SYSTEM IMPACT STUDY USING DIgSILENT

PowerFactory
1 August 2016

Hands-on modeling sessions

Pramod Jain
Innovative Wind Energy, Inc.
http://i-windenergy.com

8/4/2016
Indonesia Clean Energy Development 1
 SESSION 1

• Install PF

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INSTALL PF

• Activation of PowerFactory 2016:

• To activate the license, please follow these steps:
– Start the “LicenceManager” tool of your PowerFactory 2016
installation. A short-cut is available in the Windows-Start Menu.

• In the LicenceManager, select “Activate License”

• Enter the Activation Key (25-character-string) as provided within the

License Agreement.
• JBG4Q-PLJFN-3PPYT-ASGUS-JPMSX
 SESSION 2

• Create a project
• Basic concepts of DIgSILENT
• Create a 2-bus model
• Run load flow
• Scenario
• Basic function buttons

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 CREATE A PROJECT
• Objective: Set nominal frequency, project settings, base
MVA, deactivate – activate project

• Project: A complete model of the network

• A project consists of grid, grid data, list of study cases and their settings,
list of scenarios and their settings, project related settings, user-defined
model library, and others.

• To create a new project : File > New > Project.

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 CREATE A PROJECT

PLNExample1

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 CREATE A PROJECT

• Name the grid

• Set the nominal frequency
• Specify the owner name

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 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIgSILENT
• Element types:
– Template with specifications that several elements of the type will
use
– Example: If a grid has five 25 MW generators from the same
manufacturer, we would define one generator type. All give
generators would use this type
• Database
– Everything about the project is saved in a DB
• Visual representation
– Separate from DB. For example, we could have entire network
defined in DB, but cannot see. Visual representation is needed only
to see the network

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL: EXERCISE 1
• Objective: Draw bus, draw gen, create gen type, draw a transmission
line, create a TL type, draw a transformer global, create transformer
type, draw load, reference generator

• Many elements in any model are:

– Generators
– Bus Bars
– Transformers
– Transmission line
– Load
• Let’s draw a two bus model

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A BUSBAR

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A BUSBAR TYPE
• Each bus element has a busbar type with nominal voltage of the bus.
• A busbar type can be used for multiple bus with same specification.

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A GENERATOR

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A GENERATOR TYPE
• Basic data used to define the nominal rating parameters
• Detail specifications like Xd, X’, X’’, H and so on can be specified in
RMS-Simulation tab

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A GENERATOR TYPE

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
DISPATCH A GENERATOR

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
WHAT IS A REFERENCE GENERATOR?
• In load flow, the generator used to balance the active power and
reactive power is called reference generator.
• It can either supply or absorb active and reactive power into or from
the system.
• Example:
– 3 generators in the grid, one is reference
– For 2 generators, dispatch is specified
– PF computes output of reference generator, based on loads and
losses

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A TRANSFORMER

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A TRANSFORMER TYPE

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A TRANSMISSION LINE

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A TRANSMISSION LINE TYPE

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
CREATE A LOAD

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 CREATE A SIMPLE MODEL
COMPLETE MODEL

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 RUN LOAD FLOW

• Objectives:
– Run load flow
– Show result box
– Current, bus voltage,
active power,
reactive power, -ve
& +ve numbers for
gens, -ve & +ve for
other elements)
– Change result box.
– Output calculation

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 RESULT BOX AND LOAD FLOW REPORT
• Result box on Buses – can display voltage in kV and p.u.

• Result box on transmission line and transformers – displays active &

reactive power and current
– -ve means power is going into the bus
– +ve means power is coming out of the bus

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 RESULT BOX AND LOAD FLOW REPORT
• Result box on Load and Generator - displays active & reactive power
and current

– -ve means power is going into the element

– +ve means power is coming out of the element

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 LOAD FLOW REPORT
• Output -> Output Calculation Analysis
• Different load flows report can be created

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 ANALYSIS OF LFA RESULTS

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 SCENARIOS
• Scenarios are used to define different conditions of a grid.
• It could be high/low wind, wet/dry season, high/low load.
• A scenario is created File > Save Operation Scenario As..

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 ACTIVATE-DEACTIVATE SCENARIOS
• Scenarios are activated and deactivated in two ways:
– File > Activate/Deactivate Operation Scenario
– Right click on the scenario > Activate/Deactivate

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 BASIC FUNCTION BUTTONS

• Zoom-in
• Switch on-off elements
• Connect-disconnect
• Select multiple elements
• Undo
• Element listing window

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 SESSION 3

• Load Flow Basics

• 3 bus model
• Parallel Elements
• Balance the load and generation in the dispatch sheet
• Run load flow
– Problem 1
– Problem 2
• Short circuit calculation

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 Power/Load Flow Analysis

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 EXERCISE 2
• Objectives: Create a 3–bus model, create type for all elements,
balance dispatch sheet, run load flow, solve issues observed in load flow,
short-circuit analysis.

• Use the PLNexample1.xlsx to built the model

• Following description of multiple tabs:
– GenType – Generator type specification
– TransType – Transformer type specification
– TL – Transmission line element parameters
– TLType – Transmission line type specification
– Load – Peak/Off-peak load values
– Dispatch Sheet – generation dispatch sheet for balancing load flow
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 3–BUS MODEL

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 BALANCE THE LOAD AND GENERATION

• Open the “Dispatch Sheet” tab.

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 BALANCE THE LOAD AND GENERATION

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 PROBLEM1

• Reactive losses are 65 MVAR, which is too high.

• How to reduce the reactive losses?

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 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM1

• Double the # of conductors in both transmission lines.

• Losses reduce to 28 MVAR.

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 PROBLEM 2

• Voltage on bus 3 is 0.86 p.u.

• How to increase the voltage?

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 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 2

• Add SVS at bus 3

• DEMONSTRATION

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
• Short-circuit analysis (SCA) is conducted to compute following two
things:
– Short-circuit power ratio (SCPR) to determine the strength of the
grid at the point of common coupling (PCC).
– Short-circuit contribution of the connecting power plant.
• SCA is conducted at the PCC of the new power plant
• SCA is run by right click on the bus > Calculate > Short-circuit

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT POWER RATIO (SCPR)

• SCPR is calculated by,

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡−𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)
– SCPR =
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀𝑊)

• Bigger value of SCPR means a “stronger” grid.

• SCPR norms for weak and strong grid are provided in the grid code
• SCPR range according to grid code
– < 10 is considered weak grid and improvement is needed at that
bus
– Between 10 -20 is acceptable range
– > 20 is a very strong grid

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 SHORT-CIRCUIT POWER RATIO (SCPR)

• New power plant capacity = 40 MW

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡−𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑀𝑉𝐴) 315.4
• SCPR = =
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀𝑊) 40

• SCPR = 7.88

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 SESSION 4
• Transient analysis basics
• AVRs and governors
• Create an event
• Create plots
• Problem 3
• Problem 4
• Exporting plots in excel and wmf format.
• Importing user models
 Transient Analysis

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 ADDITION OF AVRS AND GOVERNORS
• To add AVRs, right click on the gen > Define > Automatic
Voltage Regulator (avr)
• To add Governors, right click on the gen > Define > Governors
and Turbine (gov)

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 ADDITION OF AVRS AND GOVERNORS

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 CREATE AN EVENT

• In transient analysis, response of the system to a fault is analyzed

• An event is modeled as a fault in the system
• Following events are generally analyzed
– Largest generation loss
– Largest load loss
– WPP or SPP loss
– 3–phase short-circuit transmission line
• Steps on how to create an Event: right click on the element >
Define > Switch Event/ Short-circuit Event/Load Event

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 CREATE AN EVENT

• Define when the event occurs

• Action for the event : Open a breaker or close a breaker

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 CREATE AN EVENT

• To list all the Events in any given study case, click on the Edit
Simulation Events

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 INITIALIZING CONDITIONS
• Before running RMS simulation, the model needs to be initialized
• To initialize the model use

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 DEFINE RMS VARIABLES

• To plot the results of the transient analysis, RMS variables for each
element must be defined.
• RMS variables can be defined: right click on the element > Define
> Results for RMS/EMT simulation
• Select the required variables from the list.

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 DEFINE RMS VARIABLES

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 RUN TRANSIENT SIMULATION
• Finally with all the settings now it is time to run the simulation.
• Click on
• This windows defines length of the simulation.

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 CREATE PLOTS
• After running the simulation observe the results in plots
• To create plots, click on
• In the subplot window, name the subplot
• Select elements and variables to be plotted

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 CREATE PLOTS

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 MODIFY PLOT SETTINGS
• To change plot settings double-click on the plot
• Settings:
– Limits of X-Y axis
– Linear/log scale
– Auto Scale
– Legends

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 ARITHMETIC OPERATION ON VARIABLES
• To add, click on New button

• In the calculation window, select the elements and their variables in the
Operands section
• Specify the arithmetic formula for the operands in the Formula section
• Click on Verify to check the formula

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 ARITHMETIC OPERATION ON PLOTS

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 ADJUST THE PLOT FONT
• To increase the font size and change the font of the plots
– right click on the plot > Style > Create new Style
– Name your style
– right click on the plot > Style > Edit style

– Click on the “x-Axis” row > Font, change the font, font size,
precision, etc.

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 PROBLEM 3
• See frequency runaway due to low headroom in the system.

DIgSILENT
1.20

[-]

0.90

0.60

0.30

0.00

-0.30
-0.1000 3.9085 7.9170 11.926 15.934 [s] 19.943
Bus1: Electrical Frequency
Bus2: Electrical Frequency
Bus3: Electrical Frequency

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 PROBLEM 3
• Largest generation loss, Gen 1 = 140 MW
• Other two generators are Gen2, Gen3 = 30, 20 MW

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 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 3
• Increase the rating of the Gen 2 type to 200 MVA.

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 PROBLEM 4
• Frequency nadir is not acceptable, per grid code

DIgSILENT
1.0025

[-]

0.9900

0.9775

0.9650

0.9525

0.9400
-0.1000 3.9085 7.9170 11.926 15.934 [s] 19.943
Bus1: Electrical Frequency
Bus2: Electrical Frequency
Bus3: Electrical Frequency

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 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4
• Add a new generator

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 EXPORTING PLOTS

• Export image of plots to wmf/bmp format:

– File > Export > Windows MetaFile (*.WMF)/ Windows
Bitmap (*.BMP) OR right-click on the plot > Export to >
Windows MetaFile (*.WMF)/ Windows Bitmap (*.BMP)
• Export plots to Excel:
– right-click on the plot > Export to > Windows Clipboard.
– Select variables which need to be exported and click
Execute
– Open an Excel sheet and paste

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 IMPORT – EXPORT OF MODEL

• To export,
– Deactivate the project
– File > Export > Data (*.pfd, *.dz)
– Select the project and define the location to save
– Click Execute.
• To import,
– Deactivate the project
– File > Export > Data (*.pfd, *.dz)
– Select the pfd file and click Execute.

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IMPORTING WTG MODEL
• Import the WTG model, File > Import > Data (*.pfd, *.dz)
• Copy the model to the existing project,
– Open Data Manager
– Copy the model from imported file
• Library > Templates

– PLNExample1 > Library > Templates

– Paste the model in this folder
• Drawing tools > General Templates
IMPORTING WTG MODEL

– In the Template Window, select the WTGTemplate

– Place it in the grid
– Add a 33 kV bus
– Attach the model to the new bus
– Add transformer from 33kV to 70 kV bus
– 33kV/70kV transformer add specifications
 SESSION 5
• Exercise 4.1: Voltage issue
• Exercise 4.2: Adding WTG model
• Exercise 4.3: Adding PV model
 EXERCISE 4.1: LARGER MODEL

• Import the larger model

• Review the dispatch sheet

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 PROBLEM 1

• Run the load flow on the model

• Check for high voltages
• Kendari has voltage at 1.052 p.u.
• How do we reduce the voltage?

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 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1
• Reduce the power factor of the generator in Kendari

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 EXERCISE 4.2
• Select WTG model from template
• Create a 33 kV bus
• Create a 33 kV/ 150 kV transformer
• Connect the transformer to the 201 L Punagaya bus
• Change the number of parallel unit for transformer and WTG model
• Adjust the dispatch
• Check for voltage issues

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 EXERCISE 4.3

• Select PV model from template

• Create a 33 kV bus
• Create a 33 kV/ 150 kV transformer
• Connect the transformer to the 3 L Mamuju bus
• Change the number of parallel unit for PV model to 60
• Adjust the dispatch
• Check for voltage issues

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 SESSION 6
• Exercise 4.4: Transient analysis
• Exercise 4.5: WPP loss
• Exercise 4.6: Transmission line loss
 EXERCISE 4.4

• Run generation loss transient analysis

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 PROBLEM 1

• Frequency runaway

DIgSILENT
52.50

[Hz]

50.00

47.50

45.00

42.50

40.00
-0.1000 2.9042 5.9084 8.9125 11.917 [s] 14.921

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 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 1
• Switch on “S-18-PLN-GP” gen to increase the headroom in the
system

DIgSILENT
50.10

[Hz]

49.90

49.70

49.50

49.30

49.10
-0.1000 2.9454 5.9908 9.0361 12.082 [s] 15.127

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 EXERCISE 4.5
• Wind Power Plant loss

DIgSILENT
50.14

[Hz]

50.04

49.94

49.84

49.74

49.64
-0.1000 3.3848 6.8696 10.354 13.839 [s] 17.324

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 EXERCISE 4.6
• 3-phase short-circuit transmission line fault
• Voltage & Active Power plots

DIgSILENT
DIgSILENT
1.50 90.00

[p.u.] [MW]

1.20 70.00

50.00
0.90

30.00
0.60

10.00
0.30

-10.00
0.00 -0.0779 0.3112 0.7004 1.0895 1.4787 [s] 1.8679
-0.0779 0.3112 0.7004 1.0895 1.4787 [s] 1.8679 WTG 01: Total Active Power

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 Contact Person:
Pramod Jain, Ph.D., President,
Innovative Wind Energy, Inc.
pramod@i-windenergy.com,
+1-904-923-6489
http://i-windenergy.com

Thank You
INDONESIA CLEAN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT II
Implemented by Tetra Tech
Menara Jamsostek, North Tower 14th Floor
Jl. Gatot Subroto No.38 | Jakarta12710 INDONESIA
Main: +62 21 5296 4445 | Fax: +62 21 5296 4446
www.iced.or.id

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