),(22) All other segments – The development of residential land, currently in the Someland Canal Estate
in Nicetown and the Mountain Top Estate in Alpville, the purchase and resale of commercial
properties, principally in Nicetown and Harbourcity and the management of investment properties
are not reportable operating segments, as they are not separately included in the reports provided
to the strategic steering committee. The results of these operations are included in the ‘all other
segments’ column. The column also includes head office and group services.
The engineering subsidiary was sold effective from 1 March 2015. Information about this
discontinued segment is provided in note 15.
The steering committee primarily uses a measure of adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation
and amortisation (EBITDA, see below) to assess the performance of the operating segments. However,
the steering committee also receives information about the segments’ revenue and assets on a monthly
basis. Information about segment revenue is disclosed in note 3.
IFRS8(23)
(b) Adjusted EBITDA 2
IFRS8(27)(b),(28) Adjusted EBITDA excludes discontinued operations and the effects of significant items of income and
expenditure which may have an impact on the quality of earnings such as restructuring costs, legal
expenses, and impairments when the impairment is the result of an isolated, non-recurring event. It
also excludes the effects of equity-settled share-based payments and unrealised gains or losses on
financial instruments.
Interest revenue and finance cost are not allocated to segments, as this type of activity is driven by the
central treasury function, which manages the cash position of the group.
IFRS8(23) 2014
2015 Restated
CU’000 CU’000
Furniture manufacture
Oneland 14,280 16,310
China 12,900 11,990
Furniture retail – Oneland 16,400 -
IT Consulting
US 16,500 13,480
Europe 8,002 9,880
Electronic equipment - Oneland 2,900 -
All other segments 3,963 3,373
Total adjusted EBITDA 74,945 55,033
IFRS8(23)
(b) Adjusted EBITDA
IFRS8(28)(b) Adjusted EBITDA reconciles to operating profit before income tax as follows:
IFRS8(23) 2014
2015 Restated
CU’000 CU’000
Total adjusted EBITDA 74,945 55,033
Intersegment eliminations (390) (360)
Finance costs – net (5,464) (5,040)
Depreciation (8,950) (8,150)
Amortisation (2,035) (730)
Legal expenses - (370)
Goodwill impairment (2,410) -
Restructuring costs (1,377) -
Unrealised financial instrument gains/(losses) 835 (690)
Share options and rights granted to directors and employees (1,116) (555)
Impairment of other assets (1,210) -
Other 250 250
Profit before income tax from continuing operations 53,078 39,388
Share of profit
Depreciation from associates
and Income tax and joint
2014 Material items amortisation expense ventures
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Furniture manufacture
Oneland 715 (3,190) (3,805) 60
China - (2,068) (2,170) -
IT Consulting
US - (1,243) (2,724) 220
Europe - (1,547) (1,542) -
All other segments (370) (832) (760) 90
Unallocated items - - (509) -
Total 345 (8,880) (11,510) 370
There was no impairment charge or other significant non-cash item recognised in 2014. For details
about the material items refer to note 4 below.
Furniture manufacture
Oneland 61,830 550 8,947 61,900 490 5,970
China 45,500 - 5,685 45,700 - 4,370
Furniture retail – Oneland 51,600 - 3,725 - - -
IT Consulting
US 31,640 2,250 2,600 30,523 1,900 3,887
Europe 23,510 - 11,350 23,325 - 1,695
Electronic equipment - Oneland 32,355 - 1,300 - - -
All other segments 27,509 975 1,580 29,251 885 1,115
Total segment assets 273,944 3,775 35,187 190,699 3,275 17,037
CU14,585 * CU16,032 *
CU62,652 *
CU28,227 *
CU31,411 *
2015 2014
CU19,628 * CU107,505 *
CU20,980 *
(e) Error in the accounting for a leasing contract in the Oneland Furniture
manufacture segment 4
Due to a misinterpretation of the terms and conditions of a major leasing contract, segment assets of
the Oneland Furniture manufacture segment for the year ended 31 December 2014 were overstated by
CU1,300,000. The error also had the effect of overstating adjusted EBITDA for the year ended 31
December 2014 for that segment by CU275,000.
The error has been corrected by restating each of the affected segment information line items for the
prior year, as described above.
Further information on the error is set out in note 11(b).
Segment information
Description of segments
IFRS8(22) 1. Entities shall disclose factors used to identify its reportable segments, including the basis of
organisation, and types of products and services from which each reportable segment derives
its revenues. From 1 July 2014, they must also disclose the judgements made by management
in applying the aggregation criteria of the standard, including a description of the aggregated
segments and the economic indicators that have been assessed in determining that the
aggregated segments share similar economic characteristics.
Segment information
IFRS8(23)
(a) Segment revenue
IFRS8(27)(a) Sales between segments are carried out at arm’s length and are eliminated on consolidation. The
revenue from external parties is measured in the same way as in the statement of profit or loss.
Year ended 31 December 2015 Year ended 31 December 2014
IFRS8(23)(a),(33)(a) Revenue Revenue
IFRS8(23)(b)
Total Inter- from Total Inter- from
segment segment external segment segment external
revenue revenue customers revenue revenue customers
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Furniture manufacture
Oneland 55,100 (1,200) 53,900 60,350 (1,150) 59,200
China 35,100 (700) 34,400 36,860 (1,100) 35,760
Furniture retail – Oneland 31,600 (900) 30,700 - - -
IT Consulting
US 33,300 (800) 32,500 22,600 (600) 22,000
Europe 16,900 (300) 16,600 14,790 (610) 14,180
Electronic equipment -
Oneland 13,850 (500) 13,350 - - -
All other segments 16,600 (400) 16,200 10,400 (100) 10,300
Total segment revenue 202,450 (4,800) 197,650 145,000 (3,560) 141,440
IFRS8(32) Revenues from external customers come from the sale of furniture on a wholesale and retail basis,
from the provision of IT consulting services and from the sale of electronic equipment. The revenue
from wholesale sales of furniture relates only to the group’s own brand, Pina Colada Furniture. The
retail sales relate to the group’s own brand as well as other major retail brands.
IFRS8(34) Revenues of approximately CU26,320,000 (2014 – CU24,280,000) are derived from a single external
customer. These revenues are attributed to the Oneland furniture manufacturing segment.
IFRS8(33)(a) The entity is domiciled in Oneland. The amount of its revenue from external customers broken down
by location of the customers is shown in the graphs below.
CU24,100 * CU19,180 *
CU54,000 *
CU32,500 *
CU32,500 *
Oneland US China Other countries Oneland US China Other countries
* Amounts are in CU’000
IFRS8(23)
(b) Recognising revenue from major business activities
IAS1(122)
(ii) Critical judgements in calculating amounts 1,2
The group has recognised revenue amounting to CU2,950,000 for the sale of furniture to a wholesale
customer during 2015. The buyer has the right to return the goods within 90 days if their customers
are dissatisfied. The group believes that, based on past experience with similar sales, the
dissatisfaction rate will not exceed 3%. The group has, therefore, recognised revenue on this
transaction with a corresponding provision against revenue for estimated returns. If the estimate
changes by 1%, revenue will be reduced/increased by CU78,000 and post-tax profit
reduced/increased by CU53,000. The right of return expires on 3 March 2016.
Revenue
IAS1(97),(98) 1. When items of income and expense are material, their nature and amount shall be disclosed
separately either in the statement of comprehensive income, the statement of profit or loss
where applicable, or in the notes. Circumstances that would give rise to the separate disclosure
of items of income and expense include:
(a) write-downs of inventories to net realisable value or of property, plant and equipment to
recoverable amount, as well as reversals of such write-downs
(b) restructurings of the activities of an entity and reversals of any provisions for the costs of
restructuring
(c) disposals of items of property, plant and equipment
(d) disposals of investments
(e) discontinued operations (refer to note 15)
(f) litigation settlements
(g) other reversals of provisions, and
(h) gains or losses recognised in relation to a business combination.
2. Material items do not need to be presented in a separate note. However, in our view it will be
easier for users to assess the impact of such items on the entity’s performance, if this
information is presented together.
Not mandatory Changes in inventories of finished goods and work in progress 8(e) (6,681) (5,255)
Not mandatory Raw materials and consumables used 8(e) 62,221 39,499
2
IAS1(104),(105) Employee benefits expenses 56,594 47,075
IAS1(104),(105) Depreciation 8(a) 8,950 8,150
IAS1(104),(105) Amortisation 8(c) 2,035 730
IAS1(97) Impairment of goodwill 8(c) 2,410 -
IAS1(97) Write off of assets damaged by fire 4(b) 1,210 -
Not mandatory Other expenses 29,004 17,701
Not mandatory Total cost of sales, distribution cost and administrative expenses 155,743 107,900
6
Finance income
IFRS7(20)(b) Interest from financial assets not at fair value through profit or
loss 1,516 1,154
IFRS7(20)(a)(iv) Net gain on settlement of debt 7(g) 355 -
IAS39(41)
Finance income 1,871 1,154
3-5
Finance costs
IFRS7(20)(b) Interest and finance charges paid/payable for financial liabilities
not at fair value through profit or loss (6,678) (5,904)
IAS37(60) Provisions: unwinding of discount 8(h) (215) -
IFRS7(23)(d) Fair value gain on interest rate swaps designated as cash flow
hedges – transfer from OCI 12(b) 155 195
IAS21(52)(a) Net exchange losses on foreign currency borrowings 12(b) (1,122) (810)
(7,860) (6,519)
IAS23(26)(a) Amount capitalised (i) 525 325
Finance costs expensed (7,335) (6,194)
Net finance costs 5,464 (5,040)
1. This note provides a breakdown of other income, other gains/losses and an analysis of
expenses by nature, but it does not show all of the profit and loss amounts that must be
disclosed under various accounting standards. Instead, individual profit and loss items are now
disclosed together with the relevant information to which they belong. For example, gains or
losses related to various financial instruments held by the group are disclosed together with the
balance sheet amounts. We believe that this presentation is more useful for users of the
financial statements.
Employee benefits expenses
IAS19(25),(158),(171) 2. Although IAS 19 Employee Benefits does not require specific disclosures about employee
benefits other than post-employment benefits, other standards may require disclosures, for
example, where the expense resulting from such benefits is material and so would require
disclosure under paragraph 97 of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. Similarly,
termination benefits may result in an expense needing disclosure in order to comply with
paragraph 97 of IAS 1.
Finance costs
3. Finance costs will normally include:
IAS23(5),(6) (a) costs that are borrowing costs for the purposes of IAS 23 Borrowing Costs:
(i) interest expense calculated using the effective interest rate method as described in
IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
(ii) finance charges in respect of finance leases (refer to note 25(h)), and
(iii) exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they
are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs
IAS12(81)(c)(i),
(84),(85) (c) Numerical reconciliation of income tax expense to prima
facie tax payable
2014
2015 Restated
CU’000 CU’000
Profit from continuing operations before income tax expense 53,078 39,388
Profit from discontinuing operation before income tax expense 1,021 570
54,099 39,958
IAS12(81)(d),(85) Tax at the Oneland tax rate of 30% (2014 – 30%) 16,230 11,987
Tax effect of amounts which are not deductible (taxable) in calculating
taxable income:
Goodwill impairment 723 -
2
Amortisation of intangibles 92 158
Research and development expenditure 365 303
Entertainment 82 79
3
Employee option plan 277 99
Dividends paid to preference shareholders 378 378
Recycling of foreign currency translation reserve on sale of subsidiary,
see note 15 (51) -
Sundry items 123 18
Subtotal 18,219 13,022
IAS12(81)(c)(i),
(84),(85) (c) Numerical reconciliation of income tax expense to prima
facie tax payable
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Subtotal 18,219 13,022
IAS12(85) Difference in overseas tax rates (248) (127)
IAS12(80)(b) Adjustments for current tax of prior periods (369) 135
Research and development tax credit (486) (404)
IAS12(80)(f) Previously unrecognised tax losses used to reduce deferred tax expense
(refer note 4(e)) - (945)
IAS12(80)(e) Previously unrecognised tax losses now recouped to reduce current tax
(45) -
expense
Income tax expense 17,071 11,681
2015 2014
Notes CU’000 CU’000
(d) Amounts recognised directly in equity 4,5
IAS12(81)(a),(62A) Aggregate current and deferred tax arising in the reporting
period and not recognised in net profit or loss or other
comprehensive income but directly debited or credited to equity:
Current tax: share buy-back transaction costs 9(a) (15) -
Deferred tax: Convertible note, share issue costs and error 8(d),
11(b) 990 12
correction
975 12
The unused tax losses were incurred by a dormant subsidiary that is not likely to generate taxable
income in the foreseeable future. See note 8(d) for information about recognised tax losses and
significant judgements made in relation to them.
Temporary differences of CU2,190,000 (2014 – CU1,980,000) have arisen as a result of the translation
of the financial statements of the group’s subsidiary in China. However, a deferred tax liability has not
been recognised as the liability will only eventuate in the event of disposal of the subsidiary, and no
6
such disposal is expected in the foreseeable future.
VALUE IFRS Retail Limited has undistributed earnings of CU1,350,000 (2014 – nil) which, if paid out
as dividends, would be subject to tax in the hands of the recipient. An assessable temporary difference
exists, but no deferred tax liability has been recognised as the parent entity is able to control the timing
of distributions from this subsidiary and is not expected to distribute these profits in the foreseeable
future.
Derivatives Liabilities at
Derivatives used for amortised
at FVPL hedging cost Total
Financial liabilities Notes CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
2015
Trade and other payables ** 7(f) - - 15,130 15,130
Borrowings 7(g) - - 100,444 100,444
Derivative financial instruments 12(a) 610 766 - 1,376
610 766 115,574 116,950
2014
Trade and other payables ** 7(f) - - 11,270 11,270
Borrowings 7(g) - - 70,080 70,080
Derivative financial instruments 12(a) 621 777 - 1,398
621 777 81,350 82,748
** excluding non-financial liabilities 4,5
IFRS7(36)(a), The group’s exposure to various risks associated with the financial instruments is discussed in note 12.
IFRS7(31),(34)(c)
The maximum exposure to credit risk at the end of the reporting period is the carrying amount of each
class of financial assets mentioned above.
2015 2014
IAS1(77),(78)(b) Non- Non-
IFRS7(6)
Current current Total Current current Total
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Trade receivables 17,855 - 17,855 11,167 - 11,167
Provision for impairment
(see note 12 (c)) (525) - (525) (300) - (300)
17,330 - 17,330 10,867 - 10,867
IAS24(17) Further information relating to loans to related parties and key management personnel is set out in
note 20.
IAS1(117)
(i) Classification as trade and other receivables 2,3
IFRS7(21) Trade receivables are amounts due from customers for goods sold or services performed in the
IAS39(9),(46)(a)
ordinary course of business. Loans and other receivables are non-derivative financial assets with
fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. If collection of the amounts is
expected in one year or less they are classified as current assets. If not, they are presented as non-
current assets. Trade receivables are generally due for settlement within 30 days and therefore are all
classified as current. The group’s impairment and other accounting policies for trade and other
receivables are outlined in notes 12(c) and 26(l) respectively.
(i) Debentures
IFRS7(25) The fair value of the debentures is CU795,000 (2014 – nil). Fair value was determined by reference to
IFRS13(97),(93)(b)
published price quotations in an active market (classified as level 1 in the fair value hierarchy – see
6
note 7(h) below for further information).
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Non-current assets
Listed securities
Equity securities 4,168 1,350
Debentures 2,230 1,528
Preference shares 990 590
7,388 3,468
Unlisted securities (iv)
Equity securities (i),(v) 1,332 1,280
Debentures 575 560
Preference shares 525 520
2,432 2,360
11,110 5,828
(i) Investments in related parties
IAS24(17) Available-for-sale financial assets includes CU300,000 (2014 – CU280,000) of equity securities held in
entities that are controlled by the ultimate parent entity, Lion Plc.
IAS1(117)
(ii) Classification of financial assets as available-for-sale 2,3
IFRS7(21),(B5)(b) Investments are designated as available-for-sale financial assets if they do not have fixed maturities
IAS1(66),(68)
IAS39(9),(45) and fixed or determinable payments, and management intends to hold them for the medium to long-
term. Financial assets that are not classified into any of the other categories (at FVPL, loans and
receivables or held-to-maturity investments) are also included in the available-for-sale category.
The financial assets are presented as non-current assets unless they mature, or management intends
to dispose of them within 12 months of the end of the reporting period.
IFRS7(20)(a)(ii) Gains/(losses) recognised in other comprehensive income (see note 9(c)) 880 (1,378)
IFRS7(20)(a)(ii) Gains/(losses) recognised in profit or loss as other income (other expense),
being reclassified from other comprehensive income on sale (note 5) 646 (548)
IAS1(117)
(i) Classification of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 2,3
IFRS7(21),(8)(a) The group classifies financial assets at fair value through profit or loss if they are acquired principally for
IAS1(66),(68)
IAS39(9),(45) the purpose of selling in the short term, ie are held for trading. They are presented as current assets if
they are expected to be sold within 12 months after the end of the reporting period; otherwise they are
presented as non-current assets. The group has not elected to designate any financial assets at fair
value through profit or loss. See note 25(o) for the group’s other accounting policies for financial assets.
Trade payables are unsecured and are usually paid within 30 days of recognition.
IFRS7(29)(a) The carrying amounts of trade and other payables are assumed to be the same as their fair values,
IFRS13(97),(93)(b),(d) 6-7
due to their short-term nature.
(g) Borrowings
2015 2014
Non-
Non- Current current Total
Current current Total Restated Restated Restated
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
IAS1(77) Secured
Bank overdrafts 2,650 - 2,650 2,250 - 2,250
Bank loans (i) 4,250 37,070 41,320 2,865 27,035 29,900
Debentures (vi) - - - 2,000 2,000 4,000
Lease liabilities (v) 580 2,814 3,394 560 3,390 3,950
Other loans 450 8,580 9,030 150 14,100 14,250
Total secured borrowings (i) 7,930 48,464 56,394 7,825 46,525 54,350
IAS1(77) Unsecured
Bills payable 1,050 - 1,050 730 - 730
Convertible notes (iii) - 16,815 16,815 - - -
Redeemable preference - 11,000 11,000 - 11,000 11,000
shares (iv)
Loans from related parties * - 15,185 15,185 - 4,000 4,000
Total unsecured borrowings 1,050 43,000 44,050 730 15,000 15,730
Total borrowings 8,980 91,464 100,444 8,555 61,525 70,080
* Further information relating to loans from related parties is set out in note 20.
(g) Borrowings
(iii) Convertible notes 9
IFRS7(17) The parent entity issued 1,500,000 7% convertible notes for CU20 million on 23 January 2015. The
IAS1(79)(a)(vii)
notes are convertible into ordinary shares of the parent entity, at the option of the holder, or
repayable on 23 January 2019. The conversion rate is 2 shares for each note held, which is based
on the market price per share at the date of the issue of the notes (CU6.10), but subject to
adjustments for reconstructions of equity. The convertible notes are presented in the balance sheet
as follows:
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Face value of notes issued 20,000 -
Other equity securities – value of conversion rights (note 9(b)) (3,500) -
16,500 -
* Interest expense is calculated by applying the effective interest rate of 9.6% to the liability component.
IAS32(17),(18),(28),(29) The initial fair value of the liability portion of the bond was determined using a market interest rate for
AG31(a)
an equivalent non-convertible bond at the issue date. The liability is subsequently recognised on an
amortised cost basis until extinguished on conversion or maturity of the bonds. The remainder of the
proceeds is allocated to the conversion option and recognised in shareholders’ equity, net of income
tax, and not subsequently remeasured.
(g) Borrowings
IAS17(31)(c),(e)(i) Some leases provide for the payment of incremental contingent rentals based on changes in current
market rentals for comparable properties. Contingent rentals paid during the year were CU610,000
(2014 – nil).
2014
2015 Restated
CU’000 CU’000
IAS17(31)(b) Commitments in relation to finance leases are payable as follows:
IAS17(31)(b)(i) Within one year 655 655
IAS17(31)(b)(ii) Later than one year but not later than five years 2,620 2,620
IAS17(31)(b)(iii) Later than five years - 655
Minimum lease payments 3,275 3,930
IFRS13(97),(93)(b),(d) The fair values of non-current borrowings are based on discounted cash flows using a current
borrowing rate. They are classified as level 3 fair values in the fair value hierarchy (see note 7(h)) due
to the use of unobservable inputs, including own credit risk.
IFRS13(93)(h)(i) * There were no significant inter-relationships between unobservable inputs that materially affect fair values.
IFRS13(93)(g)
(vi) Valuation processes
The finance department of the group includes a team that performs the valuations of non-property
items required for financial reporting purposes, including level 3 fair values. This team reports directly
to the chief financial officer (CFO) and the audit committee (AC). Discussions of valuation processes
and results are held between the CFO, AC and the valuation team at least once every six months, in
line with the group’s half-yearly reporting periods.
The main level 3 inputs used by the group are derived and evaluated as follows:
Discount rates for financial assets and financial liabilities are determined using a capital asset
pricing model to calculate a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value
of money and the risk specific to the asset.
Risk adjustments specific to the counterparties (including assumptions about credit default rates)
are derived from credit risk gradings determined by VALUE IFRS Plc’s internal credit risk
management group.
Earnings growth factor for unlisted equity securities are estimated based on market information for
similar types of companies.
Contingent consideration – expected cash inflows are estimated based on the terms of the sale
contract (see note 15) and the entity’s knowledge of the business and how the current economic
environment is likely to impact it.
Changes in level 2 and 3 fair values are analysed at the end of each reporting period during the half-
yearly valuation discussion between the CFO, AC and the valuation team. As part of this discussion
the team presents a report that explains the reason for the fair value movements.
Financial liabilities
Terms and conditions of financial instruments
IFRS7(7),(31) 9. Entities shall disclose sufficient information that enables users of its financial statements to
evaluate the significance of financial instruments for its financial position and performance and
the nature and extent of risks arising from these financial instruments. However, the intention of
IFRS 7 was to decrease the potentially voluminous disclosures that were required by IAS 32
and replace them with shorter but more meaningful information. Under normal circumstances
entities will therefore not need to disclose the significant terms and conditions for each of their
major borrowings. Having said that, if an entity has a borrowing (or other financial instrument)
with unusual terms and conditions, it should provide sufficient information to enable users to
assess the nature and extent of risks associated with these instruments.
Fair value measurements
Classes of assets and liabilities
IFRS13(94) 10. The disclosures in IFRS 13 must be made separately for each class of assets and liabilities.
Entities shall determine appropriate classes of assets and liabilities by considering:
(a) the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability, and
(b) the level of the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorised.
IFRS13(94) 11. A class of assets and liabilities will often require greater disaggregation than the line items
presented in the balance sheet. The number of classes may also need to be greater for fair
value measurements categorised within level 3 of the hierarchy, as those measurements have
a greater degree of uncertainty and subjectivity. Entities shall disclose sufficient information to
allow a reconciliation back to the line items disclosed in the balance sheet.
Unrealised gains and losses relating to recurring level 3 measures
IFRS13(93)(f) 12. IFRS 13 does not provide guidance on how to calculate the unrealised gains and losses for
recurring level 3 measures. A similar requirement previously existed under US GAAP where
three methods were acceptable. In our view, all of these methods would be acceptable under
IFRS provided they are consistently applied. The methods are:
(a) Balance sheet view: determine unrealised gains and losses as the fair value of the security
less its amortised cost base. Under this view, gains and losses are realised at maturity or
sale date. Therefore the entire gain or loss is considered unrealised until maturity.
(b) Statement of profit or loss view: determine unrealised gains and losses as the total gains
and losses during the period less the cash received or paid for those items. Under this
view each cash receipt or settlement represents a realised gain or loss in its entirety.
(c) Cash flow view: first determine any realised gains or losses as the difference between the
expected cash flows at the beginning of the period and the actual cash flows at the end of
the period. Then, determine unrealised gains or losses for items still held at the reporting
date as the remaining expected cash flows for future periods at the end of the period less
the remaining expected cash flows for future periods at the beginning of the period.
14. The following illustrative disclosures may be useful where relevant to an entity:
Put option arrangements
(b) Entities that have put option arrangements should consider explaining the accounting for
these, as the individual terms and conditions (and hence the accounting) may vary. An
illustrative policy could read as follows (but will need to be tailored depending on the
specific arrangements):
IAS32(11),(23) The group has written put options over the equity of its XYZ subsidiary which permit
the holder to put their shares in the subsidiary back to the group at their fair value on
specified dates over a 5 year period. The amount that may become payable under
the option on exercise is initially recognised at the present value of the redemption
amount within borrowings with a corresponding charge directly to equity. The charge
to equity is recognised separately as written put options over non-controlling interests,
adjacent to non-controlling interests in the net assets of consolidated subsidiaries.
The liability is subsequently accreted through finance charges up to the redemption
amount that is payable at the date at which the option first becomes exercisable. In
the event that the option expires unexercised, the liability is derecognised with a
corresponding adjustment to equity.
Designation of financial assets or financial liabilities as at fair value through profit or loss
IFRS7(B5)(a) (c) Entities that have designated financial assets or financial liabilities as at fair value through
profit or loss must disclose the nature of the relevant assets and liabilities and provide
additional information in relation to the designation. This could read along the following
lines:
The group designates a financial asset or financial liability as at fair value through
profit or loss where designation significantly reduces a measurement inconsistency
which may arise where a financial asset and a financial liability are measured using
different methods.
During the reporting period, the group has financed fixed rate assets (not being loans
or receivables and not classified as held-to-maturity) with fixed rate debentures.
Measurement inconsistency arises from measuring the assets as available-for-sale
(fair value with changes reported in equity) and the debentures at amortised cost (no
recognition of fair value changes). Management has therefore designated both the
financial assets and financial liabilities as at fair value through profit or loss as this
designation will result in more relevant information through the consistent recognition
of opposing movements in fair value.
Defaults and breaches in relation to financial liabilities
IFRS7(18) (d) Example disclosures for a default in relation to a borrowing could read as follows:
In the third quarter, the group was overdue paying interest on bank borrowings with a
carrying amount of CU2,000,000. The group experienced a temporary shortage of
cash because cash outflows in the second and third quarter were higher than
anticipated due to business expansions. As a result, interest of CU75,000 was not
paid on the due date of 31 September 2015.
The company has since paid all outstanding amounts (including additional interest and
penalties for late payment) during the fourth quarter.
Management expects that the company will be able to meet all contractual obligations
from borrowings on a timely basis going forward.
IAS16(73)(e) Closing net book amount 16,500 31,140 15,292 34,088 3,100 100,080
IAS16(74)(b)
IAS1(77) Net book amount 16,500 31,140 15,252 34,088 3,100 100,080
At 31 December 2015
IAS16(73)(d) Cost or fair value 22,570 38,930 32,475 93,285 3,450 190,710
IAS16(73)(d) Accumulated depreciation and - - (11,970) (46,645) - (58,615)
impairment
IAS1(77) Net book amount 22,570 38,930 20,505 46,640 3,450 132,095
IAS16(74)(b)
Buildings
Cost 36,362 29,830
Accumulated depreciation (6,775) (4,540)
Net book amount 29,587 25,290
IAS40(75)(f)
(i) Amounts recognised in profit or loss for investment properties
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
IAS40(75)(f)(i) Rental income 6,180 5,165
IAS40(75)(f)(ii) Direct operating expenses from property that generated rental
income (807) (606)
IAS40(75)(f)(iii) Direct operating expenses from property that did not generate
rental income (903) (503)
Fair value gain recognised in other income 1,350 1,397
IAS1(117)
(ii) Measuring investment property at fair value
IAS40(75)(a), Investment properties, principally freehold office buildings, are held for long-term rental yields and are
(75)(d)
not occupied by the group. They are carried at fair value. Changes in fair values are presented in profit
or loss as part of other income.
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
IAS17(56)(a) Minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating
leases of investment properties not recognised in the financial
statements are receivable as follows:
Within one year 4,265 4,245
Later than one year but not later than 5 years 9,120 9,050
Later than 5 years 2,370 2,550
15,755 15,845
IAS38(118)(e)(i) * Software consists of capitalised development costs being an internally generated intangible asset.
IAS38(118)(d) ** Amortisation expenses are included in cost of sales of goods (CU1,050,000; 2014 – CU450,000), cost of providing services (CU475,000; 2014 -
CU125,000), marketing expense (CU310,000; 2014 - CU45,000) and administration expenses (CU200,000; 2014 – CU110,000).
IAS36(126)(a), *** The carrying amount of the furniture manufacturing CGU in Europe has been reduced to its recoverable amount through recognition of
(130)(c)(i),(d)(i) an impairment loss against goodwill. This loss has been disclosed as a separate line item in profit or loss.
IAS38(126) VALUE IFRS Electronics Group is researching new devices that could replace the current suite of
smartphones and tablets. It has incurred research and development expenses of CU1,215,000 in the
current year (2014 – nil) which are included in administration cost in the statement of profit or loss.
2014
Sales volume (% annual growth rate) 2.5 3.0 3.9 -
Sales price (% annual growth rate) 1.3 1.6 1.8 -
Budgeted gross margin (%) 44.0 60.0 54.0 -
Other operating costs (CU’000) 9,300 8,300 4,350 -
Annual capital expenditure (CU’000) 1,850 580 225 -
Long term growth rate (%) * 3.2 2.2 1.8 -
Pre-tax discount rate (%) ** 14.3 14.4 15.1 -
IAS36(134)(d)(ii), Management has determined the values assigned to each of the above key assumptions as follows:
(iv)
The Directors and management have considered and assessed reasonably possible changes for
other key assumptions and have not identified any instances that could cause the carrying amount of
the European IT Consulting CGU to exceed its recoverable amount.
8,9
IAS12(74) Set-off of deferred tax liabilities pursuant to set-off provisions (ii) (543) (478)
Net deferred tax assets 7,566 5,045
Other
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 7(d) 720 420
Derivatives held for trading 12(a) 556 425
Available-for-sale financial assets 7(c) 281 172
Investments in associates 16(e) 131 113
Prepayments 7(a) 150 143
Inventories 8(e) 120 -
Share-based payments (deferred shares) 21(b) 51 22
Other 182 214
Sub-total other 2,191 1,509
(e) Inventories
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Current assets
IAS1(77) Raw materials and stores 6,200 4,800
IAS2(36)(b)
IAS2(36)(b) Work in progress 5,600 5,400
IAS2(36)(b) Finished goods 7,953 6,472
IAS2(36)(b) Land held for development and resale 2,400 -
22,153 16,672
IAS1(117)
(i) Assigning costs to inventories 2,3
IAS2(23),(25), The costs of individual items of inventory are determined using weighted average costs. The exception
(36)(a)
is land held for development and resale where costs are assigned by specific identification and include
the cost of acquisition, development and borrowing costs incurred during the development. See note
25(m) for the group’s other accounting policies for inventories.
IFRS5(41)(a),(b),(d) In November 2015, the directors of VALUE IFRS Manufacturing Limited decided to sell a parcel of
vacant land which was originally acquired for an expansion of the Nicetown factory. There are several
interested parties and the sale is expected to be completed before the end of June 2016. The asset is
presented within total assets of the Oneland Furniture – manufacturing segment in note 2.
Refer to note 15(d) for information about assets and liabilities of a disposal group that were classified
as held for sale at 31 December 2014.
2015 2014
IAS1(77) Non- Non-
Current current Total Current current Total
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Leave obligations (i) 690 2,220 2,910 470 2,270 2,740
Share-appreciation rights (Note 21) - 138 138 - - -
Defined pension benefits (ii) - 3,684 3,684 - 1,900 1,900
Post-employment medical benefits (iii) - 707 707 - 711 711
Total employee benefit obligations 690 6,749 7,439 470 4,881 5,351
IAS19(141) One of our Oneland plans has a surplus that is not recognised on the basis that future economic
benefits are not available to the entity in the form of a reduction in future contributions or a cash refund.
IAS19(139)(c) In connection with the closure of a factory, a curtailment loss was incurred and a settlement
arrangement agreed with the plan trustees, effective 31 December 2015, which settled all retirement
benefit plan obligations relating to the employees of that factory. In the prior year, the group made minor
amendments to the terms of the plan, resulting in past service cost of CU179,000.
IAS19(138)(e) The net liability disclosed above relates to funded and unfunded plans as follows:
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Present value of funded obligations 6,155 2,943
Fair value of plan assets (5,211) (2,797)
Deficit of funded plans 944 146
Present value of unfunded obligations 2,426 1,549
Total deficit of defined benefit pension plans (before asset ceiling) 3,370 1,695
IAS19(137)(a) As at the last valuation date, the present value of the defined benefit obligation included approximately
CU3,120,000 (2014 – CU1,371,000) relating to active employees, CU3,900,000 (2014 – CU2,115,000)
relating to deferred members and CU1,561,000 (2014 – CU1,006,000) relating to members in
retirement.
IAS19(138)(e) The net liability disclosed above relates to funded and unfunded plans as follows:
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Present value of funded obligations 650 350
Fair value of plan assets (528) (294)
Deficit of funded plans 122 56
Present value of unfunded obligations 585 655
Total deficit of post-employment medical plans 707 711
Assumptions regarding future mortality are set based on actuarial advice in accordance with published
statistics and experience in each territory. These assumptions translate into an average life expectancy
in years for a pensioner retiring at age 65:
2015 2014
Oneland US Oneland US
Retiring at the end of the reporting period:
Male 22 20 22 20
Female 25 24 25 24
Retiring 20 years after the end of the reporting period:
Male 24 23 24 23
Female 27 26 27 26
IAS19(145)(b) The above sensitivity analyses are based on a change in an assumption while holding all other
assumptions constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur, and changes in some of the assumptions
may be correlated. When calculating the sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to significant
actuarial assumptions the same method (present value of the defined benefit obligation calculated
with the projected unit credit method at the end of the reporting period) has been applied as when
calculating the defined benefit liability recognised in the balance sheet.
IAS19(145)(c) The methods and types of assumptions used in preparing the sensitivity analysis did not change
compared to the prior period.
IAS19(143) The assets set out in the above table include ordinary shares issued by VALUE IFRS Plc with a fair
value of CU530,000 (2014 – CU410,000) and land and buildings occupied by the group with a fair value
of CU550,000 (2014 – CU580,000).
(h) Provisions
2015 2014
IAS1(77) Current Non-current Total Current Non-current Total
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Service warranties (i) 635 - 635 920 - 920
Legal claim (i) 460 - 460 320 - 320
Restructuring costs (i) 900 - 900 - - -
Contingent liability
(note 14) 477 - 477 - - -
Make good provision (i) - 1,223 1,223 - - -
2,472 1,223 3,695 1,240 - 1,240
Legal claim
IAS37(85)(a),(b) In October 2015, an unfavourable judgement was handed down against the group in respect of a legal
claim made by a customer of the IT consulting segment. The judgement requires a payment of
CU460,000 to the claimant. A provision has been recognised for this amount. However, after taking
appropriate legal advice, the directors have decided to appeal against the decision. No payment has
been made to the claimant pending outcome of the appeal. The court of appeal is expected to consider
this matter in August 2016.
Restructuring
IAS37(85)(a),(b) The reduction in output in the furniture manufacturing division (see note 8(c) above) resulted in the loss
of 155 jobs at two factories. An agreement was reached with the local union representatives in October
2015, which specifies the number of staff involved and the voluntary redundancy compensation
package offered by the group, as well as amounts payable to those made redundant. The total
estimated staff restructuring costs to be incurred are CU1,050,000. Other direct costs attributable to the
restructuring, including lease termination, are CU327,000. These costs were fully provided for in the
current reporting period. The remaining provision of CU900,000 is expected to be fully utilised over the
next 12 months.
(h) Provisions
(ii) Movements in provisions
IAS37(84) Movements in each class of provision during the financial year, other than employee benefits, are set
out below:
Restruc- Contin- Service Make
turing gent warran- Legal good
obligations liability ties claim provision Total
2015 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
IAS37(84)(a) Carrying amount at start
of year - - 920 320 - 1,240
Acquired through business
combination - 450 - - - 450
IAS37(84)(b) Additional provision
charged to plant and
equipment - - - - 1,035 1,035
Charged/(credited) to profit
or loss
IAS37(84)(b) - additional provisions
recognised 1,377 268 140 1,785
IAS37(84)(d) - unused amounts
reversed - - (330) - (330)
IAS37(84)(e) - unwinding of
discount 27 - - 188 215
IAS37(84)(c) Amounts used during
the year (477) - (223) - (700)
IAS37(84)(a) Carrying amount at end
of year 900 477 635 460 1,223 3,695
IFRS13(95) The group’s policy is to recognise transfers into and transfers out of fair value hierarchy levels as at the
end of the reporting period.
(ii) Valuation techniques used to determine level 2 and level 3 fair values
IFRS13(91)(a),(93)(d) The group obtains independent valuations for its investment properties at least annually and for its
IAS16(77)(a)
IAS40(75)(e) freehold land and buildings related to manufacturing sites (classified as property, plant and equipment)
at least every three years.
At the end of each reporting period, the directors update their assessment of the fair value of each
property, taking into account the most recent independent valuations. The directors determine a
property’s value within a range of reasonable fair value estimates.
The best evidence of fair value is current prices in an active market for similar properties. Where such
information is not available the directors consider information from a variety of sources including:
current prices in an active market for properties of different nature or recent prices of similar
properties in less active markets, adjusted to reflect those differences
discounted cash flow projections based on reliable estimates of future cash flows
capitalised income projections based upon a property’s estimated net market income, and a
capitalisation rate derived from an analysis of market evidence.
All resulting fair value estimates for properties are included in level 3 except for land held for resale.
The level 2 fair value of land held for resale has been derived using the sales comparison approach.
The key inputs under this approach are the price per square metre from current year sales of
comparable lots of land in the area (location and size).
IFRS13(93)(h)(i) * There were no significant inter-relationships between unobservable inputs that materially affect fair values.
IFRS13(93)(g)
(vi) Valuation processes
The group engages external, independent and qualified valuers to determine the fair value of the
group’s investment properties at the end of every financial year and for other land and buildings at least
IAS40(75)(e)
every three years. As at 31 December 2015, the fair values of the investment properties have been
IAS16(77)(a),(b) determined by ABC Property Surveyors Limited. A directors’ valuation has been performed for the land
and buildings classified as property, plant and equipment as at 31 December 2015. The last
independent valuation of these land and buildings was performed as at 31 December 2014.
The main level 3 inputs used by the group are derived and evaluated as follows:
Leased office buildings – discount rates, terminal yields, expected vacancy rates and rental growth
rates are estimated by ABC Property Surveyors Limited or management based on comparable
transactions and industry data.
Office building under redevelopment – costs to completion and profit margin are estimated by ABC
Property Surveyors Limited based on market conditions as at 31 December 2015. The estimates
are consistent with the budgets developed internally by the group based on management’s
experience and knowledge of market conditions.
Changes in level 2 and 3 fair values are analysed at each reporting date during the half-yearly valuation
discussion between the CFO, AC and the valuation team. As part of this discussion the team presents a
report that explains the reason for the fair value movements.
18. As a typical diversified manufacturing company, VALUE IFRS Plc only has a limited number of
assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. For alternative disclosures covering
biological assets, please refer to Appendix C.
19. For more detailed commentary about the requirements of IFRS 13 please refer to Chapter 5
Fair value: applying IFRS 13 to Property, plant and equipment, Investment property and
Intangible assets of the PwC Manual of Accounting (links will only work for registered users).
Disclosures not illustrated: not applicable to VALUE IFRS Plc
20. The following requirements are not illustrated in this publication as they are not applicable to
VALUE IFRS Plc:
Investment property
Issue not illustrated Relevant disclosures or references
IAS40(75)(c) Classification as investment property Disclose criteria used to distinguish investment
is difficult property from owner-occupied property and
property held for sale in the ordinary course of
business.
IAS40(77) Adjustments made to valuations Disclose reconciliation between valuation
obtained and the adjusted valuation.
IAS40(75)(f) Sale of investment property between Disclose cumulative change in fair value
pools of assets measured using recognised in profit or loss.
different methods (IAS 40 paragraph
32C)
IAS17(56)(b) Contingent rents recognised as Disclose amounts where applicable.
income in the period
IAS40(75)(b) Operating leases classified as Explain circumstances of classification as
investment property investment property and whether the fair value
model is applied.
IAS40(78) Investment property cannot be Disclose amounts separately and provide
reliably measured at fair value on a additional information about the property.
continuing basis
IAS40(79) Entity has elected to use the cost Disclose additional information such as
model for measuring its investment depreciation methods, useful lives etc.
property
Intangible assets
Issue not illustrated Relevant disclosures or references
IAS38(122)(a) Intangible assets with indefinite Disclose the carrying amount and factors that
useful lives have played a significant role in assessing that
the assets have an indefinite useful life.
IAS38(122)(b) Individually material intangible Describe the assets and disclose the carrying
assets amount and remaining amortisation period.
IAS38(122)(c) Intangible assets acquired by way of Disclose the fair value initially recognised, the
government grant current carrying amount and wether the assets
are measured at cost or at revaluation.
IAS38(122)(d) Intangible assets with restricted title Disclose existence and carrying amounts.
and/or pledged as security for
liabilities
IAS38(122)(e) Contractual commitments for the Disclose amount.
acquisition of intangible assets
IAS38(124) Intangible assets measured under Provide additional disclosures as set out in IAS
the revaluation model 38(124).
21. The following additional illustrative disclosures may be useful where relevant to an entity:
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives
IAS38(122)(a) The trademark used to identify and distinguish (product name; carrying amount CU
2,345,000) has a remaining legal life of five years but is renewable every ten years at little
cost and is well established. The group intends to renew the trademark continuously and
evidence supports its ability to do so. An analysis of product life cycle studies and market
and competitive trends provides evidence that the product will generate net cash inflows
for the group for an indefinite period. Therefore, the trademark is carried at cost without
amortisation, but is tested for impairment in accordance with note 25(j).
Unallocated goodwill
IAS36(133) Shortly before the end of the reporting period, the company acquired XYZ Limited. There
was CUXX of goodwill recognised on acquisition which is yet to be allocated to one or
more CGUs. XYZ’s business will be integrated into the South America and North America
CGUs, but management has not yet finalised the allocation of the goodwill between the
relevant CGUs.
Recoverable amount is determined using fair value less cost of disposal
IAS36(134)(c) Management has determined the recoverable amount of the XYZ CGU by assessing the
fair value less cost of disposal (FVLCOD) of the underlying assets. The valuation is
considered to be Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy due to unobservable inputs used in the
valuation. No impairment was identified.
Management’s approach and the key assumptions used to determine the CGU’s FVLCOD
were as follows:
IAS36(134)(e)(i),(ii) Value assigned to
key assumption
Unobservable Approach to determining key
CGU inputs 2015 2014 assumption
XYZ Cost of disposal CU250 CU320 Estimated based on the
(CU’000) company's experience with
disposal of assets and on
industry benchmarks.
Sales volume 2.7 3.3 Average annual growth rate over
(%) the five-year forecast period,
based on past performance and
management’s expectations of
market development.
Sales price (%) 1.4 1.9 Average annual growth rate over
the five-year forecast period,
based on current industry trends
and includes long term inflation
forecasts for each territory.
Cost reductions CU2,900 CU2,500 Estimated cost reductions are
from based on management's
restructuring judgement and past experience
initiatives with similar restructuring
(CU’000) initiatives.
Cash flow 5 years 5 years Board approved/ reviewed 5
forecast period year forecasts which are
prepared by management
Post-tax 11.7 11.4 Reflects specific risks relating to
discount rate the segments and the countries
(%) in which it operates.
Long term 2.7 2.6 This is the weighted average
growth rate (%) growth rate used to extrapolate
cash flows beyond the budget
period. The rate is consistent
with forecasts included in
industry reports.
IAS1(106)(d)
(i) Movements in ordinary shares:
Number of Par Share
shares value premium Total
Notes (thousands) CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Details
IAS1(79)(a)(iv) Opening balance 1 January 2014 59,468 59,468 1,628 61,096
Employee share scheme issues 21 143 143 655 798
Dividend reinvestment plan issues (iv) 100 100 559 559
IAS1(79)(a)(iv) Balance 31 December 2014 59,711 59,711 2,742 62,453
Dividend reinvestment plan issues (iv) 94 94 471 565
Final call of CU1.12 per share on 1,250,000
partly paid shares (iii) - - 1,400 1,400
Calls in arrears paid (iii) - - 100 100
Exercise of options - proceeds received (v) 228 228 975 1,203
Acquisition of subsidiary 14 1,698 1,698 8,117 9,815
Rights issue (vi) 1,285 1,285 6,423 7,708
63,016 63,016 20,228 83,244
IAS32(35),(39) Less: Transaction costs arising on share
issues - - (200) (200)
IAS12(81)(a) Deferred tax credit recognised directly in
equity - - 60 60
IAS1(79)(a)(iv) Balance 31 December 2015 63,016 63,016 20,088 83,104
Not mandatory The purpose of the rights issue and the call on partly paid shares was to repay borrowings which had
been drawn to finance the establishment of the furniture retail division, expand the Springfield
manufacturing facilities, and acquire shares in VALUE IFRS Electronics Group. Funds raised from the
other share issues were used for general working capital purposes.
IAS1(106)(d)
(a) Share capital and share premium
IAS1(106)(d)
(ii) Movements in 7% non-redeemable participating preference share capital:
(v) Options
IAS1(79)(a)(vii) Information relating to the VALUE IFRS Employee Option Plan, including details of options issued,
exercised and lapsed during the financial year and options outstanding at the end of the reporting
period, is set out in note 21.
IAS1(106)(d)
(b) Other equity
2015 2014 2015 2014
Notes Shares Shares CU’000 CU’000
IAS32(28) Value of conversion rights –
convertible notes (i) 3,500 -
IAS12(81)(a) Deferred tax liability
component (1,050) -
2
IAS1(79)(a)(vi) Treasury shares (ii) (120,641) (99,280) (676) (550)
IAS32(34)
1,774 (550)
IAS1(106)(d)
(c) Other reserves 3-5
IAS1(106A) The following table shows a breakdown of the balance sheet line item ‘other reserves’ and the
movements in these reserves during the year. A description of the nature and purpose of each reserve
is provided below the table.
IAS16(77)(f) Reva- AfS Share- Trans- Foreign Total
IAS21(52)(b) luation financial Cash flow based actions currency other
surplus assets hedges payments with NCI translation reserves
Notes CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
IAS16(77)(f) 8(a),7(c)
IFRS7(20)(a)(ii),
(23)(e)
Revaluation – gross 12(a) 5,840 (1,378) 1,785 - - - 6,247
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) (1,752) 413 (535) - - - (1,874)
IAS16(77)(f) NCI share in revaluation
– gross (178) - - - - - (178)
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) 54 - - - - - 54
IAS16(41) Depreciation transfer –
gross 9(d) (334) - - - - - (334)
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) 100 - - - - - 100
IAS28(10) Revaluation associate 16(e) 100 - - - - - 100
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) (30) - - - - - (30)
IAS1(92),(95) Reclassification to profit 12(a)
IFRS7(23)(d) or loss – gross 7(c) - 548 (195) - - - 353
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) - (164) 59 - - - (105)
Transfer to inventory –
IFRS7(23)(e)
gross 12(a) - - 52 - - - 52
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) - - (16) - - - (16)
IAS28(10) Currency translation
associate 16(e) - - - - - 15 15
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax - - - - - (5) (5)
IAS21(52)(b) Other currency
translation differences - - - - - 243 243
NCI share in translation
differences - - - - - (133) (133)
Other comprehensive
income 3,800 (581) 1,150 - - 120 4,489
Transactions with
owners in their capacity
as owners
Share-based
payment expenses 21 - - - 555 - - 555
At 31 December 2014 7,020 592 947 1,844 - 2,036 12,439
IAS1(106)(d)
(c) Other reserves
IAS16(77)(f) Foreign
IAS21(52)(b) Reva- AfS Share- Trans- currency Total
luation financial Cash flow based actions trans- other
surplus assets hedges payments with NCI lation reserves
Notes CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
IAS28(10)
Revaluation joint venture 16(e) 300 - - - - - 300
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) (90) - - - - - (90)
Reclassification to profit 12(a)
IAS1(92),(95)
IFRS7(23)(d)
or loss – gross 7(c) - (646) (155) - - - (801)
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) - 194 47 - - - 241
IFRS7(23)(e) Transfer to inventory –
gross 12(a) - - 161 - - - 161
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax 8(d) - - (48) - - - (48)
IAS28(10) Currency translation
associate 16(e) - - - - - 20 20
IAS12(81)(ab),
IAS1(90)
Deferred tax - - - - - (6) (6)
Other currency
IAS21(52)(b)
translation differences - - - - - (617) (617)
Reclassification to profit
or loss on disposal of
IAS1(92),(95)
IAS21(52)(b)
discontinued operation 15 - - - - - 170 170
IAS21(52)(b)
Net investment hedge - - - - - 190 190
NCI share in translation
differences - - - - - 247 247
Other comprehensive
income 4,908 164 59 - - 4 5,135
Transactions with
owners in their capacity
as owners
Share-based
payment expenses 21 - - - 2,018 - - 2,018
Issue of treasury
shares to employees 9(b) - - - (1,091) - - (1,091)
IFRS10(23) Transactions with
NCI 16(d) - - - - (333) - (333)
At 31 December 2015 11,928 756 1,006 2,771 (333) 2,040 18,168
IAS1(106)(d)
(c) Other reserves
Cash flow hedges
The hedging reserve is used to record gains or losses on derivatives that are designated and qualify as
cash flow hedges and that are recognised in other comprehensive income, as described in note 25(p).
Amounts are reclassified to profit or loss when the associated hedged transaction affects profit or loss.
8
Share-based payments
The share-based payments reserve is used to recognise:
the grant date fair value of options issued to employees but not exercised
the grant date fair value of shares issued to employees
the grant date fair value of deferred shares granted to employees but not yet vested
the issue of shares held by the VALUE IFRS Employee Share Trust to employees.
Transactions with non-controlling interests
This reserve is used to record the differences described in note 25(b)(v) which may arise as a result of
transactions with non-controlling interests that do not result in a loss of control.
Foreign currency translation
Exchange differences arising on translation of the foreign controlled entity are recognised in other
comprehensive income as described in note 25(d) and accumulated in a separate reserve within equity.
The cumulative amount is reclassified to profit or loss when the net investment is disposed of.
IAS1(106)(d)
(d) Retained earnings
IAS1(106)(d) Movements in retained earnings were as follows:
2014
2015 Restated *
Notes CU’000 CU’000
* The amounts disclosed are after the restatement for the correction of the error disclosed in note 11(b).
Equity
Share premium
IAS1(79)(a) 1. IAS 1 requires disclosure of the par value of shares (if any), but does not prescribe a particular
form of presentation for the share premium. VALUE IFRS Plc is disclosing the share premium
in notes. However, local company laws may have specific rules. For example, they may require
separate presentation in the balance sheet.
Treasury shares
IAS32(33) 2. IAS 32 states that treasury shares must be deduced from equity and that no gain or loss shall
be recognised on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of such shares. However, the
standard does not specify where in equity the treasury shares should be presented. VALUE
IFRS Plc has elected to present the shares in ‘other equity’, but they may also be disclosed as
a separate line item in the balance sheet, deducted from retained earnings or presented in a
specific reserve. Depending on local company law, the company may have the right to resell
the treasury shares.
Equity
Other reserves
IAS1(106)(d) 3. An entity shall present, either in the statement of changes in equity or in the notes, for each
accumulated balance of each class of other comprehensive income a reconciliation between
the carrying amount at the beginning and the end of the period, separately disclosing each item
of other comprehensive income and transactions with owners. See also commentary
paragraphs 2 and 3 to the statement of changes in equity.
IAS1(92),(94) 4. Reclassification adjustments relating to components of other comprehensive income must also
be disclosed, either in the statement of comprehensive income or in the notes. VALUE IFRS
Plc has elected to make both disclosures in the notes.
IAS1(7),(95) 5. Reclassification adjustments are amounts reclassified to profit or loss in the current period that
were recognised in other comprehensive income in the current or previous periods. They arise,
for example, on disposal of a foreign operation, on derecognition or impairment of an available-
for-sale financial asset and when a hedged forecast transaction affects profit or loss.
Nature and purpose
IAS1(79)(b) 6. A description of the nature and purpose of each reserve within equity must be provided either
in the balance sheet or in the notes. This applies to each reserve, including general reserves,
capital profits reserves and any others in existence.
7. In providing a description of the nature and purpose of the reserves it would be appropriate to
refer to any restrictions on their distribution or any other important characteristics. In the
case of:
IAS16(77)(f) (a) the property, plant and equipment revaluation surplus: there is a specific requirement to
disclose any restrictions on the distribution of the balance to shareholders
IAS38(124)(b) (b) the amount of the revaluation surplus that relates to intangible assets; there is a specific
requirement to disclose the balance at the beginning and end of the period, indicating the
changes during the period and any restrictions on the distribution of the balance to
shareholders.
Transfer from share-based payments reserve to share capital on exercise of options
8. The accounting standards do not distinguish between different components of equity. Although
IFRS 2 Share-based Payment permits to transfer an amount from one component of equity to
another upon the exercise of options, there is no requirement to do so. VALUE IFRS Plc has
established a share-based payments reserve but does not transfer any amounts from this
reserve upon the exercise or lapse of options. However, the credit could also be recognised
directly in retained earnings or share capital. The treatment adopted may depend on the tax
and company laws applicable in the relevant jurisdictions. Entities with significant share-based
payment transactions should explain their policy.
Disclosures not illustrated: not applicable to VALUE IFRS Plc
9. The following requirements are not illustrated in this publication as they are not applicable to
VALUE IFRS Plc:
Issue not illustrated Relevant disclosures or references
IAS1(80) Entities without share capital Disclose information equivalent to that
required by paragraph 79(a) of IAS 1
IAS1(136A),(80A) Puttable financial instruments Various disclosures, see IAS 1 (136A) and
(80A) for details.
IAS1(138)(d) Limited life entities Disclose length of the entity’s life
IFRIC19(11) Entity has issued equity instruments to Disclose any gain or loss recognised as
extinguish financial liabilities separate line item in profit or loss or in the
notes
Deferred settlement of part proceeds of the sale of the engineering division is disclosed in note 15,
dividends satisfied by the issue of shares under the dividend reinvestment plan are shown in note 13(b)
and options and shares issued to employees under the VALUE IFRS Employee Option Plan and
employee share scheme for no cash consideration are shown in note 21.
Not mandatory
(c) Net debt reconciliation 4,5
This section sets out an analysis of net debt and the movements in net debt for each of the periods
presented.
Net debt 2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
IAS7(50) Finance
leases Finance Borrow.
Cash/ Liquid due leases due Borrow.
bank invest- within due after within due after
overdraft ments (i) 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year Total
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Net debt as at
1 January 2014 13,973 10,370 - - (4,249) (58,250) (38,156)
Cash flows 8,404 1,235 - - (1,496) 535 8,678
Acquisitions – finance
leases and lease
incentives - - (560) (3,390) - - (3,950)
Foreign exchange
adjustments 216 - - - - (420) (204)
Other non-cash
movements - (690) - - - - (690)
Net debt as at
31 December 2014 22,593 10,915 (560) (3,390) (5,745) (58,135) (34,322)
Cash flows 30,365 (465) 805 - (5) (30,564) 136
Foreign exchange
adjustments (248) 15 - - - (31) (264)
Other non-cash
movements - 835 (825) 576 - 80 666
Net debt as at
31 December 2015 52,710 11,300 (580) (2,814) (5,750) (88,650) (33,784)
(i) Liquid investments comprise current investments that are traded in an active market, being the
group’s financial assets held at fair value through profit or loss.
Not mandatory This section of the notes discusses the group’s exposure to various risks and shows how these could
affect the group’s financial position and performance.
PwC 98
11 Critical estimates, judgements and errors
IAS1(122),(125) The preparation of financial statements requires the use of accounting estimates which, by definition,
will seldom equal the actual results. Management also needs to exercise judgement in applying the
group’s accounting policies.
This note provides an overview of the areas that involved a higher degree of judgement or complexity,
and of items which are more likely to be materially adjusted due to estimates and assumptions turning
out to be wrong. Detailed information about each of these estimates and judgements is included in
notes 1 to 10 together with information about the basis of calculation for each affected line item in the
financial statements. In addition, this note also explains where there have been actual adjustments this
year as a result of an error and of changes to previous estimates.
IAS8(49)(b)(ii) Basic and diluted earnings per share for the prior year have also been restated. The amount of the
correction for both basic and diluted earnings per share was an increase of CU0.1 cents per share.
The correction further affected some of the amounts disclosed in note 5(b) and note 18. Depreciation
expense for the prior year was reduced by CU250,000 and rental expense relating to operating leases
increased by CU275,000.
The group’s risk management is carried out by a central treasury department (group treasury) under
policies approved by the board of directors. Group treasury identifies, evaluates and hedges financial
risks in close co-operation with the group’s operating units. The board provides written principles for
overall risk management, as well as policies covering specific areas, such as foreign exchange risk,
interest rate risk, credit risk, use of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial
instruments, and investment of excess liquidity.
Non-current assets
IAS1(77) IFRS7(22)(a),(b) Interest rate swap contracts – cash flow hedges ((b)(ii)) 308 712
Total non-current derivative financial instrument assets 308 712
Current liabilities
Forward foreign exchange contracts – held for trading ((b)(i)) 610 621
IAS1(77) IFRS7(22)(a),(b) Forward foreign exchange contracts – cash flow hedges ((b)(i)) 766 777
Total current derivative financial instrument liabilities 1,376 1,398
(a) Derivatives
IAS1(117)
(i) Classification of derivatives
IAS1(66),(68) Derivatives are classified as held for trading and accounted for at fair value through profit or loss unless
IAS39(9),(46),(47)
they are designated as hedges. They are presented as current assets or liabilities if they are expected
to be settled within 12 months after the end of the reporting period.
IAS39(98)(b) The group’s accounting policy for its cash flow hedges is set out in note 25(p). For hedged forecast
transactions that result in the recognition of a non-financial asset, the group has elected to include
related hedging gains and losses in the initial measurement of the cost of the asset.
IFRS7(33)
(b) Market risk
(i) Foreign exchange risk 5,6
IFRS7(33)(b),(22)(c) Group companies are required to hedge their foreign exchange risk exposure using forward contracts
transacted with group treasury.
IFRS7(22)(c) The group treasury’s risk management policy is to hedge between 75% and 100% of anticipated cash
flows (mainly export sales and purchase of inventory) in US dollars for the subsequent 12 months.
Approximately 90% (2013 – 95%) of projected purchases qualify as ‘highly probable’ forecast
transactions for hedge accounting purposes.
The US dollar denominated bank loans are expected to be repaid with receipts from US dollar
denominated sales. The foreign currency exposure of these loans has therefore not been hedged.
Exposure
IFRS7(31),(34)(c) The group’s exposure to foreign currency risk at the end of the reporting period, expressed in Oneland
currency units, was as follows:
31 December 2015 31 December 2014
USD EUR RMB USD EUR RMB
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Trade receivables 5,150 2,025 - 4,130 945
Bank loans (18,765) - (1,509) (8,250) - -
Trade payables (4,250) - - (5,130) - -
Forward exchange
contracts
buy foreign currency
(cash flow hedges) 21,519 - - 18,613 - -
sell foreign currency
(held for trading) 12,073 - - 11,422 - -
IAS21(52)(b) Net gains (losses) recognised in other comprehensive income (note 9(c))
Cash flow hedges 327 877
Translation of foreign operations and net investment hedges (427) 243
Sensitivity
IFRS7(40)(a),(b),(c) As shown in the table above, the group is primarily exposed to changes in US/CU exchange rates. The
sensitivity of profit or loss to changes in the exchange rates arises mainly from US-dollar denominated
financial instruments and the impact on other components of equity arises from foreign forward
exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges.
Impact on post Impact on other
tax profit components of equity
2015 2014 2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
US/CU exchange rate – increase 9% (10%) * (2,194) (894) 1,506 1,311
US/CU exchange rate – decrease 9% (10%) * 1,795 747 (1,232) (1,045)
* Holding all other variables constant
Profit is more sensitive to movements in the Oneland currency units/US dollar exchange rates in 2015
than 2014 because of the increased amount of US dollar denominated borrowings. Equity is more
sensitive to movements in the Oneland currency units/US dollar exchange rates in 2015 than 2014
because of the increased amount of forward foreign exchange contracts. The group’s exposure to other
foreign exchange movements is not material.
(ii) Cash flow and fair value interest rate risk 7
IFRS7(33)(a),(b) The group’s main interest rate risk arises from long-term borrowings with variable rates, which expose
the group to cash flow interest rate risk. Group policy is to maintain at least 60% of its borrowings at
fixed rate using interest rate swaps to achieve this when necessary. During 2015 and 2014, the group’s
borrowings at variable rate were mainly denominated in Oneland currency units and US Dollars.
IFRS7(Appendix-A) The group’s fixed rate borrowings and receivables are carried at amortised cost. They are therefore not
subject to interest rate risk as defined in IFRS 7, since neither the carrying amount nor the future cash
flows will fluctuate because of a change in market interest rates.
IFRS7(22) The group manages its cash flow interest rate risk by using floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps. Under
these swaps, the group agrees with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals (mainly quarterly),
the difference between fixed contract rates and floating rate interest amounts calculated by reference to
the agreed notional principal amounts. Generally, the group raises long-term borrowings at floating
rates and swaps them into fixed rates that are lower than those available if the group borrowed at fixed
rates directly.
An analysis by maturities is provided in note 12(d) below. The percentage of total loans shows the
proportion of loans that are currently at variable rates in relation to the total amount of borrowings.
Sensitivity
The table below summarises the impact of increases/decreases of these two indexes on the group’s
equity and post-tax profit for the period. The analysis is based on the assumption that the equity
indexes had increased by 9% and 7% respectively or decreased by 6% and 5% with all other variables
held constant, and that all the group’s equity instruments moved in line with the indexes.
Impact on other
Impact on post components of
tax profit equity
2015 2014 2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Oneland Stock Exchange 200 – increase 9% (2014 –
7.5%) 385 361 336 280
NYSE International 100 – increase 7% (2014 – 6.5%) 254 184 - -
Oneland Stock Exchange 200 – decrease 6% (2014 –
4%) (257) (193) (224) (180)
NYSE International 100 – decrease 5% (2014 – 3.5%) (182) (99) - -
Post-tax profit for the period would increase/decrease as a result of gains/losses on equity securities
classified as at fair value through profit or loss. Other components of equity would increase/decrease
as a result of gains/losses on equity securities classified as available-for-sale. As the fair value of the
available-for-sale financial assets would still be above cost, no impairment loss would be recognised in
profit or loss as a result of the decrease in the index.
Derivatives
Trading derivatives 610 - - - - 610 610
Gross settled (forward
foreign exchange
contracts – cash flow
hedges)
- (inflow) (17,182) (13,994) - - - (31,176) -
- outflow 17,521 14,498 - - - 32,019 766
949 504 - - - 1,453 1,376
At 31 December 2014
Non-derivatives
Trade payables 11,270 - - - - 11,270 11,270
Borrowings (excluding
finance leases) 4,513 4,118 8,820 34,476 21,303 73,230 66,130
Finance lease
liabilities 237 238 930 3,105 370 4,880 3,950
Total non-derivatives 16,020 4,356 9,750 37,581 21,673 89,380 81,350
Derivatives
Trading derivatives 621 - - - - 621 621
Gross settled (forward
foreign exchange
contracts – cash flow
hedges)
- (inflow) (11,724) (6,560) - - - (18,284) -
- outflow 11,885 7,228 - - - 19,113 777
782 668 - - - 1,450 1,398
IFRS7(B10A)(a) Of the CU47.195m disclosed in the 2015 borrowings time band ‘between 2 and 5 years’, the group is
considering early repayment of CU5,000,000 in the first quarter of the 2016 financial year (2014 – nil).
Credit risk
Impaired trade receivables
IFRS7(37)(b) 8. Entities must provide an analysis of financial assets that are individually determined to be
impaired. However, there is no specific requirement to disclose the ageing of those financial
assets. Other forms of analyses will be equally acceptable.
Liquidity risk
Maturity analysis
IFRS7(B11B) 9. All financial liabilities must be included in the maturity analysis. The analysis should generally
be based on contractual maturities. However, for derivative financial liabilities the standard
provides entities with a choice to base the maturity grouping on expected rather than
contractual maturities, provided the contractual maturities are not essential for an
understanding of the timing of the cash flows. This could be the case for derivative contracts
that are held for trading. For contracts such as interest rate swaps in a cash flow hedge of a
variable rate financial asset or liability and for all loan commitments, the remaining contractual
maturities will be essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows. These
contracts must therefore be grouped based on their contractual maturities.
IFRS7(3),(B11D) 10. The amounts disclosed should be the amounts expected to be paid in future periods,
determined by reference to the conditions existing at the end of the reporting period. However,
IFRS 7 does not specify whether current or forward rates should be used. PwC recommends
the use of forward rates as they are a better approximation of future cash flows.
IFRS7(B11C)(c) 11. The specific time buckets presented are not mandated by the standard but are based on what
is reported internally to the key management personnel. For financial guarantee contracts, the
maximum amount of the guarantee must be allocated to the earliest period in which the
guarantee could be called.
12. As the amounts included in the maturity tables are the contractual undiscounted cash flows,
including principal and interest payments, these amounts will not reconcile to the amounts
disclosed in the balance sheet. This is in particular as far as borrowings or derivative financial
instruments are concerned. Entities can choose to add a column with the carrying amounts
which ties into the balance sheet and a reconciling column if they so wish, but this is not
mandatory.
Financing arrangements
IAS7(50)(a) 13. Committed borrowing facilities are a major element of liquidity management. Entities should
IFRS7(39)(b)
therefore consider providing information about their undrawn facilities. IAS 7 Statement of Cash
Flows also recommends disclosure of undrawn borrowing facilities that may be available for
future operating activities and to settle capital commitments, indicating any restrictions on the
use of these facilities.
Terms and conditions of financial instruments
IFRS7(7),(31) 14. Entities shall disclose sufficient information that enables users of its financial statements to
evaluate the significance of financial instruments for its financial position and performance and
the nature and extent of risks arising from these financial instruments. However, the intention of
IFRS 7 was to decrease the potentially voluminous disclosures that were required by IAS 32
and replace them with shorter but more meaningful information. Under normal circumstances
entities will therefore no longer need to disclose the significant terms and conditions for each of
their major borrowings. Nevertheless, if an entity has a borrowing or other financial instrument
with unusual terms and conditions, then some information should be provided to enable users
to assess the nature and extent of risks associated with these instruments.
Capital management
Capital management
Not mandatory This section provides information which will help users understand how the group structure affects the
financial position and performance of the group as a whole. In particular, there is information about:
changes to the structure that occurred during the year as a result of business combinations and the
disposal of a discontinued operation
transactions with non-controlling interests, and
interests in joint operations.
A list of significant subsidiaries is provided in note 16. This note also discloses details about the group’s
equity accounted investments.
PwC 118
14 Business combination 2-5
(a) Summary of acquisition
IFRS3(B64)(a)-(d) On 1 April 2015 the parent entity acquired 70% of the issued share capital of VALUE IFRS Electronics
Group, a manufacturer of electronic equipment. The acquisition has significantly increased the group’s
market share in this industry and complements the group’s existing IT consultancy division.
Details of the purchase consideration, the net assets acquired and goodwill are as follows:
CU’000
IFRS3(B64)(f) Purchase consideration (refer to (b) below):
Cash paid 3,000
Ordinary shares issued 9,765
Contingent consideration 135
IAS7(40)(a) Total purchase consideration 12,900
IFRS3(B64)(f)(iv),(m) The fair value of the 1,698,000 shares issued as part of the consideration paid for VALUE IFRS
Electronics Group (CU9.815m) was based on the published share price on 1 April 2015 of CU5.78 per
share. Issue costs of CU50,000 which were directly attributable to the issue of the shares have been
netted against the deemed proceeds.
IFRS3(B64)(i) The assets and liabilities recognised as a result of the acquisition are as follows:
IAS7(40)(d)
Fair value
CU’000
Cash 1,550
Trade receivables 780
Inventories 840
Land and buildings 4,200
Plant and equipment 7,610
Deferred tax asset 2,389
Intangible assets: trademarks 3,020
Intangible assets: customer contracts 3,180
Trade payables (470)
Bank overdraft (1,150)
Contingent liability (450)
Deferred tax liability (2,304)
Post-employment benefit obligations (1,914)
Other employee benefit obligations (415)
Net identifiable assets acquired 16,836
IFRS3(B64)(o)(i) Less: non-controlling interests (5,051)
Add: goodwill 1,115
Net assets acquired 12,900
IFRS3(B64)(e),(k) The goodwill is attributable to the workforce and the high profitability of the acquired business. It will not
be deductible for tax purposes.
1
IAS1(38) There were no acquisitions in the year ending 31 December 2014.
Acquisition-related costs
IFRS3(B64)(m) Acquisition-related costs of CU750,000 that were not directly attributable to the issue of shares are
included in other expenses in profit or loss and in operating cash flows in the statement of cash flows.
Business combination
Comparatives
IAS1(38) 1. Under IAS 1, comparative information must be given for all numerical information reported in
the financial statements, including narratives. However, IFRS 3 does not separately require
comparative information in respect of business combinations. In our view, the IFRS 3
disclosures are required only for business combinations occurring during the period. This
means that in the period following the combination, the disclosures required in paragraph B64
of IFRS 3 do not need to be repeated. However, the disclosures that are required in relation to
a prior business combination in paragraph B67 of IFRS 3 must be made.
Disclosures not illustrated: not applicable to VALUE IFRS Plc
Additional disclosures
2. The following requirements are not illustrated in this publication as they are not applicable to
VALUE IFRS Plc:
Issue not illustrated Relevant disclosures or references
IFRS3(B64)(l),(52) Transactions that are recognised Disclose a description of the transaction and
separately from the business how it was accounted for, the amounts
combination recognised and other information as
specified in IFRS 3.
IFRS3(B64)(n) The entity has made a bargain Disclose the gain recognised and explain
purchases why the transaction resulted in a gain.
IFRS3(B64)(p) The business combination was Disclose the acquisition-date FV of the
achieved in stages equity interest held immediately before the
acquisition and the gain or loss recognised
as a result of remeasuring the equity interest
to fair value.
IFRS3(B67)(a) The initial accounting for the business Explain why the initial accounting is
combination is incomplete incomplete, which items are affected and
any adjustments recognised during the
reporting period.
IFRS3(B67)(e) The entity has recognised a gain or loss Disclose the amount and provide an
in the current reporting period relating to explanation of the gain or loss.
identifiable assets acquired or liabilities
assumed in a business combination
from the current or a prior period
IFRS3(63) The objectives of IFRS 3 are not Provide additional explanations as
satisfied with the required disclosures necessary.
(d) Assets and liabilities of disposal group classified as held for sale
IFRS5(38) The following assets and liabilities were reclassified as held for sale in relation to the discontinued
operation as at 31 December 2014:
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
IAS1(77) Assets classified as held for sale
Property, plant and equipment - 1,995
Trade receivables - 1,570
Inventories - 1,390
Total assets of disposal group held for sale - 4,955
IAS1(77) Liabilities directly associated with assets classified as held for sale
Trade creditors - (450)
Employee benefit obligations - (50)
Total liabilities of disposal group held for sale - (500)
Discontinued operation
IAS1(122)
(i) Significant judgement: consolidation of entities with less than 50% ownership
IFRS12(7)(a),(9)(b) The directors have concluded that the group controls VALUE IFRS Overseas Ltd, even though it
holds less than half of the voting rights of this subsidiary. This is because the group is the largest
shareholder with a 45% equity interest while the remaining shares are held by eight investors. An
agreement signed between the shareholders and VALUE IFRS Overseas Ltd grants VALUE IFRS Plc
the right to appoint, remove and set the remuneration of management responsible for directing the
relevant activities. A 67% majority vote is required to change this agreement, which cannot be
achieved without the group’s consent as the group holds 45% of the voting rights.
Non-current assets -
28,010 22,910 15,570 12,730 18,900
Non-current liabilities 5,800 3,400 12,735 10,748 10,100 -
Non-current net assets -
22,210 19,510 2,835 1,982 8,800
VALUE IFRS
Summarised cash Manufacturing VALUE IFRS VALUE IFRS Electronics
flows Limited Overseas Ltd Group
IFRS12(B10)(b) 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Cash flows from
operating activities 2,989 2,780 1,203 1,160 980 -
Cash flows from
investing activities (1,760) (1,563) (584) (859) (870) -
Cash flows from
financing activities 390 (950) 256 330 (235) -
Net increase/
(decrease) in cash and
cash equivalents 1,619 267 875 631 (125) -
Big Hide Pet SA France 15 15 Associate (1) Equity method 615 560 600 540
Cuddly Bear Plc Oneland 35 35 Associate (2) Equity method 570 505 550 490
Squirrel Ltd Oneland 40 40 Joint Venture (3) Equity method -* -* 2,250 1,900
Immaterial associates (iii) below 375 345
Total equity accounted investments 3,775 3,275
IFRS12(21)(a)(ii) (1) Big Hide Pet SA is a manufacturer of specialised furniture for the hospitality industry, including cafés and restaurants. Its product range
complements the group’s commercial furniture range and provides access to markets not previously serviced by the group.
(2) Cuddly Bear Plc develops residential land. It is a strategic investment which utilises the group’s knowledge and expertise in the development of
residential land but at the same time limits the group’s risk exposure through a reduced equity holding.
(3) Squirrel Ltd distributes computer software to wholesale customers in the Oneland market. It is a strategic investment for the group which
complements the services provided by the IT consulting segment.
* Private entity – no quoted price available.
IFRS12(B12)(b)(vi) Profit from continuing operations 534 400 200 171 400 550
IFRS12(B12)(b)(vii) Profit from discontinued operations - - - - - -
Profit for the period 534 400 200 171 400 550
IFRS12(B12)(b)(viii) Other comprehensive income 133 767 - - 750 -
IFRS12(B12)(b)(ix) Total comprehensive income 667 1,167 200 171 1,150 550
* Shading indicates disclosures that are not required for investments in associates . 3
Unrecognised items
PwC 131
17 Contingent liabilities and contingent assets 2
(a) Contingent liabilities 1
The group had contingent liabilities at 31 December 2015 in respect of:
(i) Claims
IAS37(86),(91) A claim for unspecified damages was lodged against VALUE IFRS Retail Limited in December 2014 in
relation to alleged non-performance under a sales contract. The company has disclaimed liability and is
defending the action. It is not practical to estimate the potential effect of this claim but legal advice
indicates that it is not probable that a significant liability will arise.
In September 2015, a claim was lodged against VALUE IFRS Manufacturing Limited asserting that the
entity had breached certain registered patents of a competitor. The matter is currently being considered
IAS37(86) by the courts and the group expects judgement before the end of June 2016. The group considers it to
be probable that the judgement will be in its favour and has therefore not recognised a provision in
relation to this claim. The potential undiscounted amount of the total payments that the group could be
required to make if there was an adverse decision related to the lawsuit is estimated to be
approximately CU250,000.
(ii) Associates and joint ventures
IFRS12(23)(b) For contingent liabilities relating to associates and joint ventures refer to note 16(e).
Definitions
IAS37(10) Application of definitions
1. Careful consideration will need to be given to each potential contingent liability or asset. For
example, in the case of an entity that has:
(a) incurred liabilities in acting as trustee for a trust: if the liabilities of the trust are insignificant
compared to the assets in the trust and the chances of the trustee being called to meet
those liabilities is remote, no contingent liability and asset disclosures will need to be
made. It is likely that it will be possible to demonstrate remoteness where the entity is
acting as trustee for an equity trust that has no borrowings and holds investments that can
be readily sold to meet any liabilities that do arise. Remoteness is unlikely to be
demonstrated where an entity acts as trustee for a trust that is carrying on a business and
the trustee is incurring liabilities and undertaking the risks relating to the business
(b) provided a guarantee or indemnity to another party: it will be more difficult to demonstrate
the probability of having to meet the potential liabilities as being remote because there are
likely to be commercial risks which gave rise to the need for the guarantee or indemnity.
Disclosures not illustrated: not applicable to VALUE IFRS Plc
2. The following requirements are not illustrated in this publication as they are not applicable to
VALUE IFRS Plc:
Issue not illustrated Relevant disclosures or references
IAS37(88) Provisions and contingent liabilities Make the required disclosures in a way such
arising from the same set of that the link between the provision and the
circumstances contingent liability is clear.
IAS37(91) Information cannot be disclosed Disclose the fact.
because it is not practicable to do so
IAS37(92) Disclosure of information can be Disclose the general nature of the dispute
expected to seriously prejudice the together with the fact that, and the reasons
position of the entity why, the information has not been disclosed.
IAS19(152) Contingent liabilities arising from post- Provide information about these contingent
employment benefit plans liabilities.
.
18 Commitments 1
(a) Capital commitments
Significant capital expenditure contracted for at the end of the reporting period but not recognised as
liabilities is as follows:
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
IAS16(74)(c) Property, plant and equipment 4,200 800
IAS40(75)(h) Investment property 520 1,250
IAS38(122)(e) Intangible assets 450 -
Fernwood venture
IFRS12(23)(a) The above commitments include capital expenditure commitments of CU500,000 (2014 – nil) relating to
the Fernwood Venture (refer to note 16(d)).
IAS17(35)(d)(i) Not included in the above commitments are contingent rental payments which may arise in the event
that units produced by certain leased assets exceed a pre-determined production capacity. The
contingent rental payable is 1% of sales revenue from the excess production.
SIC15(5) A number of lease agreements for the retail stores include free fit-outs provided by the lessor as a lease
incentive. The assets obtained by the group have been recognised as furniture and equipment at fair
value and are depreciated over the shorter of their useful life or the lease term. The lease incentive is
presented as part of the lease liabilities and is reversed on a straight line basis over the lease term.
IAS17(35)(c)
Rental expense relating to operating leases
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Minimum lease payments 1,230 1,530
Contingent rentals 430 -
Sub-leases 290 270
Total rental expense relating to operating leases 1,950 1,800
Commitments
CU’000
Purchase consideration
Cash paid 11,750
Contingent consideration 280
Total purchase consideration 12,030
IFRS3(B64)(e),(k) The goodwill is attributable to Better Office Furnishings Limited’s strong position and profitability in
trading in the office furniture and equipment market and synergies expected to arise after the
company’s acquisition of the new subsidiary. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax
purposes.
(ii) Contingent consideration
IFRS3(B64)(g) The contingent consideration arrangement requires the group to pay the former owners of Better Office
Furnishings Limited 5% of the profit of Better Office Furnishings Limited, in excess of CU4,000,000 for
the year ending 31 December 2016, up to a maximum undiscounted amount of CU800,000.
The potential undiscounted amount of all future payments that the group could be required to make
under this arrangement is between CU0 and CU800,000. The fair value of the contingent consideration
arrangement of CU280,000 has been estimated by calculating the present value of the future expected
cash flows. The estimates are based on a discount rate of 8% and assumed probability-adjusted profit
in Better Office Furnishings Limited of CU4,400,000 to CU4,800,000.
(iii) Acquisition-related costs
IFRS3(B64)(m) Acquisition-related costs of CU750,000 will be included in other expenses in profit or loss in the
reporting period ending 31 December 2016.
PwC 137
20 Related party transactions 1-2,4,9-11
(a) Parent entities
IAS1(138)(c) The group is controlled by the following entities:
Place of Ownership interest
7,8
Name Type incorporation 2015 2014
IAS24(13), Lion (Oneland) plc Immediate parent entity Oneland 60% 63.7%
IAS1(138)(c)
IAS24(13) Lion AG Ultimate parent entity and Germany 60% * 63.7% *
IAS1(138)(c)
controlling party
* Lion plc holds 100% of the issued ordinary shares of Lion (Oneland) Limited.
(b) Subsidiaries
Interests in subsidiaries are set out in note 16(a).
IAS24(17)
(c) Key management personnel compensation 3
2015 2014
7,8
CU CU
IAS24(17)(a) Short-term employee benefits 2,232,619 2,053,464
IAS24(17)(b) Post-employment benefits 179,953 161,541
IAS24(17)(c) Long-term benefits 39,530 32,719
IAS24(17)(d) Termination benefits 115,500 -
IAS24(17)(e) Share-based payments 704,942 547,753
3,272,544 2,795,477
3
Detailed remuneration disclosures are provided in the remuneration report on pages [x] to [y].
IAS24(18)(b) In addition to the above, the group is committed to pay the CEO and the CFO up to CU250,000 in the
7,8
event of a change in control of the group.
IAS24(18)
(d) Transactions with other related parties 6
IAS24(18)(a) The following transactions occurred with related parties:
2015 2014
7,8
CU CU
Sales and purchases of goods and services
IAS24(19)(d) Sale of goods to associates 125,222 -
IAS24(19)(a) Purchase of management services from parent 450,000 370,000
IAS24(19)(g) Purchases of electronic equipment from other related parties 182,232 78,300
IAS24(19)(f) Purchases of various goods and services from entities controlled
by key management personnel (i) 764,265 576,020
Dividend revenue
IAS24(19)(g) Other related parties 150,000 300,000
5
Superannuation contributions
IAS24(19)(g) Contributions to superannuation funds on behalf of employees * 3,719,333 3,287,543
* see note 8(g) for information about VALUE IFRS Plc shares held by the group’s defined
benefit plan and property owned by the plan that is occupied by the group.
IAS24(17)
(d) Transactions with other related parties
2015 2014
7,8
CU CU
Other transactions
IAS24(19)(a) Dividends paid to Oneland parent entity 13,313,400 6,553,200
IAS24(19)(a) Final call on partly paid ordinary shares paid by Oneland parent
entity (note 9(a)) 840,321 -
IAS24(19)(a) Subscriptions for new ordinary shares by Oneland parent entity
(note 9(a)) 4,626,422 -
IAS24(19)(f) Subscription for new ordinary shares by key management
personnel as a result of the rights issue (note 9(a)) 118,096 -
IAS24(18)(c),(d) There is no allowance account for impaired receivables in relation to any outstanding balances, and no
expense has been recognised in respect of impaired receivables due from related parties.
Presentation
1. All of the related party information required by IAS 24 that is relevant to VALUE IFRS Plc has
been presented, or referred to, in one note. This is considered to be a convenient and
desirable method of presentation, but there is no requirement to present the information in this
manner. Compliance with the standard could also be achieved by disclosing the information in
relevant notes throughout the financial statements.
Materiality
IAS1(7) 2. The disclosures required by IAS 24 apply to the financial statements when the information is
material. According to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, materiality depends on the
size and nature of an item. It may be necessary to treat an item or a group of items as material
because of their nature, even if they would not be judged material on the basis of the amounts
involved. This may apply when transactions occur between an entity and parties who have a
fiduciary responsibility in relation to that entity, such as those transactions between the entity
and its key management personnel.
Key management personnel compensation
3. While the disclosures under IAS 24 paragraph 17 are subject to materiality, this must be
determined based on both quantitative and qualitative factors. In our view, it will not be
appropriate to omit the aggregate compensation disclosures based on materiality. Whether it
will be possible to satisfy the disclosure by reference to another document such as a
remuneration report will depend on local regulation. IAS 24 itself does not specifically permit
such cross-referencing.
Set out below are summaries of options granted under the plan:
2015 2014
IFRS2(45)(b)(i),(ii),(iii), Average Average
(iv),(vii),(d)
exercise exercise price
price per Number of per share Number of
share option options option options
IFRS2(45)(c) * The weighted average share price at the date of exercise of options exercised during the year ended 31 December 2015 was CU6.35 (2014 – not
applicable).
IFRS2(45)(b)(v) No options expired during the periods covered by the above tables.
Share options outstanding at the end of the year have the following expiry date and exercise prices:
IFRS2(45)(a),(b)(vi),(d) Share
options Share options
Exercise 31 December 31 December
Grant Date Expiry date price 2015 2014
IFRS2(47)(b) The fair value of the rights at grant date was estimated by taking the market price of the company’s
shares on that date less the present value of expected dividends that will not be received by the
executives on their rights during the two year vesting period.
IFRS2(47)(b) Each participant was issued with shares worth CU1,000 based on the weighted average market price
of CU6.42 (2014 – CU5.50). The shares had a grant date fair value of CU6.18 (2014 – CU5.59).
IFRS2(51)(b)(ii) There were no SARs granted in prior years and none of the SARs had vested as at 31 December
2015.
Share-based payments
(ii) Options
IAS33(72) Options granted to employees under the VALUE IFRS Employee Option Plan are considered to be
potential ordinary shares. They have been included in the determination of diluted earnings per share if
the required TSR hurdles would have been met based on the company’s performance up to the
reporting date, and to the extent to which they are dilutive. The options have not been included in the
determination of basic earnings per share. Details relating to the options are set out in note 21.
IAS33(70)(c) The 818,000 options granted on 1 November 2015 are not included in the calculation of diluted
earnings per share because they are antidilutive for the year ended 31 December 2015. These options
could potentially dilute basic earnings per share in the future.
Financial liabilities
Trade payables (a)(i) 12,589 (999) 11,590 - 11,590
Borrowings (a)(ii),(c) 101,444 (1,000) 100,444 - (52,726) 47,718
Derivative financial instruments (b) 1,376 - 1,376 (308) - 1,068
Total 115,409 (1,999) 113,410 (308) (52,726) 60,376
2014
Financial assets
(ii) Borrowings
IFRS7(13B) VALUE IFRS Plc is required to maintain cash on deposit of CU1,000,000 in respect of certain
borrowings. The cash cannot be withdrawn or used by the company for liquidity purposes whilst the
borrowing is outstanding. Upon maturity of the borrowing, the company and the lender intend to net
settle. As a result, VALUE IFRS Plc’s borrowings have been presented net of the cash on deposit, as
the requirements under IFRS to offset have been met.
Scope
1. Because of the broad scope of the offsetting requirements, the disclosures are relevant not
only to financial institutions but also corporate entities.
IFRS7(13A),(B40) 2. The offsetting disclosures also apply to recognised financial instruments that are subject to an
enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreements, irrespective of whether they
are set off in accordance with paragraph 42 of IAS 32. While there is no definition of ‘‘master
IAS32(50) netting arrangement’’, a master netting arrangement will commonly:
(a) provide for a single net settlement of all financial instruments covered by the agreement in
the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract
(b) be used by financial institutions to provide protection against loss in the event of
bankruptcy or other circumstances that result in a counterparty being unable to meet its
obligations, and
(c) create a right of set-off that becomes enforceable and affects the realisation or settlement
of individual financial assets and financial liabilities only following a specified event of
default or in other circumstances not expected to arise in the normal course of business.
IFRS7(B41) 3. The offsetting disclosures do not apply to arrangements, such as:
(a) financial instruments with only non-financial collateral agreements
(b) financial instruments with financial collateral agreements but no other rights of set-off, and
(c) loans and customer deposits with the same financial institution, unless they are set off in
the balance sheet
Location of disclosures
IFRS7(13F) 4. Where the disclosures are provided in more than one note to the financial statements, cross
references between the notes shall be included. Entities with significant offsetting
arrangements should consider including this information more prominently, for example
together with the information about financial risk management or as part of their financial
assets/financial liabilities disclosures.
Master netting without offsetting
IFRS7(36)(b) 5. An entity may have entered into one or more master netting arrangements that serve to
mitigate its exposure to credit loss but do not meet the criteria for offsetting. When a master
netting arrangement significantly reduces the credit risk associated with financial assets not
offset against financial liabilities with the same counterparty, the entity must provide additional
information concerning the effect of the arrangement.
Collateral arrangements
IFRS7(13C)(d),(B41) 6. Where an entity has pledged financial instruments (including cash) as collateral, this is only
required to be disclosed as part of the offsetting disclosures where there are other set off
arrangements currently in place in relation to the same instrument(s). That is, disclosure is not
required where the only potential effect of the set off relates to a collateral agreement. VALUE
IFRS Plc illustrates an example where cash has been set off against borrowings held by the
entity. As a result, it is required to disclose other financial instrument collateral provided in
relation to this borrowing.
Non-current
First mortgage
IAS16(74)(a) Freehold land and buildings 8(a) 24,950 23,640
IAS40(75)(g) Investment properties 13,300 10,050
8(b)
38,250 33,690
Finance lease
IAS16(74)(a) Plant and equipment 2,750 2,950
8(a)
Floating charge
IFRS7(14)(a) Receivables – non-current 7(a) 1,300 700
IFRS7(14)(a) Available-for-sale financial assets 7(c) 11,110 5,828
IFRS7(14)(a) Held-to-maturity investments 7(b) 1,210 -
IFRS7(14)(a) Derivative financial instruments 12(a) 308 712
IAS16(74)(a) Plant and equipment 6,150 4,100
8(a)
20,078 11,340
IAS1(112)(a),(117)
(a) Basis of preparation
(iv) New standards and interpretations not yet adopted 7-9
IAS8(30) Certain new accounting standards and interpretations have been published that are not mandatory for
31 December 2015 reporting periods and have not been early adopted by the group. The group’s
assessment of the impact of these new standards and interpretations is set out below.
(Revised requirement) Mandatory
application date/
Title of Date of adoption by
standard Nature of change Impact group
IFRS 9 IFRS 9 addresses the Following the changes approved by Must be applied for
Financial classification, the IASB in July 2014, the group no financial years
Instruments measurement and longer expects any impact from the commencing on or
derecognition of new classification, measurement and after 1 January 2018.
financial assets and derecognition rules on the group’s Based on the
financial liabilities and financial assets and financial transitional provisions
introduces new rules liabilities. in the completed IFRS
for hedge accounting. While the group has yet to undertake 9, early adoption in
In July 2014, the IASB a detailed assessment of the debt phases was only
made further changes instruments currently classified as permitted for annual
to the classification available-for-sale financial assets, it reporting periods
and measurement would appear that they would satisfy beginning before 1
rules and also the conditions for classification as at February 2015. After
introduced a new fair value through other that date, the new
impairment model. comprehensive income (FVOCI) rules must be adopted
These latest based on their current business in their entirety.
amendments now model for these assets. Hence there
complete the new will be no change to the accounting
financial instruments for these assets.
standard. There will also be no impact on the
group’s accounting for financial
liabilities, as the new requirements
only affect the accounting for
financial liabilities that are designated
at fair value through profit or loss and
the group does not have any such
liabilities.
The new hedging rules align hedge
accounting more closely with the
group’s risk management practices.
As a general rule it will be easier to
apply hedge accounting going
forward as the standard introduces a
more principles-based approach. The
new standard also introduces
expanded disclosure requirements
and changes in presentation.
The new impairment model is an
expected credit loss (ECL) model
which may result in the earlier
recognition of credit losses.
The group has not yet assessed how
its own hedging arrangements and
impairment provisions would be
affected by the new rules.
IAS1(112)(a),(117)
(a) Basis of preparation
Mandatory
application date/
Title of Date of adoption by
standard Nature of change Impact group
(Revised requirement) IFRS 15 The IASB has issued a Management is currently assessing Mandatory for
Revenue new standard for the the impact of the new rules and has financial years
from recognition of revenue. identified the following areas that are commencing on or
Contracts This will replace IAS likely to be affected: after 1 January 2017.
with 18 which covers extended warranties, which will Expected date of
Customers contracts for goods need to be accounted for as adoption by the group:
and services and IAS separate performance 1 January 2017.
11 which covers obligations, which will delay the
construction contracts. recognition of a portion of the
The new standard is revenue
based on the principle consignment sales where
that revenue is recognition of revenue will
recognised when depend on the passing of control
control of a good or rather than the passing of risks
service transfers to a and rewards
customer – so the
notion of control IT consulting services where the
replaces the existing new guidance may result in the
notion of risks and identification of separate
rewards. performance obligations which
could again affect the timing of
The standard permits a
the recognition of revenue, and
modified retrospective
approach for the the balance sheet presentation
adoption. Under this of rights of return, which will
approach entities will have to be grossed up in future
recognise transitional (separate recognition of the right
adjustments in to recover the goods from the
retained earnings on customer and the refund
the date of initial obligation)
application (eg 1 At this stage, the group is not able to
January 2017), ie estimate the impact of the new rules
without restating the on the group’s financial statements.
comparative period. The group will make more detailed
They will only need to assessments of the impact over the
apply the new rules to next twelve months.
contracts that are not
completed as of the
date of initial
application.
There are no other standards that are not yet effective and that would be expected to have a material
impact on the entity in the current or future reporting periods and on foreseeable future transactions.
IAS1(119)
(b) Principles of consolidation and equity accounting
(i) Subsidiaries
IFRS10(5)-(7),(20),(25) Subsidiaries are all entities (including structured entities) over which the group has control. The group
controls an entity when the group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement
with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the
entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the group.
They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.
IFRS3(4) The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the group (refer
to note 25(i)).
IFRS10(19),(B86)(c) Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between group companies
are eliminated. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an
impairment of the transferred asset. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where
necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the group.
IFRS10(22) Non-controlling interests in the results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the
consolidated statement of profit or loss, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in
equity and balance sheet respectively.
IAS1(119)
(ii) Associates
IAS28(5),(16) Associates are all entities over which the group has significant influence but not control or joint control.
This is generally the case where the group holds between 20% and 50% of the voting rights.
Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting (see (iv) below),
after initially being recognised at cost.
IAS1(119)
(b) Principles of consolidation and equity accounting
IFRS10(25),(B97)-(B99) When the group ceases to consolidate or equity account for an investment because of a loss of control,
IAS28(22)
joint control or significant influence, any retained interest in the entity is remeasured to its fair value with
the change in carrying amount recognised in profit or loss. This fair value becomes the initial carrying
amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint
venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive
income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the group had directly disposed of the related
assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income
are reclassified to profit or loss.
IAS28(25) If the ownership interest in a joint venture or an associate is reduced but joint control or significant
influence is retained, only a proportionate share of the amounts previously recognised in other
comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss where appropriate.
IAS1(119)
(c) Segment reporting
IFRS8(5),(7) Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the
chief operating decision maker.
The board of VALUE IFRS Plc has appointed a strategic steering committee which assesses the
financial performance and position of the group, and makes strategic decisions. The steering
committee, which has been identified as being the chief operating decision maker, consists of the chief
executive officer, the chief financial officer and the manager for corporate planning.
IAS1(119),(120)
(d) Foreign currency translation
IAS1(119)
(i) Functional and presentation currency
IAS21(9),(17),(18) Items included in the financial statements of each of the group’s entities are measured using the
IAS1(51)(d)
currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (‘the functional currency’).
The consolidated financial statements are presented in Oneland currency units (CU), which is VALUE
IFRS Plc’s functional and presentation currency.
IAS1(119)
(ii) Transactions and balances
IAS21(21),(28), Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at
(32)
IAS39(95)(a), the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such
(102)(a) transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign
currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognised in profit or loss. They are deferred in
equity if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying net investment hedges or are
attributable to part of the net investment in a foreign operation.
Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings are presented in the statement of profit or
loss, within finance costs. All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the statement
of profit or loss on a net basis within other income or other expenses.
IAS21(23)(c) Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the
IAS21(30)
exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Translation differences on assets and
liabilities carried at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. For example, translation
differences on non-monetary assets and liabilities such as equities held at fair value through profit or
loss are recognised in profit or loss as part of the fair value gain or loss and translation differences on
non-monetary assets such as equities classified as available-for-sale financial assets are recognised in
other comprehensive income.
IAS1(119)
(iii) Group companies
IAS21(39) The results and financial position of foreign operations (none of which has the currency of a
hyperinflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are
translated into the presentation currency as follows:
IAS21(39) assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing rate at the date
of that balance sheet
income and expenses for each statement of profit or loss and statement of comprehensive income
are translated at average exchange rates (unless this is not a reasonable approximation of the
cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and
expenses are translated at the dates of the transactions), and
all resulting exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income.
IAS1(119),(120)
(d) Foreign currency translation
IAS39(102) On consolidation, exchange differences arising from the translation of any net investment in foreign
entities, and of borrowings and other financial instruments designated as hedges of such investments,
are recognised in other comprehensive income. When a foreign operation is sold or any borrowings
forming part of the net investment are repaid, the associated exchange differences are reclassified to
profit or loss, as part of the gain or loss on sale.
IAS21(47) Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation are treated as
assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate.
IAS1(119)
(e) Revenue recognition
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Amounts disclosed
as revenue are net of returns, trade allowances, rebates and amounts collected on behalf of
third parties.
The group recognises revenue when the amount of revenue can be reliably measured, it is probable
that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and specific criteria have been met for each of the
group’s activities as described below. The group bases its estimates on historical results, taking into
consideration the type of customer, the type of transaction and the specifics of each arrangement.
The specific accounting policies for the group’s main types of revenue are explained in note 3.
IAS1(119)
(f) Government grants
IAS20(7),(39)(a) Grants from the government are recognised at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance
that the grant will be received and the group will comply with all attached conditions. Note 5 provides
further information on how the group accounts for government grants.
IAS1(119),(120)
(g) Income tax
IAS12(46) The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period’s taxable
income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred
tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.
IAS12(12),(46) The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively
enacted at the end of the reporting period in the countries where the company’s subsidiaries and
associates operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken
in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It
establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax
authorities.
IAS12(15),(24), Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising
(47)
between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial
statements. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognised if they arise from the initial recognition
of goodwill. Deferred income tax is also not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset
or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects
neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and
laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are
expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax
liability is settled.
IAS12(51B) The deferred tax liability in relation to investment property that is measured at fair value is determined
assuming the property will be recovered entirely through sale.
IAS12(24),(34) Deferred tax assets are recognised only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to
utilise those temporary differences and losses.
IAS1(119),(120)
(g) Income tax
IAS12(39),(44) Deferred tax liabilities and assets are not recognised for temporary differences between the carrying
amount and tax bases of investments in foreign operations where the company is able to control the
timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the differences will not reverse
in the foreseeable future.
IAS12(71),(74) Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current
tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority.
Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset
and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
IAS12(61A) Current and deferred tax is recognised in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items
recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised
in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.
(i) Investment allowances and similar tax incentives
Companies within the group may be entitled to claim special tax deductions for investments in
qualifying assets or in relation to qualifying expenditure (eg the Research and Development Tax
Incentive regime in Oneland or other investment allowances). The group accounts for such allowances
as tax credits, which means that the allowance reduces income tax payable and current tax expense. A
deferred tax asset is recognised for unclaimed tax credits that are carried forward as deferred tax
assets.
IAS1(119)
(h) Leases
IAS17(20),(25),(27) Leases of property, plant and equipment where the group, as lessee, has substantially all the risks and
rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases (note 8(a)). Finance leases are capitalised at the
lease’s inception at the fair value of the leased property or, if lower, the present value of the minimum
lease payments. The corresponding rental obligations, net of finance charges, are included in other
short-term and long-term payables. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance
cost. The finance cost is charged to the profit or loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant
periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period. The property, plant and
equipment acquired under finance leases is depreciated over the asset’s useful life or over the shorter
of the asset’s useful life and the lease term if there is no reasonable certainty that the group will obtain
ownership at the end of the lease term.
IAS17(33) Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are not transferred to the
SIC15(5)
group as lessee are classified as operating leases (note 18). Payments made under operating leases
(net of any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over
the period of the lease.
IAS17(49),(50) Lease income from operating leases where the group is a lessor is recognised in income on a straight-
line basis over the lease term (note 8(b)). The respective leased assets are included in the balance
sheet based on their nature.
IAS1(119),(120)
(i) Business combinations
IFRS3(5),(37),(39), The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for all business combinations, regardless of
(53),(18),(19)
whether equity instruments or other assets are acquired. The consideration transferred for the
acquisition of a subsidiary comprises the
fair values of the assets transferred
liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquired business
equity interests issued by the group
fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement, and
fair value of any pre-existing equity interest in the subsidiary.
Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination
are, with limited exceptions, measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The group
recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis
either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net
identifiable assets.
Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.
IAS1(119),(120)
(i) Business combinations
IFRS3(32),(34) The excess of the
consideration transferred,
amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity, and
acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity
over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If those amounts are
less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is
recognised directly in profit or loss as a bargain purchase.
Where settlement of any part of cash consideration is deferred, the amounts payable in the future are
discounted to their present value as at the date of exchange. The discount rate used is the entity’s
incremental borrowing rate, being the rate at which a similar borrowing could be obtained from an
independent financier under comparable terms and conditions.
Contingent consideration is classified either as equity or a financial liability. Amounts classified as a
financial liability are subsequently remeasured to fair value with changes in fair value recognised in
profit or loss.
IFRS3(42) If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer’s
previously held equity interest in the acquire is remeasured to fair value at the acquisition date. Any
gains or losses arising from such remeasurement are recognised in profit or loss.
IAS1(119)
(j) Impairment of assets
IAS36(9),(10) Goodwill and intangible assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortisation and are
tested annually for impairment, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that
they might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in
circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is
recognised for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The
recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For
the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are
separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets
or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an
impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period.
IAS1(119)
(k) Cash and cash equivalents
IAS7(6),(8),(46) For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes
cash on hand, deposits held at call with financial institutions, other short-term, highly liquid investments
with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash
and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts
are shown within borrowings in current liabilities in the balance sheet.
IAS1(119)
(l) Trade receivables
IFRS7(21) Trade receivables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost
IAS39(46)(a)
using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. See note 7(a) for further information
about the group’s accounting for trade receivables and note 12(c) for a description of the group’s
impairment policies.
IAS1(119)
(m) Inventories
IAS1(119)
(i) Raw materials and stores, work in progress and finished goods
IAS2(9),(10),(25), Raw materials and stores, work in progress and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost and net
(36)(a)
realisable value. Cost comprises direct materials, direct labour and an appropriate proportion of
variable and fixed overhead expenditure, the latter being allocated on the basis of normal operating
capacity. Cost includes the reclassification from equity of any gains or losses on qualifying cash flow
hedges relating to purchases of raw material but excludes borrowing costs. Costs are assigned to
individual items of inventory on the basis of weighted average costs. Costs of purchased inventory are
determined after deducting rebates and discounts. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in
the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs
necessary to make the sale.
IAS1(119)
(ii) Land held for resale
IAS2(9),(10),(23), Land held for resale is stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is assigned by specific
(36)(a)
IAS23(8),(22) identification and includes the cost of acquisition, and development and borrowing costs during
development. When development is completed borrowing costs and other holding charges are
expensed as incurred.
IAS1(119)
(n) Non-current assets (or disposal groups) held for sale and discontinued operations
IFRS5(6),(15) Non-current assets (or disposal groups) are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be
recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use and a sale is
considered highly probable. They are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less
costs to sell, except for assets such as deferred tax assets, assets arising from employee benefits,
financial assets and investment property that are carried at fair value and contractual rights under
insurance contracts, which are specifically exempt from this requirement.
IFRS5(20)-(22) An impairment loss is recognised for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset (or disposal
group) to fair value less costs to sell. A gain is recognised for any subsequent increases in fair value
less costs to sell of an asset (or disposal group), but not in excess of any cumulative impairment loss
previously recognised. A gain or loss not previously recognised by the date of the sale of the non-
current asset (or disposal group) is recognised at the date of derecognition.
IFRS5(25) Non-current assets (including those that are part of a disposal group) are not depreciated or amortised
while they are classified as held for sale. Interest and other expenses attributable to the liabilities of a
disposal group classified as held for sale continue to be recognised.
IFRS5(38) Non-current assets classified as held for sale and the assets of a disposal group classified as held for
sale are presented separately from the other assets in the balance sheet. The liabilities of a disposal
group classified as held for sale are presented separately from other liabilities in the balance sheet.
IFRS5(31),(32), A discontinued operation is a component of the entity that has been disposed of or is classified as held
(33)(a)
for sale and that represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, is
part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of such a line of business or area of operations, or is a
subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. The results of discontinued operations are
presented separately in the statement of profit or loss.
IAS1(119)
IFRS7(21) (o) Investments and other financial assets 10
(i) Classification
IAS39(45) The group classifies its financial assets in the following categories:
financial assets at fair value through profit or loss,
loans and receivables,
held-to-maturity investments, and
available-for-sale financial assets.
The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. Management
determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition and, in the case of assets classified
as held-to-maturity, re-evaluates this designation at the end of each reporting period. See note 7 for
details about each type of financial asset.
(ii) Reclassification
IAS39(50)-(50E) The group may choose to reclassify a non-derivative trading financial asset out of the held for trading
category if the financial asset is no longer held for the purpose of selling it in the near term. Financial
assets other than loans and receivables are permitted to be reclassified out of the held for trading
category only in rare circumstances arising from a single event that is unusual and highly unlikely to
recur in the near term. In addition, the group may choose to reclassify financial assets that would meet
the definition of loans and receivables out of the held for trading or available-for-sale categories if the
group has the intention and ability to hold these financial assets for the foreseeable future or until
maturity at the date of reclassification
IAS39(50F) Reclassifications are made at fair value as of the reclassification date. Fair value becomes the new cost
or amortised cost as applicable, and no reversals of fair value gains or losses recorded before
reclassification date are subsequently made. Effective interest rates for financial assets reclassified to
loans and receivables and held-to-maturity categories are determined at the reclassification date.
Further increases in estimates of cash flows adjust effective interest rates prospectively.
IAS1(119)
IFRS7(21) (o) Investments and other financial assets
(iii) Recognition and derecognition
IAS39(38)
IFRS7(21),(B5)(c) Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised on trade-date, the date on which
the group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets are derecognised when the rights to
receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the group has
transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership.
When securities classified as available-for-sale are sold, the accumulated fair value adjustments
recognised in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss as gains and losses from
investment securities.
(iv) Measurement 10
IFRS7(21) At initial recognition, the group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial
IAS39(43)
asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the
acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit
or loss are expensed in profit or loss.
IAS39(46)(a),(b) Loans and receivables and held-to-maturity investments are subsequently carried at amortised cost
using the effective interest method.
IAS39(46), Available-for-sale financial assets and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are
(55)(a),(b)
IFRS7(21),(B5)(e) subsequently carried at fair value. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value are recognised
as follows:
for ‘financial assets at fair value through profit or loss’ – in profit or loss within other income or
other expenses
for available-for-sale financial assets that are monetary securities denominated in a foreign
currency – translation differences related to changes in the amortised cost of the security are
recognised in profit or loss and other changes in the carrying amount are recognised in other
comprehensive income
for other monetary and non-monetary securities classified as available-for-sale – in other
11
comprehensive income.
Dividends on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and available-for-sale equity
instruments are recognised in profit or loss as part of revenue from continuing operations when the
11
group’s right to receive payments is established.
Interest income from financial assets at fair value through profit or loss is included in the net
gains/(losses). Interest on available-for-sale securities, held-to-maturity investments and loans and
receivables calculated using the effective interest method is recognised in the statement of profit or loss
11
as part of revenue from continuing operations.
IFRS13(91) Details on how the fair value of financial instruments is determined are disclosed in note 7(h).
(v) Impairment
IAS39(58),(59) The group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is objective evidence that a
financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired. A financial asset or a group of financial assets is
impaired and impairment losses are incurred only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a
result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a ‘loss event’) and
that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or
group of financial assets that can be reliably estimated. In the case of equity investments classified as
available-for-sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is
considered an indicator that the assets are impaired.
Assets carried at amortised cost
IAS39(63) For loans and receivables, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s
carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses
that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. The
carrying amount of the asset is reduced and the amount of the loss is recognised in profit or loss. If a
loan or held-to-maturity investment has a variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any
impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the contract. As a practical
expedient, the group may measure impairment on the basis of an instrument’s fair value using an
observable market price.
IAS39(65) If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be
related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement
in the debtor’s credit rating), the reversal of the previously recognised impairment loss is recognised in
profit or loss.
Impairment testing of trade receivables is described in note 12(c).
IAS1(119)
IFRS7(21) (o) Investments and other financial assets
Assets classified as available-for-sale
IAS39(67)-(70)
If there is objective evidence of impairment for available-for-sale financial assets, the cumulative loss –
measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the current fair value, less any impairment
loss on that financial asset previously recognised in profit or loss – is removed from equity and
recognised in profit or loss.
Impairment losses on equity instruments that were recognised in profit or loss are not reversed through
profit or loss in a subsequent period.
If the fair value of a debt instrument classified as available-for-sale increases in a subsequent period
and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was
recognised in profit or loss, the impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss.
IAS1(119)
IFRS7(21) (p) Derivatives and hedging activities
IAS39(101) When a hedging instrument expires or is sold or terminated, or when a hedge no longer meets the
criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss existing in equity at that time remains in
equity and is recognised when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognised in profit or loss. When a
forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss that was reported in
equity is immediately reclassified to profit or loss.
IAS1(119)
(s) Investment properties
IAS40(75)(a) The group’s accounting policy for investment properties is disclosed in note 8(b).
IAS1(119)
(t) Intangible assets
IAS1(119)
(i) Goodwill
IFRS3(32) Goodwill is measured as described in note 25(i). Goodwill on acquisitions of subsidiaries is included in
IAS36(10)
intangible assets. Goodwill is not amortised but it is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if
events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired, and is carried at cost less
accumulated impairment losses. Gains and losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying
amount of goodwill relating to the entity sold.
IAS36(80) Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units for the purpose of impairment testing. The allocation is
made to those cash-generating units or groups of cash-generating units that are expected to benefit
from the business combination in which the goodwill arose. The units or groups of units are identified at
the lowest level at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes, being the operating
segments (note 2).
IAS1(119)
(ii) Trademarks, licences and customer contracts
IAS38(74),(97), Separately acquired trademarks and licences are shown at historical cost. Trademarks, licenses and
(118)(a),(b)
customer contracts acquired in a business combination are recognised at fair value at the acquisition
date. They have a finite useful life and are subsequently carried at cost less accumulated amortisation
and impairment losses.
IAS1(119)
(iii) Software
IAS38(57),(66),(74),
(97),(118)(a),(b)
Costs associated with maintaining software programmes are recognised as an expense as incurred.
Development costs that are directly attributable to the design and testing of identifiable and unique
software products controlled by the group are recognised as intangible assets when the following
criteria are met:
it is technically feasible to complete the software so that it will be available for use
management intends to complete the software and use or sell it
there is an ability to use or sell the software
it can be demonstrated how the software will generate probable future economic benefits
adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell
the software are available, and
the expenditure attributable to the software during its development can be reliably measured.
Directly attributable costs that are capitalised as part of the software include employee costs and an
appropriate portion of relevant overheads.
Capitalised development costs are recorded as intangible assets and amortised from the point at which
the asset is ready for use.
IAS1(119)
(iv) Research and development
IAS38(54),(71) Research expenditure and development expenditure that do not meet the criteria in (iii) above are
recognised as an expense as incurred. Development costs previously recognised as an expense are
not recognised as an asset in a subsequent period.
IAS1(119)
(v) Amortisation methods and periods
Refer to note 8(c) for details about amortisation methods and periods used by the group for intangible
assets.
IAS1(119)
(u) Trade and other payables
IFRS7(21) These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the group prior to the end of
IAS39(43)
financial year which are unpaid. The amounts are unsecured and are usually paid within 30 days of
recognition. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities unless payment is not due
within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognised initially at their fair value and
subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
IAS1(119)
(v) Borrowings
IFRS7(21) Borrowings are initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are
IAS39(43),(47)
subsequently measured at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction
costs) and the redemption amount is recognised in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using
the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognised as
transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn
down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw down occurs. To the extent there is no evidence
that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalised as a
prepayment for liquidity services and amortised over the period of the facility to which it relates.
IAS32(18) Preference shares, which are mandatorily redeemable on a specific date, are classified as liabilities.
The dividends on these preference shares are recognised in profit or loss as finance costs.
IAS32(18),(28), The fair value of the liability portion of a convertible bond is determined using a market interest rate for
(AG31)(a)
an equivalent non-convertible bond. This amount is recorded as a liability on an amortised cost basis
until extinguished on conversion or maturity of the bonds. The remainder of the proceeds is allocated to
the conversion option. This is recognised and included in shareholders’ equity, net of income tax
effects.
IAS39(39),(41) Borrowings are removed from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is
discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that
has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-
cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in profit or loss as other income or finance
costs.
IFRIC19(9) Where the terms of a financial liability are renegotiated and the entity issues equity instruments to a
creditor to extinguish all or part of the liability (debt for equity swap), a gain or loss is recognised in
profit or loss, which is measured as the difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability
and the fair value of the equity instruments issued.
IAS1(69) Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the group has an unconditional right to defer
settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.
IAS1(119)
IAS23(8) (w) Borrowing costs
General and specific borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or
production of a qualifying asset are capitalised during the period of time that is required to complete
and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a
substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale.
Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their
expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.
Other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.
IAS1(119)
(x) Provisions
IAS37(14),(24), Provisions for legal claims, service warranties and make good obligations are recognised when the
(63)
group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an
outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated.
Provisions are not recognised for future operating losses.
Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in
settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. A provision is recognised
even if the likelihood of an outflow with respect to any one item included in the same class of
obligations may be small.
IAS37(36),(45), Provisions are measured at the present value of management’s best estimate of the expenditure
(47),(60)
required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to
determine the present value is a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value
of money and the risks specific to the liability. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time
is recognised as interest expense.
IAS1(119)
(y) Employee benefits
(i) Short-term obligations 12
IAS19(11),(13) Liabilities for wages and salaries, including non-monetary benefits and accumulating sick leave that are
expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees
render the related service are recognised in respect of employees’ services up to the end of the
reporting period and are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled.
The liabilities are presented as current employee benefit obligations in the balance sheet.
IAS1(119)
(y) Employee benefits
IAS19(8),(155),(156)
(ii) Other long-term employee benefit obligations
The liabilities for long service leave and annual leave are not expected to be settled wholly within 12
months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. They are
therefore measured as the present value of expected future payments to be made in respect of
services provided by employees up to the end of the reporting period using the projected unit credit
method. Consideration is given to expected future wage and salary levels, experience of employee
departures and periods of service. Expected future payments are discounted using market yields at the
end of the reporting period of government bonds with terms and currencies that match, as closely as
possible, the estimated future cash outflows. Remeasurements as a result of experience adjustments
and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognised in profit or loss.
IAS1(69)(d) The obligations are presented as current liabilities in the balance sheet if the entity does not have an
unconditional right to defer settlement for at least twelve months after the reporting period, regardless
of when the actual settlement is expected to occur.
Pension obligations
IAS19(57),(67) The liability or asset recognised in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the
present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of
plan assets. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the
projected unit credit method.
IAS19(83),(86) The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future
cash outflows using interest rates of high-quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency
in which the benefits will be paid, and that have terms approximating to the terms of the related
obligation. In countries where there is no deep market in such bonds, the market rates on government
bonds are used.
IAS19(123) The net interest cost is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net balance of the defined benefit
obligation and the fair value of plan assets. This cost is included in employee benefit expense in the
statement of profit or loss.
IAS19(57)(d) Remeasurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial
assumptions are recognised in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income.
They are included in retained earnings in the statement of changes in equity and in the balance sheet.
IAS19(103) Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or
curtailments are recognised immediately in profit or loss as past service costs.
IAS19(51) For defined contribution plans, the group pays contributions to publicly or privately administered
pension insurance plans on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. The group has no further
payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognised as
employee benefit expense when they are due. Prepaid contributions are recognised as an asset to the
extent that a cash refund or a reduction in the future payments is available.
IAS1(119)
(y) Employee benefits
IAS1(119)
(iv) Share-based payments1 13
Share-based compensation benefits are provided to employees via the VALUE IFRS Employee Option
Plan and an employee share scheme. Information relating to these schemes is set out in note 21.
Employee options
IFRS2(15)(b),(19) The fair value of options granted under the VALUE IFRS Employee Option Plan is recognised as an
employee benefits expense with a corresponding increase in equity. The total amount to be expensed
is determined by reference to the fair value of the options granted:
IFRS2(21) - including any market performance conditions (eg the entity’s share price)
IFRS2(20) - excluding the impact of any service and non-market performance vesting conditions (eg
profitability, sales growth targets and remaining an employee of the entity over a specified
time period), and
IFRS2(21A) - including the impact of any non-vesting conditions (eg the requirement for employees to save
or holdings shares for a specific period of time).
IFRS2(19)
The total expense is recognised over the vesting period, which is the period over which all of the
specified vesting conditions are to be satisfied. At the end of each period, the entity revises its
estimates of the number of options that are expected to vest based on the non-market vesting and
service conditions. It recognises the impact of the revision to original estimates, if any, in profit or loss,
with a corresponding adjustment to equity.
Social security contributions payable in connection with an option grant are considered an integral part
of the grant itself and the charges are treated as cash-settled transactions.
The Employee Option Plan is administered by the VALUE IFRS Employee Share Trust, which is
consolidated in accordance with the principles in note 25(b)(i). When the options are exercised, the
trust transfers the appropriate amount of shares to the employee. The proceeds received net of any
directly attributable transaction costs are credited directly to equity.
Deferred shares
IFRS2(15),(16),(19) The fair value of deferred shares granted to employees for nil consideration under the short-term
incentive scheme is recognised as an expense over the relevant service period, being the year to which
the bonus relates and the vesting period of the shares. The fair value is measured at the grant date of
the shares and is recognised in equity in the share-based payment reserve. The number of shares
expected to vest is estimated based on the non-market vesting conditions. The estimates are revised at
the end of each reporting period and adjustments are recognised in profit or loss and the share-based
payment reserve.
IFRS2(19) Where shares are forfeited due to a failure by the employee to satisfy the service conditions, any
expenses previously recognised in relation to such shares are reversed effective the date of the
forfeiture.
The deferred shares are acquired by the VALUE IFRS Employee Share Trust on market at the grant
date and are held as treasury shares until such time as they are vested (see note 25(z) below).
IAS1(119)
(y) Employee benefits
IAS1(119)
(vi) Termination benefits
IAS19(165),(166) Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated by the group before the normal
retirement date, or when an employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits.
The group recognises termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates: (a) when the group can
no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; and (b) when the entity recognises costs for a
restructuring that is within the scope of IAS 37 and involves the payment of terminations benefits. In the
case of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy, the termination benefits are measured
based on the number of employees expected to accept the offer. Benefits falling due more than 12
months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to present value.
Financial instruments
IFRS7(21),(B5) 10. Disclosure of the measurement bases of financial instruments may include:
(a) the criteria for designating financial assets as available-for-sale
(b) whether regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are accounted for at trade
date or at settlement date
(c) how net gains or net losses on each category of financial instruments are determined (eg
whether the net gains or losses on items at fair value through profit or loss include interest
or dividend income)
(d) the criteria the entity uses to determine that there is objective evidence that an impairment
loss has occurred
(e) when the terms of financial assets that would otherwise be past due or impaired have
been renegotiated, the accounting policy for financial assets that are subject to
renegotiated terms.
Presentation of fair value gains and losses on financial assets and derivatives
11. VALUE IFRS Plc’s accounting policies for financial assets and derivatives (notes 25(o) and (p))
specify where in the statement of comprehensive income (or statement of profit or loss, as
applicable) the relevant fair value gains or losses are presented. However, IAS 39 does not
prescribe the presentation in the statement of comprehensive income. Other ways of
presenting the fair value gains and losses may be equally appropriate. For example, fair value
changes on interest rate hedges or the ineffective portion of an interest rate hedge may be
presented within other expenses.
Employee benefits
Presentation of annual leave obligations
12. VALUE IFRS Plc has presented its obligation for accrued annual leave within current employee
benefit obligations. However, it may be equally appropriate to present these amounts either as
provisions (if the timing and/or amount of the future payments is uncertain such that they
satisfy the definition of ‘provision’ in IAS 37), or as other payables.
Share-based payments – expense recognition and grant date
IFRS2(IG4) 13. Share-based payment expenses should be recognised over the period during which the
employees provide the relevant services. This period may commence prior to the grant date. In
this situation, the entity estimates the grant date fair value of the equity instruments for the
purposes of recognising the services received during the period between service
commencement date and grant date. Once the grant date has been established, the entity
revises the earlier estimate so that the amounts recognised for services received is ultimately
based on the grant date fair value of the equity instruments. The deferred shares awarded by
VALUE IFRS Plc are an example where this is the case. They are expensed over three years
and two months, being the period to which the bonus relates and the two subsequent years
until the deferred shares vest.
Reclassification
IAS1(41) 14. Where an entity has reclassified comparative amounts because of a change in presentation, it
must disclose the nature and reason for the reclassification in the notes. To illustrate this
disclosure, we have assumed in this publication that VALUE IFRS Plc has reclassified its
employee obligations in the current year from provisions to a separate line item in the balance
sheet.
Industry-specific disclosures
16. Appendix C provides an illustration and explanation of the disclosure requirements of IFRS 6
Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources, IAS 11 Construction Contracts and IAS
41 Agriculture. Further examples of industry-specific accounting policies and other relevant
disclosures can be found in the following PwC publications:
(a) IFRS Illustrative Consolidated Financial Statements – Investment property
(b) IFRS Illustrative Consolidated Financial Statements – Investment funds
(c) IFRS Illustrative Consolidated Financial Statements – Private equity funds
(d) IFRS Illustrative Consolidated Financial Statements – Insurance
The audit report will be provided by the entity’s auditor upon completion of the audit of the financial
report. As the wording of the report is likely to differ from country to country, we have not included an
illustrative report in this publication
Appendix C: Areas not illustrated in the financial statements of VALUE IFRS Plc 181
Biological assets
Construction contracts
Oil and gas exploration assets
PwC 175
Appendix A: Operating and financial review (management
commentary)
International Organization of Securities Commissions
1. In 2010, the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) issued Principles for
Periodic Disclosure by Listed Entities which are aimed at facilitating agreement on common high
level principles to provide guidance to jurisdictions that are developing or reviewing their periodic
disclosure requirements for listed entities. While IOSCO’s principles and standards are not
mandatory, they are increasingly incorporated in national stock exchange requirements for
prospectuses and annual reports. Following is a summary of IOSCO’s principles for operating and
financial reviews (OFRs) or management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) in annual and interim
reports.
2. According to IOSCO, OFRs/MD&As should provide a balanced explanation of factors that have
affected the entity’s financial condition and results of operations for the periods covered by the
financial statements. The disclosures should provide a context within which the financial results
and financial position can be interpreted and enable investors to see the entity through the eyes of
management. For example, there should be a discussion based on segment information and
explanations for material changes from year to year in financial statement line items. In particular,
OFRs should cover the following topics:
(a) Operating results
Discuss the significant factors that materially affected the entity’s income from operations, including
unusual or infrequent events or new developments and the extent to which income was affected by
these factors (eg the impact of inflation, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, and any
governmental economic, fiscal, monetary or political policies or factors that have materially
affected, or could materially affect, the company’s operations). Information about any significant
components of revenues and expenses that are necessary to understand the entity’s results of
operations can also be useful.
(b) Liquidity and capital resources
Provide information about the entity’s short-term and long-term liquidity, i.e., its ability to generate
adequate amounts of cash to meet its cash obligations, and its financial key performance indicators
(eg the issuer’s internal and external sources of liquidity, a discussion of the risk of illiquidity of
assets that may be held to settle the liabilities of the issuer, any material, unused sources of
liquidity and any material restrictions on all sources of liquidity).
With respect to capital resources, disclose the entity’s material commitments for capital
expenditures as of the end of its latest financial year, the general purpose of such commitments
and the anticipated sources of funds needed to fulfil such commitments.
(c) Trend information
Provide information about the facts and circumstances surrounding known material trends and
uncertainties that could affect the entity’s prospects (eg the potential impact of currently known
trends, events and uncertainties that are reasonably likely to have material effects on the entity’s
net sales or revenues, income from operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that
would cause reported financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operating
results or financial condition).
(d) Off-balance sheet arrangements
Disclose any material off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a
material effect on the issuer’s financial position. Such arrangements can incur profits and losses
that are not fully transparent to investors.
(e) Critical accounting estimates
Explain any estimates and assumptions involved in applying accounting policies that can have a
material impact on the entity’s reported operating results, financial condition and changes in
financial condition, as well as on the comparability of reported information over different reporting
periods (eg because of the subjectivity and judgment required to account for highly uncertain
matters, or because the estimate or assumption could have a material impact on financial condition
or operating performance). Disclose the methodology for determining the critical accounting
estimates, and explain why the accounting estimates or assumptions could change, possibly
combined with an analysis of the sensitivity of the critical accounting estimates and assumptions to
change.
Expenses
Raw materials (62,221) (39,499)
Employee benefit expenses (56,594) (47,075)
Advertising (14,265) (6,662)
Transportation (8,584) (6,236)
Depreciation and amortisation 8(a),8(c) (10,985) (8,880)
Operating leases (1,215) (1,010)
Impairment of goodwill 8(c) (2,410) -
Write off of assets damaged by fire (1,210) -
Other (4,940) (3,793)
IAS1(82)(b) Finance costs 5(d) (7,335) (6,194)
IAS1(82)(c) Share of net profit of associates and joint ventures accounted
for using the equity method 340 355
16(e)
Profit before income tax 53,078 39,388
IAS1(82)(d) Income tax expense 6 (16,714) (11,510)
IAS12(77)
* See note 11(b) for details regarding the restatement as a result of an error.
The above consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income should be read in
conjunction with the accompanying notes.
IAS7(43)
IFRS5(33)(c)
Non-cash financing and investing activities 10(b)
Cash flows of discontinued operation 15
The above consolidated statement of cash flows should be read in conjunction with the accompanying
notes.
IAS1(10)(a)
Consolidated balance sheet (extract)
31 Dec 31 Dec 2014 1 January 2014
2015 Restated * Restated *
Notes CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
IAS1(60) Non-current assets
IAS1(54)(a) Property, plant and equipment 8(a) X X X
IAS1(54)(f) Biological assets 8(b) 4,300 5,760 3,500
* See note 26 for details about restatements for changes in accounting policies
2 Segment information
(a) Description of segments and principal activities
IAS1(138)(b) The group is engaged in the business of farming sheep primarily for sale to meat processors. The
IAS41(46)(a)
group is also engaged in the business of growing and managing palm oil plantations for the sale of
palm oil. The group earns ancillary income from various agricultural produce, such as wool.
IFRS8(22)(a),(b),(aa) The group’s strategic steering committee, consisting of the chief executive officer, the chief financial
officer and the manager for corporate planning, receives separate reports for each sheep farm and
palm oil plantation. However, the farms and the plantations have been aggregated into two operating
segments, being sheep and palm oil, as they have the same economic characteristics.
3 Revenue
IFRS8(23)(a) The group derives the following types of revenue by operating segment:
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Sheep
IAS18(35)(b)(i) Sale of livestock (note 8(b)) 9,225 12,096
IAS18(35)(b)(i) Sale of wool 2,500 2,350
IAS18(35)(b)(i) Sale of palm oil (note 8(b)) 14,515 13,102
Total revenue 26,240 27,548
At 31 December 2015
IAS16(73)(d) Cost or fair value 13,900 3,112 X X X X
IAS16(73)(d) Accumulated depreciation and (4,400) - X X X X
impairment
IAS1(77) Net book amount 9,500 3,112 X X X x
IAS16(74)(b)
IAS1(117)
(v) Accounting for land and buildings and palm oil trees
IAS16(73)(a) Land and buildings are recognised at fair value based on periodic, but at least triennial, valuations by
external independent valuers, less subsequent depreciation for buildings. A revaluation surplus is
credited to other reserves in shareholders’ equity (note 9(b)). All other property, plant and equipment,
including oil palm trees is recognised at historical cost less depreciation.
IAS16(50),(73)(b) Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost or revalued amounts, net
of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives or, in the case of leasehold improvements and
certain leased plant and equipment, the shorter lease term as follows:
IAS16(73)(c) Buildings 25-40 years
Oil palm trees 25 years
Corporate assets 3-10 years
Oil palm trees are classified as immature until the produce can be commercially harvested. At that point
they are reclassified and depreciation commences. Immature palm oil trees are measured at
accumulated cost.
IAS8(28)
(vi) Change in accounting policy
For information about the change in accounting policy for the palm oil trees please refer to note 26.
Current assets:
- Sheep held for slaughter 8,200 - 8,200 5,690 - 5,690
- Oil palm FFB on trees - 10,988 10,988 - 6,747 6,747
8,200 10,988 19,188 5,690 6,747 12,437
Non-current assets:
- breeding stock – mature 3,950 - 3,950 5,190 - 5,190
- breeding stock – immature 350 - 350 570 - 570
Total non-current 4,300 4,300 5,760 5,760
- -
IAS41(46)(b) As at 31 December 2015 the group had 6,500 sheep (2014 – 5,397 sheep) and 3,123 sheep were sold
during the year (2014 – 4,098 sheep sold).
As at 31 December 2015 there were 2,600,000 hectares of palm oil plantations (2014 – 2,170,000
hectares). During the year the group sold 550,000 kgs of palm oil (2014 – 545,000 kgs).
Sheep
Estimates and judgements in determining the fair value of sheep relate to market prices, average
weight and quality of animals and mortality rates.
The sheep grow at different rates and there can be a considerable spread in the quality and weight of
animals that affects the price achieved. An average weight is assumed for the slaughter sheep
livestock that are not yet at marketable weight.
Valuation processes
IFRS13(93)(g) The group’s finance department includes a team that performs the valuations of the group’s biological
assets for financial reporting purposes, including level 3 fair values. This team reports directly to the
chief financial officer (CFO) and the audit committee (AC). Discussions of valuation processes and
results are held between the CFO, AC and the valuation team at least once every six months, in line
with the group’s half-yearly reporting requirements.
The main level 3 inputs used by the group are derived and evaluated as follows:
Palm oil yield is determined based on the age of the plantation, historical yields, climate-induced
variations such as severe weather events, plant losses and new areas coming into production.
Crude palm oil prices and palm kernel oil prices are quoted prices for the relevant region.
Discount rates are determined using a capital asset pricing model to calculate a pre-tax rate that
reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risk specific to the asset.
Changes in level 2 and 3 fair values are analysed at the end of each reporting period during the half-
yearly valuation discussion between the CFO, AC and the valuation team. As part of this discussion the
team presents a report that explains the reason for the fair value movements.
The cash outflows include notional cash flows (contributory asset charges) for the land and palm trees
owned by the entity. They are based on market rental payable for orchards of similar size and maturity.
18 Commitments
IAS41(49)(b) The group has entered into a contract to acquire 250 breeding sheep at 31 December 2015 for
CU1,250,000 (2014 – nil).
IAS1(117)
25 Summary of significant accounting policies (extracts)
IAS1(112)(a),(117)
(a) Basis of preparation
(ii) Historical cost convention
IAS1(117)(a) The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following:
available-for-sale financial assets, financial assets and liabilities (including derivative instruments)
certain classes of property, plant and equipment and investment property – measured at fair value
assets held for sale – measured at fair value less cost of disposal
certain biological assets – measured at fair value less cost to sell, and
defined benefit pension plans – plan assets measured at fair value.
Net assets X X X X - X
Biological assets
Construction contracts
IAS1(10)(b),(10A)
Consolidated statement of profit or loss (extract)
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
IAS11(39)(a) Contract revenue 58,115 39,212
IAS11(16) Contract costs (54,729) (37,084)
IAS1(103) Gross profit 3,386 2,128
IAS1(10)(a)
Consolidated balance sheet (extract)
31 December 31 December
2015 2014
CU’000 CU’000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables 23,303 20,374
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables 17,667 13,733
2015 2014
IAS1(77),(78)(b) Non- Non-
IFRS7(6)
Current current Total Current current Total
CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000 CU’000
Trade receivables 18,174 - 18,174 16,944 - 16,944
Provision for impairment
(see note 12(c)) (109) - (109) (70) - (70)
18,065 - 18,065 16,874 - 16,874
IAS11(40)(c) Trade and other receivables include retentions of CU232,000 (2014 – CU132,000) related to
construction contracts in progress.
IAS1(117)
Measurement of construction contract revenue and expense
IAS11(39)(b),(c) The group uses the ‘percentage-of-completion method ‘to determine the appropriate amount to
recognise in a given period. The stage of completion is measured by reference to the contract costs
incurred up to the end of the reporting period as a percentage of total estimated costs for each
contract. Costs incurred in the year in connection with future activity on a contract are excluded from
contract costs in determining the stage of completion.
IAS11(40)(b) Trade and other payables include customer advances of CU142,000 (2014 – CU355,000) related to
construction contracts in progress.
IAS1(117)
25 Summary of significant accounting policies (extracts)
IAS1(112)(a),(117)
(#) Construction contracts
IAS11(22) When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably and it is probable that the
contract will be profitable, contract revenue is recognised over the period of the contract by reference to
the stage of completion.
IAS11(22),(36) Contract costs are recognised as expenses by reference to the stage of completion of the contract
activity at the end of the reporting period. When it is probable that total contract costs will exceed total
contract revenue, the expected loss is recognised as an expense immediately.
See note 7(a) for information on how the group determines the stage of completion.
IAS11(32) When the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably, contract revenue is
recognised only to the extent of contract costs incurred that are likely to be recoverable.
IAS11(11) Variations in contract work, claims and incentive payments are included in contract revenue to the
extent that may have been agreed with the customer and are capable of being reliably measured.
At 1 January 2015
Cost 218 12,450 12,668 58,720 3,951 75,339
Accumulated amortisation and
impairment (33) - (33) (5,100) (77) (5,210)
185 12,450 12,635 53,620 3,874 70,129
Year ended 31 December 2015
Opening net book amount 185 12,450 12,635 53,620 3,874 70,129
Exchange differences 17 346 363 1,182 325 1,870
Acquisitions - 386 386 125 4 515
Additions 45 1,526 1,571 5,530 95 7,196
Transfers (9) (958) (967) 1,712 - 745
Disposals (12) (1,867) (1,699) - - (1,699)
Depreciation charge - - - (725) (42) (767)
Impairment charge (7) (36) (43) (250) (3) (296)
Closing net book amount 219 12,027 12,246 61,194 4,253 (1,063)
At 31 December 2015
Cost 264 12,027 12,291 67,019 4,330 83,640
Accumulated amortisation and
impairment (45) - (45) (5,825) (77) (5,947)
219 12,027 12,246 61,194 4,253 77,693
Depreciation/amortisation
No depreciation or amortisation is charged during the exploration and evaluation phase.
Oil and gas properties intangible assets are depreciated or amortised using the unit-of– production
method. Unit-of-production rates are based on proved developed reserves, which are oil, gas and other
mineral reserves estimated to be recovered from existing facilities using current operating methods. Oil
and gas volumes are considered produced once they have been measured through meters at custody
transfer or sales transaction points at the outlet valve on the field storage tank.
Impairment – proved oil and gas production properties and intangible assets
IAS36(9),(18),(59) Proven oil and gas properties and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or
changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment
loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable
amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs to sell and value in
use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there
are separately identifiable cash flows.
At 1 January 2015
Cost 5,192 750 5,942 3,412 9,475 545 19,374
Accumulated amortisation and
impairment (924) - (924) (852) (75) (19) (1,870)
4,268 750 5,018 2,560 9,400 526 17,504
Year ended 31 December
2015
Opening net book amount 4,268 750 5,018 2,560 9,400 526 17,504
Exchange differences 152 8 160 195 423 28 806
Acquisitions 26 32 58 5 - 5 68
Additions 381 8 389 15 - 86 490
Transfers to production (548) (302) (850) 104 - - (745)
Disposals - (28) (28) (15) - - (43)
Amortisation charge - - - (98) - (42) (140)
Impairment charge (45) - (45) - (175) (5) (225)
Closing net book amount 4,234 468 4,702 2,767 9,648 598 17,715
At 31 December 2015
Cost 5,203 468 5,671 3,717 9,898 659 19,945
Accumulated amortisation and
impairment (969) - (969) (950) (250) (61) (2,230)
4,234 468 4,702 2,767 9,648 598 17,715
Comparatives required
Disclosure objectives
IAS1(38) 1. This appendix does not show any comparative information for the illustrative disclosures.
However, readers should note that comparative amounts must be disclosed to comply with the
requirements of IAS 1.
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