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MIT6 007S11 Lec11 PDF
MIT6 007S11 Lec11 PDF
Outline
1
Electric Fields Magnetic Fields
· dA
o E = ρdV · dA
B =0
S V S
= Qenclosed
GAUSS GAUSS
FARADAY AMPERE
d · dA
· dl
E · dl = − B H
C dt S C
d · dA
= J · dA + E
S dt S
dλ
emf = v =
dt
2
Ampere’s Law Revisited
In the case of the magnetic field we can see that ‘our old’ Ampere’s law can
not be the whole story. Here is an example in which current does not gives
rise to the magnetic field:
= 0??
B
B
Side
View
I I
I
I
B
B
Consider the case of charging up a capacitor C which is connected to very long wires.
The charging current is I. From the symmetry it is easy to see that an application of
Ampere’s law will produce B fields which go in circles around the wire and whose
magnitude is B(r) = μoI/(2πr). But there is no charge flow in the gap across the capacitor
plates and according to Ampere’s law the B field in the plane parallel to the capacitor
plates and going through the capacitor gap should be zero!
This seems unphysical. 3
Ampere’s Law Revisited (cont.)
If instead we drew the Amperian surface as sketched below,
we would have concluded that B in non-zero !
B
B
Side
View
I
I I I
B
Maxwell resolved this problem by adding a term to the Ampere’s Law.
In equivalence to Faraday’s Law,
the changing electric field can generate the magnetic field:
· dl = d · dA
COMPLETE
H J · dA + E AMPERE’S LAW
C S dt S
4
Faraday’s Law and Motional emf
What is the emf over the resistor ?
dΦmag vΔt
emf = −
dt
B
L v
In a short time Δt the bar moves a
distance Δx = v*Δt, and the flux
increases by ΔФmag = B (L v*Δt)
6
Complex Magnetic Systems
DC Brushless Stepper Motor Reluctance Motor Induction Motor
· dl = Ienclosed
H · dA
B =0 f = q v × B
C S
7
Magnetic Flux Φ [Wb] (Webers) due to macroscopic
& microscopic
Magnetic Flux Density B [Wb/m2] = T (Teslas)
Magnetic Field Intensity H [Amp-turn/m]
due to macroscopic
currents
= μo H
B +M
= μo H = μo μr H
+ χm H
Faraday’s Law
dΦ mag
emf = −
dt
emf = N C · dl
E and Φmag = · n̂dA
B
8
Example: Magnetic Write Head
Ring Inductive
Write Head
Shield
GMR
Read
Head
Recording Medium
Horizontal
Magnetized Bits
Bit density is limited by how well the field can be localized in write head
9
Review: Ferromagnetic Materials
B
s
B
r
B B,J
Initial
Magnetization
Curve
H
C
−H 0 C
H H>0
r
−B hysteresis
s
−B H
0 Slope = μ
C Behavior of an initially unmagnetized
i
10
Thin Film Write Head
Recording Current
Recording Magnetic
Field
11
Electrical Circuit Analogy
Ф
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUITS
Electrical
Magnetic
i φ
V R
12
Electrical Circuit Analogy
Electrical Magnetic
i φ
V R
13
Electrical Circuit Analogy
i φ
V R
= μ o μr H
B
OHM’s LAW J = σE
DC
B
l N i = Φ
φ l
A
=
μA
15
Flux Density in a Toroidal Core
Core centerline
H
μN i
R B=
2R
2πR
μN i = 2πRB = lB
N turn
coil lB l
mmf = N i = =Φ
μ μA
(of an N-turn coil)
i
mmf = Φ
16
Electrical Circuit Analogy
Electrical Magnetic
17
Toroid with Air Gap
Magnetic
flux
Electric
current
A = cross-section area
Why does the flux not leak out further in the gap ?
18
Fields from a Toroid Magnetic
flux
· dl =
H J · dA
C S Electric
= Ienclosed current
A = cross-section area
B +M
= μo H
Ni Ni
H= B=μ
2πR 2πR
μA
Φ = BA = N i
2πR
19
Scaling Magnetic Flux
Magnetic
N i = Φ flux
&
l 2πR
= = Electric
μA μA current
A = cross-section area
μA
Φ = BA = N i
2πR
2cm
l
=
8cm 2cm
μA
0.5cm
core φ gap
N=500
i
+ -
A = cross-section area
Φ≈
21
Parallel Magnetic Circuits
10cm 10cm
i Gap b 0.5cm
1cm Gap a
A = cross-section area
22
A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances in Series and Parallel
1
+ + φa φb
N1 turns v1 v2 N2 turns
3 + 2
- -
N1 i1
-
+ φc
Depth A N2 i2
-
l2 l1 l=l1+l2 φc
l1 l2
1 = 2 =
μA μA
23
Faraday Law and Magnetic Circuits
Ф
i1 i2
+
+ +
sinusoidal N1 N2 Load
v1 v2
- -
-
Primary Secondary
dλ
Flux linkage λ = NΦ v=
dt
Powerful tools…
25
Stored Energy in Inductors
dλ
WS = Pelec dt = ivdt = i = i (λ) dλ
dt
λ
i (λ) = Stored energy…
L
λ
λ λ2
WS = dλ =
0 L 2L
26
Relating Stored Energy to Force
dWS dr
= i · v − fr
dt dt
di dr
= iL − fr
dt dt
i·v dr
−fr
dWS dt
electrical mechanical
dt
dWS dr
= −fr
dt dt
28
Linear Machines: Solenoid Actuator
x
l
Coil attached to cone
If we can find the stored energy, we can immediately compute the force…
∂WS 1 λ2
fr = − |λ WS (λ, r) =
∂r 2 L
29
KEY TAKEAWAYS
· dl = d · dA
COMPLETE AMPERE’S LAW H J · dA + E
C S dt S
Electrical Magnetic
30
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