NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TIDAL CURRENT FIELD IN

OFFSHORE AREA WITH MANY ISLANDS AND TIDAL CHANNELS∗

ZUO Shu-hua

Key laboratory of Engineering Sediment of Ministry of Communications，Tianjin Research Institute

of Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, China; E-mail:zsh0301@163.com
State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology,
Dalian 116024, China

LI Bei

Key laboratory of Engineering Sediment of Ministry of Communications，Tianjin Research Institute

of Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, China

ZHANG Zheng

Key laboratory of Engineering Sediment of Ministry of Communications，Tianjin Research Institute

of Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, China

ABSTRACT：It is a problem to construct ports in multi-island offshore area with high suspended sediment
concentration and high speed flow, especially sediment problems. Numerical simulation of tidal currents has
become important technique to port engineering. Yangshan islands of China are representative of the offshore
multi-island with high suspended sediment concentration and high speed flow. Based on the characteristic of the
currents and sediments in the Yangshan sea area, a 2D numerical model for the currents induced by waves has
been established. According to characteristic of the research area, unstructured grids are applied to fit the
boundaries of the sea-area. Verifications with the measured data indicate that the present model simulates the
current fields in the research region well. Finally, two layouts were simulated to study the changes of the current
field. Computational results show that the Branch Channel Layout is advantageous to the present situation.
KEYWORDS：Offshore multi-island; Yangshan islands; 2D numerical model; Channel; Layout

1 Introduction
Yangshan Deepwater Harbor lies in the Qiqu archipelago, which is located about 32
kilometers northwest to Luchaogang harbor in Nanhui district, in the north of the
Hangzhou Bay, on the south side of the Yangtze Estuary, and 86 kilometers away the
center of Shanghai (Figure.1). The sea-area is composed of south and north island chains.
The south island chain is from east to west based on the Dayangshan Island while the
north island chain is from northwest to southeast based on the Xiaoyangshan Island. The
water depth of the main channel of Yangshan Harbor is more than 10 meters. Yangshan
Harbor is the nearest deepwater harbor with natural advantages to Shanghai. Now,
Yangshan Deepwater Harbor area consists of these parts: Phase 1 & Phase 2 Project
(Figure.3). Phase 3 Project has been accomplished and put into operation. The West
Harbor District Project is being planned.
Recently, with the construction of the Yangshan Harbor, the references about
Yangshan sea area have been published (Chen et al. [2]; Yan et al. [7]; Yang et al. [8];

∗
This research was supported financially by Western Traffic Construction Technology
Projects of Ministry of Communications of China (NO.200632800003-04).
1
Zuo et al. [10]). But these references were almost about the sediment characteristic and
the topography environments, the numerical simulation research still rare. With the
development of theories of numerical simulations and the improvement of computational
facilities, two-dimensional (2D) numerical models have been widely used to solve
engineering project problems involving the sediment transport by tidal currents and
waves in estuaries, the erosion and sedimentation situations in river channels and
reservoirs, and the sea bed deformation processes around local hydraulic structures (Cao
and Wang. [1]; Ding et al. [3]).
The Yangshan sea area is a typical offshore area with muti-island and muti-channel.
In this paper, taking Yangshan sea-area of the Qiqu archipelago as an example, a 2D
numerical model of tidal currents is established to study the change of the current field.

Figure.1 The situation and landform map of Yangshan sea-area in 1998

2 Natural Conditions of Yangshan Sea Area

Yangshan sea area is located in the east side of the mouth of Hangzhou Bay, mainly
dominated by East China Sea tidal wave system. The tides of Yangshan sea area are
predominantly irregular semi-diurnal. Based on the measured tidal data of the
Xiaoyangshan station from Aug. 1997 to Jul. 2003, the characteristic values of tidal
stages are summarized as follows: the mean high tidal level is 3.89m, the mean low tidal
level is 1.12 m and the mean tidal range is 2.77m.
Because of the channel effect of Yangshan sea area, the current velocity is stronger in
the Yangshan Channel than surrounding sea area, and the currents are reversing with
directions of W-E or WNW-ESE roughly. According to the analysis of the field data of
Apr., 2006, the averaged flood current velocity is 0.54-0.89m/s and the averaged ebb is
0.51-0.95m/s; the current speed of flood tide is large than that of the ebb tide.
In the Yangshan Sea, the primary prevailing waves are wind waves. In the
surrounding sea area of the Yangshan, the frequency of wave direction is basically as the
same as that of wind direction with the occurrence frequency of 8.01-8.98% and the
annual average H1/10 of 0.47 m. The direction of strongest waves is N, NE and NNE and
the highest wave height is 4.1m. Due to the shelter of the islands, the wave actions
2
behave less in the channel with the annual average H1/10 of 0.44m and the highest wave
height of 3.1m.
Under the condition of current dynamics and sediment transport in the Hangzhou Bay,
the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Yangshan Harbor is high. Based on
the data of P1 station (Figure.3), the maximum SSC is over 5.0 kg/m3 at the bottom and
the maximum vertical average SSC is 2.88 kg/m3. According to the long-term data from
1998 to 2006 at the Xiaoyangshan station, the yearly-averaged SSC near the surface is
over 0.8 kg/m3 in this area. The sediment in the Yangshan Harbor is mostly from the local
high SSC layer near the bottom, besides the suspended sediment transport of the
Changjiang Estuary. The high SSC is mainly interacted by the local sediment and flow
transport (Zhang et al. [9]).
According to the measured data of past years, the sediment nearby the Yangshan
islands belongs to fine clay. It is known from the sampling of bed material in Apr, 2006
that the median diameter of suspended sediment ranges from 0.0038mm to 0.0149mm;
the median diameter of bed sediment ranges from 0.005mm to 0.0272mm, which is close
to the size of suspended sediment grains.
3 Numerical Model Based on TK2D
TK2D is a series of program about numerical model based on hydrodynamics and
sediment transport theories. It is developed by Tianjin Research Institute of Water
Transport Engineering independently (Li et al. [4]).
3.1 2D tidal Current Model by Wave
Equations of 2D tidal Current Model by Wave are in Appendix.
3.2 Solution Conditions
（1）Initial Conditions
Initial conditions are related to the initial distributions of surface elevation, velocity
and sediment concentration. As show in Eq.(1), ζ 0 ( x, y, t0 ) is the tidal level at t=t0;
u0 ( x, y, t0 ) and v0 ( x, y, t0 ) are the tidal velocity in the direction of x and y
respectively at t=t0.

ζ ( x, y, t ) |t =t0 = ζ 0 ( x, y, t 0 )⎫
⎪ （1）
u ( x , y , t ) |t = t 0 = u 0 ( x , y , t 0 ) ⎬
⎪
v( x, y, t ) |t =t0 = v0 ( x, y, t 0 ) ⎭

In the paper, the initial tidal level is taken as the mean tidal level and the initial tidal
velocity is taken as zero on the computational boundary.
（2）Boundary Conditions
There are four open sea boundaries in the model. The tidal levels control them.
3.3 Computing Area and the Grids
According to characteristic of the research area, unstructured grids are applied to fit
the boundaries of the estuary and the regulation project, because the grids can be used in
irregular geometries and the elements may have arbitrary sizes in regions of interest. The
calculated project area is about 1848km2. The east-west length of the calculated area is
56km while the north-south width is 33km. The number of the nodes is 45869 in the
3
model. The sizes of the grids range from 30m to 600m. A fine mesh is used in the project
region.
Using the project boundary and the topography data of 2006, the actions of tidal
currents and wind waves are considered in the model. The movements of tidal currents
are simulated. The results of verification of velocity, direction and current field are given.
3.4 Selection of Parameters
The Manning roughness coefficient n was estimated ranging from 0.016 to 0.035. The
exact value of the coefficient n will be obtained from the verifications.
In the calculation of the wave field, the Wen-theoretical spectrum (Wen et al. [6]) is
selected as the target spectrum. In the model, the wind speed, the characteristic wave
heights and periods are applied using the data from the near weather station of
Guanyinshan.
4 Verification of the Model
The verification of tidal current is the basis of the tidal current and suspended
sediment transport model. It is necessary to simulate the tidal level, flow velocities and
their directions in the Yangshan sea area. Based on the surveys data in April and May
2006(Figure.2), all of the measured data have been verified and the calculated results
coincide with the measured data. The characteristics of the tidal currents pattern and
reversing, inside the Yangshan channel are reflected by the model. The results of tidal
currents model would be combined to the simulations of sediment transportation and
bed-form reworking. Owing to the limited space, only part of the results are shown below,
including the calibration and results of five water level points and seven flow points (see
Figure.3 and Figure.4).

Figure.2 Measuring spots of April and May 2006 in the Yangshan area

4
 Figure.3 Verification of surface elevation process

Figure.4 Verification of current velocity process

5 Tidal Currents Field after Project
5.1 Study Layouts
There are totally two cases of the layout in the present study (Figure.5 and Figure.6).
In case1, all channels in the north island chain will be blocked, i.e. the Big Channel
Layout (Figure.5). In case2, only the Kezhushan channel in the north island chain will be
retained, i.e. the Branch Channel Layout (Figure.6).
5.2 Analysis to Change of Currents Field
In order to study the change of flow velocity quantitatively, totally 16 calculating
points are set within the concerned water area (as shown in Figure.2). Point M2, M4 and
M6 lie in the Phase1 project, Phase2 project and Phase3 project respectively. Point P1
and P2 are located in middle of the Yangshan channel. Point K1 and K2 are located in the
Kezhushan channel. Points W1 to W3 are located in the west water area of the Yangshan
channel. Points E1 to E3 are located in the east water area. Points SC1 to SC3 are located

5
in the channels of the south island chain.
Figure 5 and 6 are the isomers figure of averaged current velocity after the
completion of the project. Figure 5 shows that the averaged current velocity of the west
area decreases after the Big Channel Layout and the ratio of after and before project is
0.8-1.0. But in the Figure 6 after the Branch Channel Layout the averaged current
velocity increases and the ratio is 1.0-1.05.
According to the results (see Tab.1 and Tab.2 in Appendix), it can be seen that the
changes of the mean velocities are different in case1 and case2.
In case 1, besides the west water area (W1-W3, and K4), the averaged velocity is
larger than that before the completion of the project. The increasing amplitudes of the
averaged velocity range from 3% to10%, while the decreasing amplitudes of the averaged
velocity range from 0.0% to13.0% in the west water area. In case 2, generally, the
averaged velocity increases in the Yangshan channel and the west area. In the Yangshan
channel, the increasing amplitudes of the averaged velocity ranging from 0.0% to 6.0%,
which are smaller than that in case 1. The averaged velocity decreases in the channel of
the south island chain, in which the amplitudes range from 1.0% to 3.0%. In both case 1
and case 2, computational results show that changes of the flow direction are less than 10
degree, which indicates that the project has little influence on the flow regimes and the
navigational conditions.
It can be concluded that the amplitudes of the averaged velocity in case 1 are much
greater than those in case 2 relatively. Moreover the decreasing averaged velocity in the
west sea area is disadvantageous to the west harbor district plan, which would cause the
sediment siltation in the west sea area. In the west sea area, it should be noted that the
averaged velocity in the ebb tide is always larger than that in the flood tide no matter
which point is concerned, which is very important to decrease the sediment siltation. The
Kezhushan channel has drainage diffluent action at the period of ebb tide. If the channel
is retained, it is advantageous to depth maintaining of the harbor district.
1
1.08
1.08

4
1.

1.0
1.0

1. 16 1.121.
0.961.0 1.2 1 1.0.88
1.04

1.12 04 0.9 08
8

96

4 0.80.92
481.16
4 6
0.84

2 0.8 0.9 0.8 2

0.9

0.

0.8 6
0.9
8
0.96

0.9
0.8

1
0.8

0.8
6

1.04 1.2 0.92

1.112
0.92
1

6
.16

0.9

1.2 0.840.8
1.12
1.16
0.88 8 8
0.8
0.92
0.9

1.0
0.8
0.960.8
2

0.80.8 1.04
0.96

0.88
0.8
1.16

0.84
0.92
84 1.0 1

1.08 0.9 0.961.08

1.2.08

6
1
1.08

0.88
1

0.9
0.8

1
2

1.161.0 1 0.96
1.1
0.9

4
6

0.9

0.9
1.08 1.04 6

1.12
2

0.8

02.8
11.1
1.1

2
.22
1.04

1.04
6

4
1

1.0
0.9

1.
1.12

6 4
1.0

1.12 12 1.1
1.08
1.1

0.9 0.9
1

1.
0.9
2

6 0.96
0.92 1.0 08 6
1.0
1.0

1.08

8
8
4

1.2
1
1.1
1.1
26
1.04
1.1

0.

1.1 16
1

1.2
61.0

1.2
88

1.12

1.0 1.0
4

.962
1.2

1.08
6

8 10.1 0.8 0.96

0.9

11.1
0.96 1 .0 1.08 1 4
1.04

1.0 82 8
1.0
0.84
0.96

00.9
0.92
0.9

4 .1 1.1
1.0
4

0.84

0.84 .86
1.0.88

8
0.84

2
1.0

0.88
11.04

1.2 0.8 6
1. 1.2

0.
84
0.8

04 1.08
6 1.086

1.1

1
1

04

2
0.8

0.90.88 1.08 0.8

08
1.116.1

1.12

1.1.04 0. 4
1.2

1.0
1
0.92

0.9 1. .0 0.92 0.84

16

8 1.
0.84

1.04 1.12
1.

88
0.8

1.08

12.2
1.04

4 4
4

6 1. 1 1 16
6

0.84

2 2 41
1

0.9

1.0 0.8
0.918
1

16
1. 0.92
04
2

1.

1.04
8

1.0 1
1
41.0

1.

0.96
1

1.04
0.8

1.04

(a)Ebb tide (b) flood tide

Figure.5 Isomers of averaged current velocity after the Big Channel Layout (after project/before project)

6
 1
1.0
1

1
5

5
0.9

1.05
0.9

0.95
0.8

1.1
5 5
0.9

1.0

1.0
1.2
0.9

1.05
5
0.9

5
1 5 1.
05

1
1.05 0.95 10.9

1
1.0
.52 1.1
1.11

5
5

0.9
1.050.850.9 1 1.05

0.9
1 1.1

1
5 5

1.1
1 50.9 1 1.2

1.
1.1 .1 5

5
01.9

1.0
1.05
1.2
1.1

1.0
9
0.

1.1

0.85
0.9
5

1.1
1.0 1.1 1.1 1.
1.05

1
1 2

5
0.0
5 1

1.0
5
95.9
1.1

11.1
0.95

5
1.

5
05 0.9
5

1.2
1 0.91.2

1.
05
1.0

5
5
.1

1.1
0.8

5
0.95
0.9 1 0.85

0.9
1.05 5 1.1

5
1

5
1.1
0.8

1.2
0.9

0.95
0.85
1

5
1.0 1.1
5 1.2
1.1 1.0
1 5
1 1.1
1

1.05
5 5 1 5
1 0.95 0.9 0.9 1.1
0.95

0.95
0.9

1.15
1.05

1
0.95
1

1.1
0. 0.85

0.85
0.9
0.8 5 5
1.01 5
5

0.95

0.9
9 0.91.2

0.9
0.8 1

1.1
0.9

1.1 5

0.9

12
1.2

1
1
0.9
5
0.9

5.15

0.955

5
1.2

5
1
1.0

1.05
5

1.0
1 1

0.9
1.

1.1
1.05

0.95 05 0.9
1

0.9 0.9 1

5
1

5
5 .1 0.85 0.95
5

1
1.0
5

0.95

1
(a)Ebb tide (b) flood tide
Figure.6 Isomers of averaged current velocity after the Branch Channel Layout (after project/before project)
6 Conclusions
The Yangshan sea area is a mesotidal and strong current sea-area with regular
semidiurnal tides. The Yangshan sea area has high suspended sediment concentration
with 1.5kg/m3. The topography environments of channels are related to the flow velocity.
Based on the characteristic of the currents and sediments in the research area, a 2D
numerical model for the current field by waves is established in the paper. The
unstructured grids are applied to fit the boundaries of the Yangshan sea area and the
regulation project, thus the calculation accuracy is improved. Verifications with the
observed data indicate that the simulated results can reflect the current fields in the region.
For the case1 and the case 2, computational results show that currents velocity changes in
case 2 are smaller than those in case 1. Moreover, retaining the Kezhushan channel is
advantageous to depth maintaining of the harbor district.
References
1. CAO Zu-de, WANG Gui-fen, Acta Oceanologica Sinica, Vol.13, No.3(1994).
2. CHEN Shen-liang, Acta Oceanologica Sinica, Vol.22, No.3 (in Chinese with English
abstract) (2000a).
3. DING Ping-xing, HU Ke-lin1, KONG Ya-zhen, et al, Acta Oceanologica Sinica,
Vol.25, No.5 (in Chinese with English abstract) (2003).
4. LI Meng-guo, ZHANG Hua-qing, CHEN Han-bao, et al, Journal of Waterway and
Harbor, Vol.27, No.1(in Chinese with English abstract) (2006).
5. WANG Shang-yi, International Conference of Coastal Change 95, France (1995).
6. WEN Sheng-chang, ZHANG Da-cuo, GUO Pei-fang, et al, Acta Oceanologica
Sinica, No.4 (1989).
7. YAN Xin-xing, Journal of Waterway and Harbor, No.3 (in Chinese with English
abstract) (2000).
8. YANG Hua, XU Jia-shuai,HOU Zhi-qiang , Journal of Waterway and Harbor,
Vol.24, No.3 (in Chinese with English abstract) (2003).
9. Zhang Jin-shan, Yang Hong, Zhang Wei-sheng, Proceedings of the Tenth
International Symposium on River Sedimentation (Volume 4), Moscow(2007).
10. ZUO Shu-hua, LI Bei, YANG Hua, Journal of Waterway and Harbor, Vol.30, No.1
(in Chinese with English abstract) (2009).

7
Appendix Ⅰ
2D tidal Current Model by Wave
Continuity Equation:
∂ z ∂ ( h u) ∂ ( h v ) （A.1）
+ + =0
∂t ∂x ∂y
Momentum Equation:
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂ z τ sx τ bx （A.2）
+u +v = −g + + + f v + Tx + λ Δ u
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂ x hρ hρ
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂ z τ sy τby （A.3）
+u +v = −g + + − f u + Ty + λ Δ v
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂ y hρ hρ
Where, u and v are the components of the depth-averaged current velocity U in the
direction of x and y respectively; h(=z+z0 )is the total water depth; z is the surface
elevation; z0 is the depth from the undisturbed sea level to the sea floor; f is the parameter
of Coriolis force; g is the acceleration of gravity; ρ is the water density.
τ s x and τ s y represent the components of the surface wind shear stress τ s in the
direction of x and y respectively, which can be expressed as:

⎪⎧τ s x = ρ a Cw W − U ( w x − u) （A.4）
⎨
(
⎪⎩τ s y = ρ a Cw W − U w y − v )

( w x − u) 2 + ( w y − v ) （A.5）
2
W −U =

Where, w x , w y are the components of wind velocity W in the direction of x and y

respectively; Cw = 2.55 × 10 −3 , which shows the shear coefficient of the surface wind
stress, and; ρ a is the air density; τ bx and τ by represent the bottom shear stress τ b by
wave-tide in the direction of x and y respectively, which can be expressed as:
⎧ ρ g u u 2 + v 2 πρ Bρ ⎛ ρ ⎞
⎪τ b x = + f w u w2 + v w2 u w + 2 ⎜ 2 f w ⎟ u 2 + v 2 uw （A.6）
⎪ Cs2 8 π ⎝ Cs ⎠
⎨
⎪ ρ g v u 2 + v 2 πρ Bρ ⎛ ρ ⎞
⎪τ b y = Cs2
+
8
f w uw2 + v w2 v w +
π
2 ⎜ 2 f w ⎟ u 2 + v 2 vw
⎝ Cs ⎠
⎩

Where, （ uw ， vw ） represents wave velocity; Cs=h1/6/n, which denotes the Chezy

coefficient; n is the Manning coefficient of bottom friction; B denotes the influence
coefficient of wave and tidal current, and it is set as 0.359 here (Cao et al. [1]); fw is the
bottom friction coefficient of wave, which can be expressed as below (Wang. [5]):
⎧ ⎡ ⎛a ⎞
−0.194
⎤ ab （A.7）
⎪exp ⎢−5.977 + 5.213⎜ b ⎟ ⎥ . <
147 < 300
⎪ ⎢⎣ ⎝γ ∗ ⎠ ⎥⎦ γ∗
fw = ⎨
⎪ ab
⎪ 0.32 < 147
.
⎩ γ∗

Where, γ∗ represents the bottom friction and γ ∗ =120d50, in which d50 is the median

8
diameter; ab denotes the water particle swing near bed bottom.

λ is the eddy viscosity; Δ = ∂ 2 + ∂ 2 .

2 2

∂x ∂y
Tx and Ty are expressed by the following formulas:
⎧ 1 ⎛ ∂ Sx x ∂ Sx y ⎞
⎪Tx = − ⎜ + ⎟ （A.8）
⎪ ρh⎝ ∂ x ∂y ⎠
⎨
⎪T = − 1 ⎛ ∂ S y x + ∂ S y y ⎞
⎪ y ⎜ ⎟
⎩ ρh ⎝ ∂ x ∂y ⎠

S i , j is the wave radiation stresses, and ⎛ S xx S x y ⎞ .

Si, j = ⎜ ⎟
⎜S S ⎟
⎝ yx y y ⎠
To regulation wave, Si,j is expressed:
⎛ 1 n ⎞
⎜ n (cos α + 1) − sin 2α （A.9）
2
⎟
2 2
Si j = E ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎜ n
sin 2α n (sin 2 α + 1) − ⎟⎟
1
⎝ 2 2⎠

Where, E represents the average wave energy during a cycle, and E=ρgh2/8.
To non-regulation wave, S i , j is expressed as below:

⎛ ∞ 2π 1 ∞ 2π n ⎞
⎜ ∫0 ∫0 [n (cos α + 1) − ]E( f ,α)dα df ∫0 ∫0 sin 2αE( f ,α)dα df ⎟ （A.10）
2

⎜ 2 2 ⎟
Si j =
⎜⎜ ∞ 2π n sin 2αE( f ,α )dα df ∞ 2π 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ ∫0 ∫0 2 ∫0 ∫0 [n (sin 2
α + 1) − ]E ( f , α )dα df
2 ⎠
Where, α represents the angle between x-axis and wave direction; f is the wave
frequency; E ( f , α ) is the wave energy.

9
Appendix Ⅱ
The changes of the mean velocities
Table1. Changes of mean flow velocity of spring tide to Case1 (Unit: m/s)

Flood tide Changed Ebb tide Changed

Point Percent Percent
Natural Case1 Natural Case1
(%) (%)
W1 0.86 0.86 0.0 0.97 0.95 -2.1

W2 1.00 0.97 -3.0 1.16 1.09 -6.0

W3 0.97 0.88 -9.3 1.07 0.93 -13.1

P1 0.93 0.93 0.0 1.10 1.07 -2.7

P2 1.01 1.07 +5.9 1.12 1.16 +3.6

M2 0.83 0.90 +8.4 1.16 1.22 +5.2

M4 0.88 0.95 +8.0 1.16 1.21 +4.3

M6 1.01 1.10 +8.9 1.13 1.19 +5.3

K1 0.63 / / 0.83 / /

K2 0.36 / / 0.81 / /

K4 0.85 0.75 -11.8 1.16 0.96 -17.2

SC1 0.83 0.92 +10.8 0.93 0.98 +5.4

SC2 0.37 0.40 +8.1 0.86 0.89 +3.5

SC3 0.57 0.60 +5.3 0.73 0.74 +1.4

E1 1.29 1.43 +10.9 1.35 1.46 +8.2

E2 0.81 0.84 +3.7 1.10 1.13 +2.7

10
 Table2. Changes of mean flow velocity of spring tide to Case2 (Unit: m/s)

Flood tide Changed Ebb tide Changed

Point Percent Percent
Natural Case1 Natural Case1
(%) (%)
W1 0.86 0.89 +3.5 0.97 0.98 +1.0

W2 1.00 1.05 +5.0 1.16 1.18 +1.7

W3 0.97 1.08 +11.3 1.07 1.13 +5.6

P1 0.93 0.98 +5.4 1.10 1.12 +1.8

P2 1.01 1.02 +1.0 1.12 1.13 +0.9

M2 0.83 0.85 +2.4 1.16 1.19 +2.6

M4 0.88 0.87 -1.1 1.16 1.14 -1.7

M6 1.01 1.05 +4.0 1.13 1.16 +2.7

K1 0.63 0.67 +6.4 0.83 0.93 +12.1

K2 0.36 0.27 -25.0 0.81 0.88 +8.6

K4 0.85 0.91 +7.1 1.16 1.29 +11.2

SC1 0.83 0.81 -2.4 0.93 0.90 -3.2

SC2 0.37 0.37 0.0 0.86 0.84 -2.3

SC3 0.57 0.56 -1.8 0.73 0.72 -1.4

E1 1.29 1.35 +4.7 1.35 1.40 +3.7

E2 0.81 0.83 +2.5 1.10 1.11 +0.9

11